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To everyone I have ignored, blown off, forgot to call back, and neglected over the last six years, I'm Sorry.
To all those who have supported me and continue to support me, Thank You. reface When this semester first started I was unsure what I wanted to spend the next nine months of my life working on. I reviewed my thoughts, beliefs, ideas and misconceptions. Afterwards, I am still uncertain of where I want to be, or what I want to be doing in thirty, fifteen, or even five years from now.
I did come to the conclusion however that for the next few months of my life I wanted to work on a project that would stimulate my leaming. Since my college career is coming to an end, I wanted to work on a project that I could have fun with. With this project I wanted to experiment with ideas and try to use unique design solutions without getting lost in the negligent cookie-cutter designs being produced. Since this is probably the last time I will have complete control of every aspect of a project, I wanted to design something that makes a statement. I wanted to break out of the box.
Through my research over the last few months I have come to the conclusion that a mixed-use complex will be the prime building type for these ideas to come to life. The mixed-use facility will engage multiple aspects of one's life and provide an environment for the user's to form an attachment to the complex. Creating this attachment is what this project is all about.
Wlhil e writing this program I wanted to engage the reader's senses. There is a typical page layout and then occasionally I will insert a page that has a different layout. Sometimes this marks a new section and other times it is to break up the monotony of the program. Different page materials are also used to not only change the texture of the pages but the sound of turning the page as well. The title page was pressed on a heavier paper to create a page that touch could really t>e incorporated into the program. The yellow boxes that appear on pages such as this one typically have text that protrudes the boundaries. The text breaks free from the boundaries which is what I wanted to accomplish with this project. All of these things were incorporated to achieve a union of the user's senses while reading through the program and not relying solely on visuals. TableofContents Overview 1 Preface III Table of Contents IV Introduction V-VIII Abstract IX
Theoretical Basis 001-031 Supporting Theory 002-015 Architectural Issues/Responses 016-021 Case Studies 022-029 End Notes 030 List of Figures 031-032
Facility Description 033-076 Summary 034-038 General Facility Analysis 039-052 Mission Statement 053 Facility Systems Analysis 054-055 Spatial Analysis 056-063 Architectural Precedents 064-070 Space Summary 071-078 End Notes 079 List of Figures 080-082
Contextual Description 083-119 - Overview of Project Location/Site 084-086 Contextual Synthesis 087-090 Analysis of Relevant Contexts 091-097 Site Analysis 098-104 Issues 105-107 Architectural Precedents 108-112 Site Analysis 113-116 End Notes 117 List of Figures 118-119
Design Response 120-143 The Process 121-124 After Thoughts 125 The Next Stage 126-127 Final Solution 128-142 : List of Figures 143-144 ; •^-.•.•.v,-:;**.'
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..^e pnenomenon is an uncharted temtory that the student attempts to explore. ^ David Seamon Introduction Phenomenology is the study and interpretation of an individual's experiences including situations, events, and meanings upon their occurrence in every day life. It is producing emotions through the various experiences of r£/4 the individual. "Phenomenology is the interpretive study of human experience.",
Phenomena are concrete objects both simple and complex, and intangible objects, or the properties that are ii.'^\ captured by one's senses. It also refers to experiences of individuals ranging from situations to physical 3%f. objects that the person sees, hears, smells, feels, touches, perceives, or lives through. Phenomena are "things or experiences as human beings experience them.'j
Normally the five primary senses- sight, smell, touch, taste and sound are thought of separately. However, individuals should include all their senses when experiencing a place. "VJe appreciate a place not just by its ;.01. Seeing impact on our visual cortex but by the way in which it sounds, it feels and smells.".
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_.1.03. Touching 1.04. Smelling K_1.05. Tasting Introduction Th« individual's response to a building or space is derived from the entire body's response to the perception of the surrounding environment conditions. The body will respond to a place, it can feel peaceful and relaxed. The individual ur>derstands that even though they will reflect upon and try to comprehend their life, it must first be lived.
The American society lives an artificial lifestyle. The individual's responses are those presented from man- made objects. Today, most of us spend around 90 percent of our time in cities, buildings and vehicles- envi ronments definitely not conducive to health, sanity and well-being. The use of media: television, magazines and advertising, has made sight the dominant sense of the American culture and has dulled the remaining senses. The architect should not be predominately 'fom conscious,' but should use a design synthesis to incorporate all of the senses," according to James Marston Fitch, Professor of Architecture at Columbia Uni versity, New York
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1.06. Sight has become the dominant sense. Introduction Phenomenology should be performed in such a way that a 'poetic' of the place is created. "Poetics of place is a way of understanding (or seeking to understand) the undefinable, immeasurable qualities of the places we inhabit in everyday life.'^ The individual tends to disregard 'poetics of place' as well as the affects that occur mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. By ignoring this idea, individuals are only harming themselves. 'Poetics of place' looks at not just what the qualities of places are, but at embellishing ^ose qualities as well.
ouniexi r^ebpunse ThesisStatement
When a space is designed with the intention of creating phenomenal experiences it provides for the environ ment a sense of place to be generated, resulting in an engagement between the user and the surnDundings, and forming individual attachment.
ScopeofProject ContextStatement
The development of a mixed-use center along the Trinity River Corridor The City of Dallas is currently working on the Trinity River Corridor Project will stimulate activity and promote growth. This center will Project, Flowing New Life into Dallas. This project is a proposal for the include spaces for shopping, dining, entertainment, business, parking, development of the area of land along the Trinity River on the south side and service functions. All of these activities will be introduced in order of downtown Dallas. This new development will provide a number of to create an attachment between the place and the individual. activities ranging from parks, walking/biking trails to commercial and res idential zoning. Since there is not enough time for a project of this size to be com pletely designed in one semester, only a master plan for the facility will The site for this mixed-use center is located between the Houston Street be developed. The master plan will layout the entire complex locating and the Jefferson Boulevard Viaducts. This is a vital location within the the different types of tenants, activities, and service spaces. After the downtown Dallas area as well as along the Trinity River Corridor Project. master plan is completed then there will be a focus on a couple of This site is highly visible and accessible from the highest traffic areas of areas to give a sense of what the complex may look like after comple the downtown area. tion. \ We know nothin* except by experience, and experiences consists of nothing but the informa- tion of our sense!. Perhaps there is nothing, M^ really, out there to be sensed. All we know is that we sense. ^^^^H - Judson Jerome PhenomenalExDeriences °A 'phenomenological' description is an illusion.. .it has to be camed out in terms of objects.'^ The experience aims at grasping the place as an object. The individual experiences must be constnjcted using data collected from the various senses. After the information is collected then it has to be processed to give the information meaning. The meaning of phenomena is determined by the context in which the experience appears. "We see and hear what we expect, and in this way the given stimulus becomes meaningful."
The human senses allow for a range of experiences to occur for each individual. The experiences will vary somewhat based upon what senses are used by each individual because "we are all tuned to receive slightly different information because of our individual differences in genetics, experience, age and sex."^ The experi ence of a place should be determined by using all of the senses, not just one or two at a time. This idea is known as 'synesthesia,' or a union of senses.
