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Sandy Beach Macrofauna Communities on the North Shore of Prince Edward Island: the Influence of Coast Type and Macrophyte Wrack

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Sandy Beach Macrofauna Communities on the North Shore of Prince Edward Island: the Influence of Coast Type and Macrophyte Wrack SANDY BEACH MACROFAUNA COMMUNITIES ON THE NORTH SHORE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: THE INFLUENCE OF COAST TYPE AND MACROPHYTE WRACK A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Prince Edward Island Mitchell R. MacMillan Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island January 2012 ©2012. M.R. MacMillan Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94059-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94059-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada CONDITIONS FOR THE USE OF THE THESIS The author has agreed that the Library, University of Prince Edward Island, may make this thesis freely available for inspection. Moreover, the author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised the thesis work recorded herein or, in their absence, by the Chair of the Department or the Dean of the Faculty in which the thesis work was done. It is understood that due recognition will be given to the author of this thesis and to the University of Prince Edward Island in any use of the material in this thesis. Copying or publication or any other use of the thesis for financial gain without approval by the University of Prince Edward Island and the authors’ written permission is prohibited. Requests for permission to copy or to make any other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Chair of the Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Prince Edward Island 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE Canada C1A 4P3 SIGNATURE PAGE fVu ) c-& O i/J REMOVED ABSTRACT Sandy beaches on the north shore of Prince Edward Island (PEI) are associated with three main shoreline types: sand dunes, glacial till bluffs and sandstone cliffs. Standard snapshot sampling techniques were used to determine the influence of physical variability of beaches associated with these three shorelines on invertebrate macrofauna communities. There was no significant difference in morphodynamics between sandy beaches associated with the three shoreline types in terms of 1/slope, sediment grain size or the Beach Deposit Index. However, erosion rates were significantly greater at shorelines associated with till bluffs and sand dunes. Significant differences were also found between macrofauna communities associated with sandstone cliffs and those associated with sand dunes and till bluffs. The former communities were characterized by low densities of the polychaete Scolelepis squamata, and the amphipod Platorchestia platensis. In contrast, the latter communities were characterized by much higher polychaete densities and by the amphipods Haustorius canadensis and Americorchestia megalophthalma. Significant positive relationships were found between the rate of coastal erosion and macrofauna abundance and species richness. However, there were no significant relationships between the measures of beach morphodynamics and the biological descriptors. The results of this study suggest that macrofauna communities are linked to shoreline type, which show distinctive levels of coastal erosion. Areas experiencing higher levels of erosion and sediment redistribution seem clearly favourable to suspension- feeding macrofauna, including Scolelepis squamata, which comprised over 95% of total macrofauna abundance at these sites. Sandy beaches lack attached plants and therefore macroalgae and seagrasses that become stranded ashore (wrack) represent an important source of food and shelter. The standing crop of wrack and its influences on macrofauna communities were therefore assessed on the three shoreline types. Wrack was primarily composed of two macrophytes: eelgrass (Zostera marina) and a species of rockweed (Fucus serratus). Wrack cover was slightly, although not significantly, greater on beaches associated with sandstone cliffs, which also showed higher patch densities and wrack water contents. At beaches associated with sand dunes, macrofauna abundances were significantly greater in patches of wrack versus nearby bare sediments. In experimental wrack manipulations, significant positive relationships were found between macrofauna abundance and wrack wet mass, dry mass and water content. Macrofauna consistently preferred rockweed over eelgrass, regardless of whether the wrack was fresh or aged. Nutritional quality (in terms of the concentration of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) and feeding rates by talitrid amphipods were also significantly greater for rockweed than for eelgrass tissues. These results suggest that nutritional quality in addition to a few physical factors contribute significantly to the structure of the supralittoral macrofauna in the study area. Overall, the two studies included here provide baseline macroinvertebrate community information for sandy beaches on the north shore of PEI. Such information is relevant for the management of these coastal ecosystems, and the vertebrate and invertebrate communities that they support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank Dr. Pedro Quijon for allowing me the opportunity to study under his supervision at UPEI. His incredible support, guidance and encouragement was invaluable. I am also grateful to my supervisory committee members Dr. Donna Giberson and Dr. Darren Bardati for their insight and feedback throughout the duration of this study, and Dr. Tim Rawlings, the external examiner at my thesis defence. I would like to thank Christina Pater, Veronique Dufour, Bradley MacMillan, Megan Tesch, Kyle Knysh, Tyler Wheeler, Cassandra Mellish, Jessica Willis and Marianne Parent for their assistance in the lab and/or field. For their guidance in biochemistry techniques, I wish to thank Dr. Bourlaye Fofana, Dr. Kaushik Ghose, David Main and Guru Selvaraj. I also wish to thank Tim Barret for his advice regarding statistical analysis. I wish to thank the UPEI Biology Department for the use of facilities, equipment and vehicles, as well as Pat Doyle and Gilbert Blatch for technical assistance, and also Parks Canada for access to Prince Edward Island National Park. I would like to thank my fellow lab mates Kevin Sorochan, Tyler Pickering and Melanie Rossong for their support and camaraderie. Finally I would like to thank all my friends and family members for their support and encouragement over the last two years. I am grateful for the financial support I have received through scholarships at UPEI. This research was supported by a grant from Environment Canada through UPEI’s Climate Change Research Program. Additional support came from a NSERC Discovery grant to Dr. Pedro A. Quijon. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Title Page.................................................................................................................... i Conditions for the use of the thesis ...........................................................................ii Permission to Use Graduate Thesis .........................................................................iii Certification of Thesis Work ..................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................vii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................viii List of figures.............................................................................................................. x List of tables .............................................................................................................xiii
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