The klea of synesthesia stems from the Greek syn, meaning union, and aesthesis, meaning sensation, or 'joining of all the senses.' Synesthesia is described as a 'rich way of feeling. By using multiple senses "the real information of one sense is accompanied by a perception in another sense."^ The senses should operate together to get the ultimate experience of a place. Thfinrfitinal i jrauiiiiI y ouruexL Kesponse
Motor function "What does a sound taste like? The phenomenon of synaesthesia. What sound does the colour blue have? What does the scent of a tulip Body sensation inttHectuat (unnton fell like? What here sounds like the beginning of a poem is the entirely routine experience of synaesthetes people with parallel sensory percep ViSioft tion. Translated literiy, this means the phenomenon of 'synaesthesia,' from the Greek "syn" ("together") and aesthesia ("perception"). Such people hear colours, see music or smell sounds- something that opens up a whole new dimension of beauty to them." - BMW Welt
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1.07. Location of the senses in the brain. PhenomenalExDeriences "The five perceptual systems overiap one another; they are not mutually exclusive. They often focus on the same information-that is, the same information can be picked up by a combination of perceptual systems working together as well as by one perceptual system working alone...in exploratory looking, tasting, and touching the sense impressions are incidental symptoms of the exploration, and what gets isolated is informa- tkjn about the object looked at, tasted, or touched.'^
Individuals currently combine senses without even knowing it. When a person uses a phrase like 'it has a light taste,' "it has a sharp pitch,' or 'see what i am saying.' These phrases and others are used in everyday conver sations. The use of these types of expressions is normally overlooked, as a combination of the senses when in reality is a perfect example of joining multiple senses.
uunitJAi Kesponse 123456789 "A concerto of all senses. A particular colour smells of camations, a 1.08. Colored numbers from black and sound tastes like cinnamon. People with synaesthesia see words or numbers in colour although they are printed in black and white. They taste sounds or see odours. Combinations of all senses are theoretically possible. People without synaesthesia have to use all their imagination to conjure up images in their mind's eye when listening to music. A syn- aesthete on the other hand actually sees a concert as a whiri of cotourful shapes. And if he hears it again, his brain will show him the same shapes once more." - BMW Welt PhenomenalExDeriences When a union of the senses occurs a picture is created from the information collected, which the individual then processes. The senses are in constant use by each person. They are used in order to explore every environment the individual is in contact with. "Synestia is unsuppressable but cannot be conjured up at will...it is in personal space, the space immediately surrounding the body eureka sensation.",^ After the exploration of a place occurs, the information from the senses is processed the individual begins to create a sense of place. f "It is also important to undertine that the phenomena receive their representative function through our selves. Thus we have to leam that a certain phenomenon is mediating a particular object, and through experi ence we have to discover the relations between the phenomena, and build up a worid of objects.",,
1.09. Exploration of trie ocean. 1.10. Exploration of space.
"New words. New Views. En route to the destination." - BMW Welt For there is no conception in a man s mind, which hath not first been begotte ^ upon the organs of sense. ^^^^ m^^ar^ ^^^^^•il - Thomas Hobbes i ExDerienceCreation How are thesenpilRIMBBB&ted? A phenomenal experience V^HHBBI^BDugh the use of one's senses. "Sensory experiences are the sorts of experiences we have when we see, hear, touch, smell, or taste some- thing",j It is through these occurrences that the individual will explore the place, the environment, and the worid.
To create these experiences the individual must explore the place. It is essential for the individual to move throughout a space to generate a meaningful attachment to a place. "A complex architectural organism can only be experienced through a movement where the succession of perceptions becomes organized mentally into a total experience.",3
"A particular problem in connection with the experience of architecture is the changing behavior demanded from the beholder.",^ Although every individual uses their senses to experience a place, what occurs within people will vary. "It is a paradoxical but common experience that different persons at the same time have a similar and different experience of the same environment.",
1.11. Exploration of the space generates different experiences for the individual. ExDerienceCreation The variety of experiences created by the individuals could be caused by the schema,' or attitude, of the various people exploring the place. 'Schema' is defined as the typical reaction, or attitude, an individual has to a given situation. "Hence we have to realize that our attitude does not only mean a more or less friendly outlook on things, but that the attitude directly determines the phenomena...it is nonsense to talk about phe nomena independently of an attitude.",^
Whether a person is involved with a space and moves slowly or unconcemed and moves rapidly all change the experience that is created. The person's attitude can directly affect the experience of a person. The person experiencing a place might change the phenomena simply by changing their attitude. "Human identity presupposes the identity of place.",^
Through schemata, individuals try to understand the data collected from their senses. In order to better com prehend the information gathered the individual would relate the new experiences to previous ones. "In general the schemata are based upon similarity between phenomena...the schemata result from the experi ence of equivalent situations.. .",g By relating the new experience to an equivalent situation the individual is able to create an attachment to the place. Theoretics
"All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space." -Philip Johnson
1.12, The speed the individ' rough the space also causer ?riences to occur. i^'— <.-.*^? " Ysj* S-fcl'^J^,\Jr -
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We can always, of course, understand architec ture as 'the art of space' in the sense that a par ticular place (location) has to be given a ^ particular character (quality). -Bruno Zevi Sense of Place Genius Loci were derived from the Romans who believed The MULTI-DIMENSIONAL WORLD of PLACE; A Geographers Perspective that every individual had a genius, or guardian spirit. The genius gave life to both places and people and would be • JH-t fiy^f.-^ vuc» , ••«f.y*. *'*<•• PUCES AS lff6-SPACfc «#* m Hamw Li^ Cx26 present from the beginning to the end. It is what deter mined the essence or character of the individual. The genius loci were the spirit of the place.
"To be is to be in place.",^ What is meant by the word place? Obviously it is more than just a location. A place is "a totality made up of concrete things having material substance, shape, texture, and colour. Together these things determine an 'environmental character,' which is the essence of place."^^
"A strong architectural experience always produces a sense of loneliness and silence Irrespective of the actual number of people there or the noise. Experiencing art is a private dialog between the work and the person experi encing it which excludes all other interaction... The most comprehensive and perhaps most important architectural experience is the sense of being in a unique place. Part of this intense experience of place is always an impres sion of something sacred: this place is for higher beings... Architecture is always inhabited by spirits."
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PlACfl,tSS«»£SSOR SAMt M US or PlACtS | 4 • ». if.V> •.•, •• 1.13. Place relationships. Sense of Place What is the difference between location and place? By merely using some coordinates a location can be derived. However, this is not enough to establish a place. A location is confined by a certain size where a place has the ability to expand or contract, move, and even transform. For a location to also be a place, a size requirement must be determined. The size must incorporate some form of human scale. The scale must be done so that the individual can relate t>oth conceptually as well as perceptually. Individuals are constantly bombarded with spaces that try to achieve the idea of a place. There is no way around it. "We are immersed in places, always in one place or another, and therefore intimately caught up in the places around us.'^^ It is only after a person has experienced a space that they can determine whether a place has been created. Ultimately the purpose of designing spaces is in hopes that the individual will dis cover meanings within the environment, which will make the space become a place. "The important determi nant of any culture is after all-the spirit of place."23 Thet)! BtlCr^l •^•^>. v^::> 1.14. Location is just a longitude and latitude. 1.15. Creating a human scale along the Trinity River Cooridor. Sense of Place A place is much greater than just a function. It is more in depth than a location. A place will affect the mind, spirit, body, and emotions. "An impressive architectural experience sensitizes our whole physical and mental receptivity."j^ By doing this, the individual is able to engage all of their senses. A place is an experience. It is familiarity. It is attachment. uiy Contexi Kesponse Attachment en^erges when a relationship move beyond a begir ning phase... Attachments occu and are needed at any point in a person's life. ttachment If the individual will allow, then these places will contribute to their quality of life, creating a link between the person and the surrounding. Attachment is more than just a familiarity, ft is much deeper. Attachment is a 'bond' that is created between the individual and the environment. "Place refers to space that has been given meaning though personal, group, or cultural processes. Places may vary according to scale and to tangibility Place attachment involves an interplay of emotions, cognition, and t)ehavior...."jj Attachment plays a significant role in the life of the individual. These types of attachments to places make the individual the person who they are. "Place belonging occurs in individuals who have predominately positive cognitions related to a specific setting. It is in this one aspect of place identity that people can acquire a sense of belonging to places that give meaning to their lives."^ By creating these attachments, the individual can develop a sense of place. To understand the phenomenology of place and create an attachment, the individual needs to explore the character of the place by using their senses. Being able to create an attachment to a place Is essential in the creation of relationships between people and the surrounding environments. "It has been claimed that attach ment to a place involves care and concern for the place..."„ 1.16. Attachment between individuals and environments is created through experiences. ,3!' ttachment JPlace attachment may j I individuoi. group, or cultural processes. On the individual level, place attachment is expected to develop through personal experiences with the physical environment."jg Attach ments of individuals to places tend to be very idiosyncratic. The attachment is an internal event for each person. Since attachments are idiosyncratic individuals must develop it themselves. To develop the attach ment to a place the person will relate their experience of a place to other experiences they have encountered. The attachment will vary for each individual to every location that is encountered. The picture on the lower left is an image of a bear a the vehicle at Yellowstone National Park. The individuals in this vehicle have just experienced something that only a handful of people of the thousands of visitors have experienced. The attachment for the individual in this vehicle is suk)stantially different from that of a visitor without this experience. Once an attachment is created, there should be further development in order to intensify or deepen the attach ment of the specific place. The intensifying of an attachment is accomplished by inviting the individual to investigate the place further. By doing so, the individual is made aware of all the niches and crevices creating -^ sense of home, or familiarity. The place becomes significant. v^onitixi r^ebpuribe Vi-' 1.17. Individual expehence = attachment. 1.18. After attachment (one link) is created then they should be further developed (multiple links). Theoretic?^! jFacihty SIGHT esponse -catching visuals: A. bright and unique signage will be incorporated to engage the sense of sight. B. vegetation will be placed along circulation venues to provide a comforting environ ment. C. multiple levels will be used | to create observation spaces and visual interest. 1.20. Eye-catching marquees. 1.21. Nature creates visual comfort 1.22. Tiers stimulate eye movement. nesthesia -a union of senses, smelling 0^ - Forming of a place that incorporates the use of all the senses: sight, ^ smell, sound, taste, and touch. 1.23. Anatomy of the nose. ThfinretJcal •ililiiiiMMIiiiiiiii i|jhaciiit y rontex esponse SMELL -arousing aromas: A. tenants that generate aromas will be located along pedestrian circulation paths. B. local vegetation will be included to emit fragrances enhancing the experience. C. unpleasant smells will be masked through the use of barriers. 1.24. Pleasant smells interact with user. 1.25. Local smells create sense of place. 1.26. Unpleasant smells blocked from user. nesthesia -a union of senses, hearing - Forming of a place that incorporates the use of all the senses: sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch. 1.27. Anatomy of the ear. esponse SOUND -captivating commotions: A. music will fill the air at mul tiple locations throughout pro viding a lively atmosphere. B. water features will create a soothing environment while blocking surrounding noise. C. spaces for socialization will| be found across the complex evoking conversation. 128. Music overflowing into pedestrian drculation. 1.29. Water features minimize unwanted noise. 1.30. Social spaces adjacent to ctrculation. CD! (0 52^ nesthesia -a union of senses, tasting Pwood gl«nd Trathe. "^^ -Si*«n»jal(*ind Submandbular gland - Forming of a place that incorporates the use of all the senses: sight, 1.31. Anatomy of the mouth smell, sound, taste, and touch. Ji-ac. .y oontex esponse TASTE -enticing taste buds: A. facility will locate eateries along circulation paths for "A. B. CT convenience. , ;r: :^ American Asain B. include big store names as| well as single starter names 1 -----^ offering a multitude of variety. _ » ^^ ^ 1 C. incorporate international i , dining to provide multiple experiences. r ~~ ^ Mexican naiian 1.32. Convenient accessibility along circulation i 33 v'aned dming offers something for everyone. 1.34. International dimnglo draw people. 0 D e»n»V9 A*n.«v (rjMHt - Forming of a place that incorporates the use of all the senses: sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch. 1.35. Anatomy of the hand. uuntexi TOUCH b-tantalizing textures: A. flooring material will vary based on location within the facility (office, restaurant, retail, exterior, or circulation) to engage the user's feet. P B. incorporation of natural .Into interior spaces, intro duces multiple textures to the complex. Ic. interactive spaces will evoke hands-on activities to .utilize the sense of touch. 1.36. Flooring will vary throughout facility. 1.37. Bring nature to the interior spaces. 1.38. Interactive spaces engage the users CanalCityHakata, Fukuoka, Japan TheRiverWalk, SanAntonio, Texas HortonPlaza, SanDiego, California v.^uruexi Kesponse 0 wl o' analCitvHakata Fukuoka,Japan The Canal City is wedged between the business and commercial districts and next to an entertainment district and shopping center. The design includes a number of cafes and restaurants, two hotels, cinemas, game > f-^—llT'Si'HT "^ center, and endless shops all encompassing the Naka River. With all of these amenities, the Canal City has become known as a 'city within a city' covering approximately 2.2 city blocks and rising six stones high. Canal City was designed to have a relationship with the surrounding districts while being sensitive to urban scale. The scale of the development is broken down by the arrangement of the spaces overlooking the Naka River. By doing this, there is a creation of "unique districts within the whole, expressing commerce as a social generator." The Canal City integrates five districts into it's design: Moon Walk, Star Court, Sun Plaza, Earth Walk, and .39. Concept sketchs and Ideas. Sea Court. These metaphors are included so that the individual will experience and interpret each district according to their own ideas. Even though each district can and will have varied interpretations based upon the individual, there are some design elements that try to create a similar experience for all of the city's visi tors. sCanaiCitvlHakata Fukuoka,Japan The paving along the canal is varied from a rough cut In some areas to a smooth surface in others. The rough paving is to symbolize an eroding effect from the water while the smooth surfaces represent sand or other soft textures adjacent to water as if one were on a beach. In order to t>ecome involved in these types of experi ences, the individual must move through the entire space. This type of movement is what shapes the Canal City. By exploring this space the Individual begins to create an attachment. A sense of place is born. 1.43. Beginning sketch 1.44. Bridging the canal. 1.45. Pedestrian paths connect plazas. 1.46. Sculptures Identify pedestrian location. 1.47 Looking north on ground level. inheRlvenA/alk San Antonio,Texas The Rivenwaik in San Antonk) offers a wide range of activities for individuals to become involved in. It is through these activities that each person is drawn into the various spaces leading to an exploration of the place. By incorporating different types of activities, the Riverwalk is able to generate spaces that will allow each person the opportunity of utilizing their senses. There is a theater, the Ameson, located in open air with the river running through it separating the seating from the performance area. The stage is back dropped with natural vegetation and some historic buildings. It seats a thousand people within its tiers of grass and hosts a numt)er of events including plays, musicals and con certs throughout the year. After the sun has withdrawn, tfie Ameson is always an excellent place to find enter tainment. Along the Riverwalk, there is the opportunity to experience such things as the Esquire Bar, "the best bar in San Antonio,' and La Mansion del Rio Hotel, "a member of the Preferred Hotels Resorts Wortdwide." One has the option of dining in well-known restaurants such as Hard Rock Caf§, Fat Tuesday, and County Line Bar-BQ. Later, jazz music can be heard coming from Jim Cullim's Landing, where the best margaritas can be found. 1.49. Seating for the Anrteson. iTheRivenA/alk San Antonio,Texas The Rio Plaza, formerly known as Preside Plaza, is also located along the Riverwalk. Visitors enter the plaza and are welcomed by a peaceful courtyard with accents of vegetation and potted floral arrangements. Within the space, a thirty- foot flame fountain can be found that only nourishes the attachment created by the individual to the Riverwalk. Also on the Riverwalk, individuals will come across a space known as 'Wedding Island.' According to legend, the couples that decide to wed here will have eternal happiness. This space alone has the ability to draw people to the area. Spaces such as these have the ability to form attachments with the person. Other facilities on the Riverwalk include a conventron center as well as a mall. The mall houses over 125 retailers, res taurants, cafes, theatre, and an IMAX. While traveling to these spaces, whether by foot or by riverboat, the individual will be submerged In sensory activities. There Is a stretch of natural landscaping and foliage. Springs and waterfalls are also encountered along the Riverwalk only contributing to the sense of place. A sense of place is created through the experiences of all of these activities. The Riverwalk engages all of the senses on multiple levels throughout the entire length of the place. This only could have been accomplished by the use of inter twining the variety of activities that utilize the entire body's sensory perceptions. 3 ^••:'':'-y<: r-^^ -^ •^*^^. 1.51. Wedding Island. 1.52. View of Mall. 1.53. View of Theater. tTheRivenA/alk San Antonio.Texas Other facilities on the Riverwalk include a convention center as well as a mall. The mall houses over 125 retailers, res taurants, cafes, theatre, and an IMAX. While traveling to these spaces, whether by foot or by riverboat, the individual will be submerged in sensory activities. There is a stretch of natural landscaping and foliage. Springs and waterfalls are also encountered along the Riven«alk only contributing to the sense of place. A sense of place is created through the experiences of all of these activities. The Rlvenwalk engages all of the senses on multiple levels throughout the entire length of the place. This only could have b>een accomplished by the use of inter twining the variety of activities that utilize the entire body's sensory perceptions. 1.55. Surrounding environmenL iHortonPlaza SanDiego,California "Norton Plaza was designed to be discovered. New and interesting things around every comer...and there are many comers to go around!" -Jon Jerde The Norton Plaza is an 11.5 acre, 1.5 million square foot shopping center in downtown San Diego. The plaza creates a connecting axis Ijetween the downtown area and the waterfront. The plaza is located adjacent to the historic downtown between G Street and Broadway, and Fourth and First Avenues. Norton Plaza is an open, multi-level, multi-use urban center housing restaurants, retailers and other entertainment. This urban center broke many of the traditional rules for shopping centers while proceeding through the design -• g; process. It is a suburban type of building introduced into an urban context. While traditional malls where designed with large department stores at ends connected by straight corridors, the Norton Plaza incorporated 1.56. Concept drawing of Norton Plaza, a curved, diagonal, multi-leveled "street" to connect the four anchor department stores. k 028^ 1.57. Section of plaza showing space relationships. 1.58. Aerial showing surrounding context ": illilPIHIIIHi|i|WIIH|i¥ aHortonPlaza SanDiego,California \JO In the journey through the street, the user will encounter a variety of spaces, A combination of narrow and wide, as well as covered and uncovered environments will be passed as the exploration of the complex pro gresses. Balconies, bridges, nooks and towers can be found throughout the facility creating prime spaces for observation of other areas. These kinds of spaces are what transform shopping at the Norton Plaza into 'passegiata.' Norton Plaza should be thought of as a place rather than just a cluster of buildings. The urban environment creates a sense of place through the use of signage, artifacts, fountains, sculpture and canopies placed all along the multilayered complex. Bright colors used on the various buildings were introduced to represent the warm climate of the San Diego area. Fountains and water features are incorporated to relate to the nearby waterfront while the architectural aesthetic is influenced by the rich architectural history of the plaza's sur roundings. 1.59. Concept sketch showing section. This urban center was designed in such a way that the user must explore the space By doing so, the user will interact with the various areas resulting in an experience of place. Therefore, an attachment between the user .and this complex is formed. heoreticalEndnotes 01 David Seamon, http:/Awvvw.arch.ksu.edu/seamon/articles/20b0_phenomenology_review.htm 02lbid 03Frances Anderton, "Architecture for all senses," Architectural Review, Oct. 1991; 1136: 26. 04Scott Smiley, http://home.earthlink.net/~scottsmiley/poetics.html OSChristian Nortterg-Schulz, Intentions in Architecture (Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press, 1965), p. 53. 06lbid., p. 50. 07Smith, Sense and Sensibility (New York: Wiley 1989), p. 05. OBRichard E. Cytowic, Synesthesia : a union of the senses (New York : Springer-Veriag, 1989, c1988), p. 1. 09James Jerome Gibson, The senses conskjered as perceptual systems (Westport, Conn.: Greenw Press, 1983. C1966), p. 4. 10 Cytowic, p. 54. 11 Norberg-Schuiz, p. 197. 12 Alan Millar, Reasons and experience (Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 10. 13Norberg-Schulz, p. 198. 14ibid.. p. 197. 15lbid,.p. 30. leibid,. p. 31. 17Kate Nesbitt, Theorizing a new agenda for architecture: an anthology of architectural theory (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, c1996), p. 425. 18Nort)erg-Schulz, p. 43. 19Seamon 20Nesbitt, p. 414. 21lbid., p. 452. 22Smiley 23Nesbitt, p. 423. 24lbid., p. 453. 25Marit Vorkinn and Riese.'Environmental Concern in a Local Context:The Significance of Place Attachment," Environment and Behavior, Mar 2001; 33: 252. 26lbid., p.251. 27lbid.. p. 250. 28lbid., p. 250. 29The Jerde Partnership Intemational, You Are Here (London: Phaidon, 1999), p. 162. 30www.archidose.org heoreticallnnaaes 1.01. Seeing, http://www.artyfactory.com/portraits/drawing_techniques/images/eye3.jpg 1.02. Hearing, http://www.artyfactory.com/portraits/drawing_techniques/images/ear3.jpg 1.03. Touching, http://ftp.nksh.tp.edu.tw/studio/images/manager/drawing/hand/hand_02.jpg 1.04. Smelling, http://www.czempin.de/nicolai/blog/archives/nose.jpg 1.05. Tasting, http://www.portrait-artist.org/pics-ballpointpen-sketch/detail-mouth-around-out.jpg 1.06. Sight is the dominant sense, http://www.artyfactory.com/portraits/drawing_techniques/images/eye3.jpg 1.07. Diagram of Brain, www.sirinet.net/ -jgjohnso/brain.html 1.08. Color in numbers. By Author 1.09. Ocean exploration, http://radarmet.atmos.colostate.edu/epic/pics/pics_richards 1.10. Space exploration, http://mirkwood.ucs.indiana.edu/space/earise.jpg 1.11. Individual experience varies. By Author 1.12. Attitude changes the experience. By Author 1.13. Place relationships. 1.14. Location, longitude and latitude. http://wv>w.weatherusa.net/weathernet 1.15. Human scale, www.trinityrivercorridor.org 16. Attachment, individual/experience/environment. By Author 17. Bear on car. http://members.cox.net/gary.rowe/Yellowstone/Bear%200n%20Car.JPG 18. Chain link, http://web.umr.edu/-be120/facility/specimens/chain/images/chain_1 jpg 19. Anatomy of the eye. http://www.integratedeyecare.com/photos/anatomy.gif 20. Eye catching signs. By Author 21. Using nature to create comfort. By Author 1.22. Tiers stimulate eye movement. By Author 1.23. Anatomy of the nose, vm.robcol.k12.ti-/-lusci/ anatomy/respiratory.html 1.24. Smells engage user. By Author 1.25. Using aromas from surrounding environmenL By Author 1.26. Block unpleasant smells. By Author 1.27. Anatomy of the ear. www.tarieton.edu/ ~anatomy/earpix7.html 1.28. Use sound. By Author 1.29. Water minimizes unpleasant noises. By Author 1.30. Social spaces adjacent to circulation. By Author 1.31. Anatomy of the mouth, http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/0007760a.gif 1.32. Convenient accessibility. By Author 1.33. Varied dining. By Author 1.34. Intemational dining. By Author 1.35. Anatomy of the hand. http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2003_Groups/Hand.jpg 1.36. Varied flooring material for touch. By Author 1.37. Incorporate nature on interior. By Author 1.38. Engaging users. By Author 1.39. Conceptual sketch.Jerde Partnership International. You are here. Phaidon Press Unlimited, London, 1999 1.40. Section of Canal City. Ibid., Pg. 165. 1.41. Ground plan of Canal City. Ibid., Pg. 166. heoreticallnnaaes 1.42. North entrance to Canal City. Ibid., Pg. 167. 1.43. Sketch of Canal City. Ibkl., Pg. 164. 1.44. Complex bridges. Ibid.. Pg. 168. 1.45. Pedestrian paths. Ibid.. Pg. 169. 1.46. Identity through landmarks. Ibid., Pg. 169. 1.47. View of plaza in Canal City. Ibid., Pg. 169. 1.48. The Ameson stage, http://hotx.com/hot/hillcountry/sa/tours/rbtour/rbtour-j 1.49. Seating for the Ameson. Ibid. 1.50. La Mansion del Rio Hotel. Ibid. 1.51. Wedding Island. Ibid. 1.52. View of Mall. Ibid. 1.53. View of Theater. Ibid. 1.54. Surrounding environment Ibkl. 1.55. View of natural surroundings. Ibid. 1.56. Norton Raza. Jerde Partiiership Intemational. You are here. Phaidon Press Unlimited, London, 1999. 1.57. Section of plaza. Ibid.. Pg. 38. 1.58. Aerial of plaza. Ibid., Pg. 34. 1.59. Concept of plaza. Ibid., Pg. 37. 1.60. Anchor store at plaza. IbkJ., Pg. 41. 1.61. Bridge over spaces. Ibid., Pg. 41. 1.62. Colors influenced by climate. Ibid., Pg. 42. Facility ^mm>^^ Urban, mixed-us e projects can b(5 designed to so idify a sense of place and ide itity for cities wit i metaphors fron nature thatN ktftlltHliC^iilsMcj^Wi^iWsMfiatlfeTimce nf placef . Fiivironments can be designed based on organicc forms, patterpatternsn , structure, and materials; ~ these analogies are universal aanr d universally understood...spac3cee between bbuildingu s can be organized to be the most powerf Jj|I part of the prprojecte : this is wherei people move, flow, and pause - John Aleksich ummar America is a consumer society. "Americans now shop in malls that look like cities and in cities that look like malls.", Shopping has become an everyday event. "Unlike other mostly static programs, the transfonmations of shopping are endless. Constantly refashioned and repackaged, shopping will always find other vehicles by which to expand, and ultimately outiive, all other public activities."^ These transformations have generated the next shopping center, mixed-use projects. According to Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, a mixed-use center typically combines at lead three revenue-producing uses from among retail, office, parking, restaurant, hotel, residential, and entertainment facilities. They may be built in suburban or urban areas. In downtown areas, where land costs are high, a multilevel or high-rise, single-mass design is commonly used to minimize the land needed. A key requirement for the success of a mixed-use center is that even though the uses work synergistically to enhance one another's performance, each use must be independently successful.3 2.01. Fashion Island aerial unnnnar Mixed-use projects are playing an important role in the revitalization of the downtown cities within the United States. It is within these types of facilities that important attachments are created between the users and the places. "As much as we may deny or refuse it, shopping has become one of the only means by which we experience public activity."^ "Few activities unite us as human beings in the way shopping does.'^ It can be argued that shopping is the final type of public activity. "Shopping has been able to colonize-even replace- almost every aspect of urban life.'g Shopping has become intertwined throughout the various facility types. It can be found in just atxsut every environment that is encountered by the individual iSi^- 2.03. Fremont Street revitalization. 2.04. Shopping at Union Station brings a crowd. ummar "Shopping has become inescapable.''^ Shopping is and will continue to expand as knowledge about individu als increase. Due to tine expansion of shopping, it has overflowed into train stations, airports, museums, and even churches. Train stations and airports have included shopping facilities to increase revenues. Museums have become dependent on gift shops for their survival. "Churches are mimicking shopping malls to attract fol- lowers."g Shopping complex layouts are being incorporated into the design of universities and cities are beginning to be planned similar to that of a shopping configuration. A number of technological developments have allowed for the shopping complexes to grow to vast spans and new heights. The introduction of climate controlled spaces and artificial lighting allows for enormous facilities to be constructed. By using HVAC systems an artificial environment can emerge creating regular and comfort able spaces. The invention of the escalator and elevator allowed for these enonmous facilities to be expanded vertically. These inventions allowed for easy access and movement throughout the multi-leveled facilities. Shopping mside the Hon j 2.06. Escalators allowed for multiple levels. 2.07. Multiple levels provide nriega-malls. ummar "Can the American shopping mall become a mixed-use space where citizens gather for political and cultural events in addition to shopping?''^ A movement has already begun to take place to incorporate this very idea. Projects around the worid have begun to mix the activities that occur wiUiin the once very secluded shopping experience. "A mall can also create a new image for a city and new opportunities for a mix of uses and for the promotion of retail sales. The mall becomes a place in which to improve the quality and variety of downtown activities. It provides a center for exhibits, concerts, fashion shows... band concerts, arts and crafts festivals, and other events.' 2.08. Fashion show in a Minneapolis mall FacilitvAnalvsis -malls The trend has been towards enclosed mails except where tine weather is ideal for open malls to occur. Designs typically ti7 to stay away from wide court-type malls. The wider malls are normally less economic because they require more landscaping or other features to avoid barren atmospheres. Narrow malls facilitate back and forth comparison significantly increasing the customer exposure to the merchandise. A logical trend is to design narrow malls punctuated by moderate-sized courts which become customer magnets. The courts general requirements referenced- generally have more lighting and higher ceilings, and incorporate features such as fountains and landscaping. Time Saver Standards for Building Types The length of malls should not be more than 800 feet between department stores or other major features. By increasing the number of department stores or major features the length of a mall may get much longer. Two- level malls have been a standard solution but malls with more than two levels are tjecoming more common. By using multi-level designs, the shopping area becomes more compact decreasing the walking distances. neore ca. Context •response 2.10. View of enclosed mall (Woodfield Mall) 2.11. View of open mall (Sedona Outlet Mall) J FacilitvAnalvsis -malls When using a multi-leveled mall, it is mandatory that every level have equal importance, otherwise one level will become the prime level. This will cause rent variations and tenant priority both will cause uneconomic jus tification. To ensure equality of desirability and rent balance, it is essential that all the levels have: general requirements referenced- -equally convenient accessibility from parking areas by means of two or more levels of immediately adjacent parking Time Saver Standards for Building Types -no mall dead end on any level -adequate vertical bransportation between levels, usually one or more sets of escalators and several sets of stairs -visual interconnection of levels through tiie maximum use of open wells perniitting maximum visibility of one level's shops and customers from another level 2.12 Accessibility for each lev« 2.13. Maximize opening; al connections FacilitvAnalvsis -mall amenities Other than landscaping, mall amenities include: trash receptacles, directories, telephones, seating, fountains, kiosks, food courts, sculpture, etc. Mall lighting should be low-keyed and incandescent except in major courts, allowing the storefronts to be the main attraction. Natural lighting is often used in moderation but is generally limited to avoid dilution of the impact of the storefronts. The materials are of great importance. Generally they general requirements referenced- should reflect the quality of the project, be sturdy enough to resist vandalism, and require minimal mainte nance. Flooring varies from cement to terrazzo, tile, marble and occasionally carpet. Flooring should be a Tirrte Saver Standards for jrimary consideration. Building Types 2.14. Talking trash cans create examination 2.15. Moderate natural lighting. FacilitvAnalvsis -storefronts & signage Open malls require glazing on their storefronts while enclosed malls may have open storefronts. At night, stores are protected by sliding glass panels or rollup grilles. Usually, tenants are encouraged to use as much imagination and variety in the store frc>ntage as possible. Customarily the storefiTDnt and interior are designed by firms. general requirements referenced- Signs are a necessity within the mall to identify the individual stores. Signs should be simple, easily grasped, Time Saver Standards for in good taste, and visible up close and far away. Properiy designed and lighted signs can greatiy enhance the Building Types interest and appeal. •aci 2.16. Example of an enclosed storefront. 2.17. Example of an open storefront FacilitvAnalvsis -servicing Servicing involves the delivery of goods to the various stores and also the removal of tieish and garbage. It is customarily provided through one of the following: -underground service tunnel. This is usually under the mall, connecting directiy to tenant-leased basements. general requirements referenced- This system avoids unsightly trash, keeps parked trucks out of the way. and avoids using prime parking space, however, normally adds 3% to the total cost of construction. Time Saver Standards for Building Types -service courts on the periphery of the building complex. These have a minimum cost, but may t>e occupying very expensive space if land costs are high, or take up prime parking. These spaces can rarely be adequately screened but may have direct access to some of the tenants. SKiSuni K?;^^ Theoretical UOITI shopping service 2.18. Service access t>ek>w retailers. 2.19. Ground level service access. FacilitvAnalvsis -parking In suburban areas where almost all the ti-adecome s by automobile, a ratio of 5 to 6 cars per 1,000 square feet is mandatory. In central business districts where mass ti^nsportation is provided the ratio may be reduced as tow as 2.5 to 3 cars per 1,000 square feet. Generally in business distiicts, parking tends to be multi-leveled because of land costs. An allowance of 400 square feet per stall, including drives, walks, and landscaping, is general requirements referenced- recommended. Time Saver Standards for Building Types ;onl Kesponse 2.20. Parking outside of Bergen County Mall. 2.21. Parking garages normally found in urban areas. FacilitvAnalvsis •landscaping Landscaping is normally installed last and is not directly related to the building due to the vast oceans of asphalt. Because of this, landscaping is typically the most vulnerable to "comer cutting." The following basic criteria, if used with imagination and a reasonable budget, can produce maximum effects for minimum costs: general requirements referenced- -mass effects through close spacing of several trees or bushed in clumps or rows. Better to group five trees a few feet apart then spot them singly. Time Saver Standards for Building Types -concentration of the planting near the buildgings, where it will have the most effect. -use long lines of hedges wherever pari -installation of maximum-sized plant material the budget will allow. ;^Tsnrfs .leorei.ica ;oniext Kesponse c. oroup trees lo maxinriize tnipaci. ^.zo. riace vegaiataion ciose lo Duiiaing. ^.^4. use long lines oi vegatation. FacilitvAnalvsis •location 01 Easiiy accessible to at least one major highway, preferably two or more 02 Adequate size and suitable shape to permit proper planning where acreage is limited, the project can be multilevel general requirements referenced- 03 Utilities available or installable at acceptable cost Time Saver Standards for Building Types 04 Topography that will permit as near to an ideal plan as possible without incurring excessive grading or drainage costs 05 Proximity to public transportation 06 Integrating the land with other beneficial uses such as town centers, recreation, housing, etc v^^ .^NV- I neoreticai J Context esponse 2.25. Locate complex near major highways. 2.26. Locate complex near mass transit. •schematic planning general requirements referenced- Time Saver Standards for Building Types juontext Kesponse 2 27 Direct sh lutes. 2.28 No dead ends. FacilitvAnalvsis 9 -schematic planning The design planning should begin by carefully allocating portions of the land to specific uses. These uses fall into seven basic categories: 01 Structures 04 Automobile movement I general requirements referenced- Retail purposes Distribution road system on site Service purposes 05 Public transportation Commercial uses Time Saver Standards for Bus roads, bus terminals, and taxi stands Public uses Building Types 06 Buffer areas 02 Car storage Landscape separating car storage or service from the public Surface parking lots Areas separating parking form each other or service areas Double or multi-deck grages 03 Pedestrian Malls, courts, lanes, and plazas Covered pedestrian areas a^Tsnn I heoreticai -general design/planning!-c„„^,3p3,.,FacilitvAnalvsig s - - -^ Standard widths for columns are generally 20, 25 and 30 feet. Thirty feet is the most flexible standard. The distance from the mall to the rear of the store may vary and will be determined by the economical structural system. It is essential to arrive at the most economical system because roofing is a major cost factor. general requirements referenced- -Store Depths Tlme Saver Standards for For one story buildings, floor spaces usually vary between 120 and 140 feet. Buildings with mezzanines are Building Types typically reduced between 20 and 25 percent. -Clear Heights Normally vary from 10 to 14 feet. Twelve feet is a good average, Leave from for air ducts, recessed lighting. stinjctural systems, etc. above the clear heights. ^ FacilitvAnalvsis -general design/planning !-E^3ri„,vvaiis Requirements will vary based on the tenant. These may have, service doors, public doors, or show windows. Public entrances from the parting lot usually occur only for department stores. -Tenant Mix Proper tenant mix exposed the customer to a varying sequence of difl'ering types of merchandise. If each general requirements referenced- store is properiy located in relation to every other store type, it has been demonstrated that each store will Time Saver Standards for receive its maximum sales volume. A generally mixed pattem of high and low prices, soft goods and hard Building Types goods, retail and services, produces the best Individual sales and overall success. Site Planning Principles Allocating space for these and other uses should be guided by certain planning principles in order to attain the highest feasible productivity of the land over an extended period of time: -expose retail facilities to maximum foot traffic -separate various mechanized traffic types from one another and from foot traffic -create a maximum of comfort and convenience for shoppers and merchants -achieve orderiiness, unity, and beauty FacilitvAnalvsis 1 -traffic ^^B /ehicie Traffic i Fraffic planning is an integral part of planning the site and the surrounding area. It plays an important role in 1 th e proper functioning and success of the shopping center. Traffic should be planned so that it serves the | shopping center. i general requirements referenced- =oot Traffic Time Saver Standards for Expose individual stores in a shopping center to the maximum amount of foot traffic to obtain the highest sales Building Types >/olume . If shopping centers are to prosper, dense foot traffic must be created. Shopping traffic, the act of walking from store to store, creates the lifeblood of a shopping center: and proper circulation of this shopping \ raffic ensures business success. Walkways provide greater safety for pedesbians and will eliminate the 1 slowing down of vehicles. Fanilitv 1-r -•: ;-V-:^---. • . . I ' : ^-;^^^.-K'> . , - --••;• ^ . V\ • ^. x ••^•, e :>;:.-• ^-'B Qyi -patterns FacilitvAnalvsis Certain patterns of arrangements have been developed. Most of today's shopping centers fit into one of the following: -strip -L shaped general requirements referenced- -U shaped -cluster Time Saver Standards for -T shaped Building Types -triangle -dumbbell -double-dumbbell n UMtah 1A 1 AIMmato i AMAOT a I 1 1 tnchv I " 1 2.32. Strip mall. S«rac«ik«a 1. L-shaped mall. 1 1 Paridnfl 2.36. OumbtwII mall. 2.37. Oouble-dumbt)ell mall. ,2.34. T-shaped mall. ,35. Triangle mall. issionStatement "Shopping malls have replaced the parks and squares that were traditionally the home of free speech'... The economic lifeblood once found downtown has moved to suburban shopping centers, which have substantially displaced the downtown business districts as the centers of commercial and social activity." The purpose of this project is to create a sense of place for visitors and residents of the downtown area in Dallas, Texas, which provides an environment that allows the users a variety of experiences as they interact within each of the spaces. By creating a sense of place the facility will become an Icon for not only the City of Dallas residents, but all those who visit as well, resulting in the return of economic development to downtown. "In America the last vestiges of community are a parade, a football game and a shopping center." -Jon Jerde stemsAnalvsis -structural Since this project is spanning the Trinity River, the structural system is an extremely significant part of the complex. The structure will need to be able to withstand the normal levels of the river as well as the levels and forces of the river during flooding periods. If this project is an enclosed space, there needs to be wide open corridors for circulation. This creates the issue of spanning wide distances column free. If an open complex is used then the corridors should remain free firom columns which will not create an issue. Both systems will require a standard column spacing throughout the facility. The most effective column spacing is 30 feet. Thirty feet tends to be the most flexible standard. Multiple levels will generate visual inter est to the user or passerby. The average of a level is normally 12 feet. This is not a required distance, but each level shouW fall between 10 and 14 feet. This incorporates other systems including HVAC. A bridge project also allows for a unique structural system to be incorporated into tiie design. With today's knowledge of steel, cables, and technology, a wide range of design solutions could be developed to create a unique response to the issues at hand. Creating a unique response will not only get attention and awareness, but could also create a signature design for the Dallas region. 2.38. Large spans using a column free method 2.39. Bridging two buildings creates a unique response for the city. -circulation StemsAnalvsis the majority of this complex is created from retail tenants. Retailers primary focus is to keep drcution of shop pers at a high rate. The greater the number of shoppers that pass through a store, the greater the sales will be. Therefore, circulation is another primary issue with this facility. The response needs to be able to circulate shoppers through the space contacting all of the anchor stores while passing as many other retailers in the complex as possible. By incorporating narrow circulation corridors, the user is able to comparison shop between different stores with ease. Narrow corridors also increase the traffic in each of the stores which leads to an increase in revenues. Although narrow corridors sound very appealing, having too narrow of a corridor coukJ be bad for the retailers and the users alike. If a wide corridor is incorporated, then the center of the corridors may be filled with kiosks. This type of solu tion will be beneficial to the kiosk owners, but not to the other tenants. Wide corridors typically make the number of users to enter a shop decrease. •retail (anchors) FacilitvAnalvsis Description- a variety of retailers will be included to attract a wide range f users ctivities- shopping, stocking, interaction haracter- pleasant, appealing Users- staff and visitors Equipment- security gates, registers, inventory, shelving, dressing, office ize-100,000 sq. ft. will vary per store Issues- security, location, accessibility 2.42. Relationship diagram of anchors PerformanceRequirements: A. security measures will need to be implemented into the design of the anchors. B. anchors will be located virtiere they create a visual destination for Uie user. C. the anchors will need to be easily accessed by users to ensure the Si success of the project. 3 Security at exits provides precaution ors create a focal point of user. Multiple access points for convenience. -retail (nonanchors Ig) FacilitvAnalvsis Description- a variety of retailers will be included to attract a wide range f users ctivities- shopping, stocking, interaction haracter- pleasant, appealing Users- staff and visitors Equipment- security gates, registers, inventory, shelving, dressing, office ize- 2,500 sq. ft. (will vary per store) ssues- security, location 2.46 Relationship diagram of non-anchors. PerformanceRequirements: A. security measures will need to b>e implemented into the design of the anchors. B. tenants will be located between anchors to provide shopping while the user travels. 2.48. Non-anchors between anchors. acilitvAnalvsis i2S!™2il™Iil2™ to attract a wide range )f users activities- shopping, stocking, interaction Iharacter- pleasant, appealing [Users- staff and visitors [Equipment- security gates, registers, inventory, shelving, dressing, office >ize-1,000 sq. ft. (will vary per store) Issues- security, location, accessibility 2.49. Relationship diagram of non-anchors. PerformanceRequirements: A. security measures will need to be implemented into the design of the anchors. B. small non-anchors will be located within the corridors to provide mixed shopping between the anchors. 2.50. Secutity of a non-anchor. 2.51. Non-anchors between ancfwrs. M FacilitvAnalvsis .Description- a variety of retailers will be included to attract a wide range )f users activities- shopping, stocking, interaction Character- pleasant, appealing [Users- staff and visitors [Equipment- security gates, registers, inventory, shelving, dressing, office >ize- 80 sq. ft. Ilssues- security, location 2.52. Relationship diagram of kiosks. •i^sn' neoi^jcal _jOontext [esponse PerformanceRequirements: A. security measures will need to be implemented into the design of the anchors. B. kiosks will be located in the corri dors to provide additonal shopping while traveling to anchors. 2.53. Kiosks locked up. 2.54. Kiosks in corridors. -restaurant FacilitvAnalvsis Description- a business establishment, with an occupancy load over 60 here meals or refreshments may be purchased. ctivities- eating, drinking, conversing, relaxing haracter- lively, inviting Users- staff, shoppers, business personel Equipment- cooking, freezing, washing, registers, bar, seating, ize- 6,500 sq. ft. Issues- seating, location 2.55. Relationship diagram of restaurants. PerformanceRequirements: juontexi A. seating will be placed in corridors to provide additional space. B. eateries will b>e placed along main A B corridors to benefit from pedestrian traffic. 2.56. Tables in corridor. 2.57. Restaurants along main corridors. FacilitvAnalvsis •eatery Description- a business establishment, with an occupancy load less than 00 where meals or refreshments may be purchased. ctivities- eating, drinking, conversing, relaxing haracter- quick, friendly Users- staff, shoppers, business personel Equipment- cooking, freezing, washing, registers, bar, seating, ize-1,500 sq.ft. Issues- seating, location, 2.58. Relationship diagram of eatery. Kesponse PerfomftanceRequirements: A. seating will be placed in conidors to provide additional space. B. eateries will k>e placed along main corridors to benefit from pedestrian ti^rffic. 2.59. Tables in corridor 2.60 Restaurants alone ^j^H _k' V4:>:l ^ET; -amphitheatre FacilitvAnalvsis hows or other forms of entertainment. ctivities- performing, educating, engaging haracter- open, comfortable Users- demonstrators, speakers, presenters, and visitors ' ? Equipment- seating, stage, lighting ize-10,000 sq.ft. Issues- access, weather 2.61. Relationship diagram of amphitheatre. -office space FacilitvAnalvsis Description- individual businesses, could include: doctors, dentists, day pas, etc ctivities- will vary based on the type of office haracter- will vary according to leaser Users- staff, clients, visitors Equipment- will vary based on the type of office ize- 2,500 sq. ft. Issues- privacy, flexibility 2.64. Relationship diagram of office. -,.,.. !•,-, jv,, Kesponse PerformanceRequirements: A. privacy is a major priority with offices ranging from doctors to lawyers. B. the office spaces should be flexibi to allow different tenants various size options. 2.65. Thick walls provide sound barrier 2.66. Operable walls for flexibility. CanalCityHakata, Fukuoka, Japan TheRiverWalk, SanAntonio, Texas HortonPlaza, SanDiego, Califomia Kesponse iTownCenteratEaston Columbus,Ohio The Town Center At Easton is a two-level space that is enclosed with two main entrances and a downtown square atmosphere. The center is located in the heart of Ohio with interstate access. This allows a large portion of the city to reach the center in a relatively short amount of time. Detail, safety, and convenience were all a numt>er one priority when designing the shopping facility. Parking is located close to the enti-ances and metered parking along the curb offers a special convenience to customers "The Town Center At Easton is the newest in a rush. For security purposes, cameras are places throughout the facility to ensure the comfort of all the shining star in Columbus, fulfilling a pent-up users, need for a leisure shopping and entertain ment destination that caters to every walk of _ ,^. X • -r- 1 X i-TL. T ^ X .XI- X • xu J • X r . -ru 1 life in every age group" -Ann O'Neal ^"® °^ **^® "^^^^ Significant aspects of The Town Center At Easton is the wide vanety of occupants. The center currentiy includes tenants ranging from: clothing and apparel to eating and dancing, from specialty stores to a fitness club, and from movie theatres to skating rinks. Once completed the complex will contain an onsite Hilton, residential spaces, and approximately five millbn sq. ft. in office space. It has a space for all of its users to enjoy. Kesponse ^tl It I. — 2.68. View of mam complex in back. 2.67. Plan of ground level. ownCenteratEaston Columbus,Ohio The Town Center offers a wide range of activities to engage the user While shopping, one can find things such as rock climbing. It is events such as rock climbing that give the Town Center a sense of place. 'Steiner+Associates planned its massive complex to reach shoppers at a human scale, to bring them to a gathering place, to offer an experience that suits our emotional and real needs, to feel the atmosphere, to touch things, to see people, to encounter adventures, and to shop. With an ebb and flow of high energy to a leisurely pace...Easton scored an enchanting waltz put to the tune of a unique shopping experience" -Ann O'Neal eiicai lUor 2.69. Rock Climbing offered. liBaik heMalLAmerica Minneapolis,Minnesota Built in 1992, the Mall of America has been called the "Goliath of shopping malls." This facility encompasses |4.2 million square feet, roughly the size of 7 Yankee Stadiums. Designed to 'simulate a city,' this center was the first and is still considered tiie clearest retail and entertainment hybrid. The Mall of America has become the number one attraction in the nation with more than 42 million annual visi tors. It is now recognized as the top shopping and entertainment facility and seen as the experimental play ground for retailers to test new concepts. The shopping center houses over 520 stores. Also contained within the facility is Camp Snoopy, an amuse 2.70. Concept sketch of interior. ment park spread across seven acres. This is the largest enclosed theme park which features almost 30 rides. This facility also houses UnderWater Worid, an aquarium that holds over 1.2 million gallons. Also located "It's so much more than a mall. It's within this center is the LEGO Imagination Center and the NASCAR Silicon Motor Speedway If that is not the country's largest shopping and enough there is also a 14-screen movie theati-e and an entire floor dedicated to bars and restaurants. entertainment complex." -anonymous 2.71. Ground floor plan 2.73. Sketch of section showing vertical relationship and natural lighting. si I n 61VI311 ofAMTl 6 ll C3 , MinneapolisMlnnesota Mall of America replicates both the natural and the uriban environments in an enclosed, friendly environment. The natural is incorporated witii the use of over 400 ti-ees and rocks ft-om the St. Croix River, under 1.2 miles .^oi natural lighting. The urban includes education (both high school and college), a place to wed, and two j levels of miniature-golf. m Camp Snoopy, placed in the center of Mall of America, is surrounded by four anchoring department stores •* connected by 'streets' which divides the complex into four distinct districts.' The North Garden is covered with landscaping while the West Market provides an intemational marketplace. The South Avenue is composed of upscale retailers and East Broadway offers a mixture of restaurants and cafes as well as its own miniature 2.74. Concept drawing theme-park. Each district has an access point into the Knotf s Berry Farm's Camp Snoopy. Square plans on the first two levels located below circular plans on the top two levels create a vertical spatial complexity. "These kinds of experiential complexities were necessary to bring some sense of a memorable geography: a walk through the project is four and a half miles long." 2.75. Bridging the theme park. 2.76. Theme park Ic^^^l iUniversalCitvWalk UniversalCity.Callfornia Located where the downtown area, the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles basin meet, the Universal CityWalk provides a 425 acre 'urban village' for pedestrians. The complex was developed to as a hub for employment, recreation and services. The plan uses the natural gradients within the site to create the imagery of a 'city on the hill." The design incorporates: offices, retail, entertainment, dining, hotel and cultural activities within the low-rise facility. The plan includes both concentric and radiating streets to invoke the sprit of dense, lively neighborhoods in ^__--'"^^ >' older cities. The complex was designed with the intention to create a sense of community in an environment c- -^ ,' with unmanageable growth. By providing an urban village and maximizing accessibility, convenience and ~^ ' diversity, the CityWalk has been able to reduce car-liability and generate employment for the surrounding com- 2.80. Conceptual sketch of masterplan. fr^unity. ontext Kesponse w^Mm i!, 2.81. Various facades within CityWalk. ''<^S •^ ' .*„ •' -M;.i;aB. 2.82. Plan of Universal CityWalk. 2.83. Plan of Universal City. ^r<4<£l 0 CO SUniversalCitvWalk UniversalCity,California The CityWalk was designed as a dome called a city roof and planned to follow ideas formed from the satellite k town using a central spine to connect the facility. The spine is a 1,500' pedestrian path that connects the various elements of Universal City with three distinct destinations. The first destination is a 6,200 seat amphi- -""^^—^J^heater, which hosts hundreds of events annually. The second is an 18 screen movie complex and finally the "Universal Studios theme park. 2.84. Conceptual diagram of section. CityWalk is made up of two streets, the EastWalk and the WestWalk, both containing a combination of shops, bars, nightclubs, restaurants and a college that come together In a circular courtyard. Fountain Court. This space is covered using a steel dome and surrounded by landscaped panels. Simple flat facades line the streets with layers of neon signage and images creating a 'mosaic' of anonymous spaces scaled for the pedestrian. Since the facades are relatively flat, storefront individuality and innovation plays a key role in the development of the environment. Distinctive tenant signage is used to create an identity and demonstrate a sense of pride while creating a street full of texture and life. 2.86. View overlooking circulation alley. 2.87. Unique signage for tenants. 2.88. Canopy destination. -Sm.Tower(phase01) i heoreticai -Md.Tower(phase01) aceSummar Office/Floor 1 2400 sq.ft. Restrooms 4x100 400 sq.ft. Janitor/Storage 2x50 100 sq.ft. Elevator 4x50 200 sq.ft. Circulation 2x50 100 sq.ft. Total Floors 20 72,000 sq.ft. Total Area 2Towers 144,000 sq.ft. j neoreucai ilCAl Kesponse •1^ -Lg.Tower(phaseOI) aceSumma Office/Floor 1 8500 sq.ft. Restrooms 4x200 800 sq.ft. Janitor/Storage 2x75 150 sq.ft. Elevator 6x50 300 sq.ft. Circulation 2x100 200 sq.ft. Total Floors 30 300,000 sq.ft. Total Area 1 Tower 300,000 sq.ft. fnfiiiitY text Kesponse -Parking(phaseOI) aceSummar NorthGarage ""^ LowerLevels 6x148,000 888,000 sq.ft. UpperLevels 2x100,000 200,000 sq.ft. SouthGarage 16x32,500 520,000 sq.ft. 1,608,000 sq.ft. Total Area 2Ends 1,608,000 sq.ft. Facility I heoreticai ••••••••IHHi^^^^B^i^HH^^^^^^^^juoniext Kesponse ^ •Entertainment(phase02)Wig'^*^ NorthernHorseshoe Mid-wings (west) (east) SouthernArches Kesponse ^^ijc^ A'"*inmhlr ^fin°/^ •fnpiWIhff^ltfww#tt^l^ff^^^Tnniii'"MM"MMaceSumma* ri ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M A_ignaoic (W,.) Entertainment 60%x1,946,000 1,167,600 sq.ft. OfficeSpace Sm.Towers 60%x32,000 19,200 sq.ft. Percentages from "Problem Seeking: M U. 10We rS 60%x144,000 86,400 sq.ft. An Architecture Programming Lg.ToWer 60%x300,000 180,000 sq.ft. Primer," by Pena. Kesponse Total Assignable Space 1,453,200 sq.ft. -•^ -Unassignable (40%) aceSummar Circulation 22%x2,422,000 532,840 sq.ft. Mechanical 7.5%x2,422,000 181,650 sq.ft. Walls, Partitions, Structure 8.0%x2,422,000 193,760 sq.ft. Restrooms (public) 1.5%x2,422,000 36,330 sq.ft. Percentages from "Problem Seeking Janitor Closets 0.5%x2,422,000 12,110 sq.ft. An Architecture Programming Unassignable Storage 0.5%x2,422,000 12,110 sq.ft. Primer," by Pena. i neoreticai jouhicAi Kesponse Total Unassignable Space 968,800 sq.ft. 14 -Total Space (100%) Kesponse Total Complex Space 4,030,000 sq.ft. FacilitvEndnotes OlDavid Smiley, Sprawl and public space: redressing the mall (Washington DC; National Endowment for the Arts; New Yori<: Distiributed by Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), p. 30. 02Rem Koolhaas, Mutations (Barcelona: ACTAR; Bordeaux, France: Arc en reve centre d'architecture, 2000), p. 127. 03Glenn Artronies and Sandra VIock, "Cultural and Entertainment: Time-Saver Standards for Building Types Ed. Joseph De Chiara and Michael J. Crosbie. (New Yori<: McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 2001), p. 140. 041bid., p. 149. OSChuihua Judy Chung, The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping/ Harvard Design School Project on the City 2 (Kbln ; New Yoric: Taschen, 2001), p. 130. 06Koolhaas. p. 125. 07Chung, p. 130. OSKoolhaas, p. 126. 09Smiley, p. 37. lOHarvey M. Rubenstein, Pedestiian Malls, Streetscapes, and Urban Spaces (New Yori<: Wiley 1992), p. 22- 23. 11 Koolhaas, p. 154. 12The Jerde Partnership Intematkjnal, You Are Here (London: Phaidon, 1999), p. 99. 131bid., p. 100. 141bid., p. 123. n^k.^^ Facilitvlmaaes 2.01. Fashion Island. Jerae Partnership Intemational. You are here. Phaidon Press Unlimited, London, 1999. 2.02. Rinku Block HI. Ibid., Pg. 71. 2.03. Fremont Street revitalization. Ibid., Pg. 138. 2.04. Shopping at Union Station. www.s0photo.com/sUpage7/ti/00000006.jpg&imgrefurt. 2.05. Hong Kong Airport. http://www.asiatraveltips.com/PicturesofHongKongAirport/2002.jpg 2.06. Escalators allow multiple levels. http://www.ecosyn.us/ecocity/Proposal/modem/escalators.jpg 2.07. Multiple levels allow for mega-malls. http://www.eastemct.edu/depts/amerst/MALLA2a.jpg 2.08. Fashion show inside mall, http://www.cgstock.com/pics/739.jpg 2.09. Band concert. http://www.offutt.af.mil/Assoc_Units/Band/images/candids/2002Candids.jpg 2.10. Enclosed mall. http://www.illinoisbiz.biz/film/filmtrial/lmages/chicago/049C_WoodfieldMall.jpg 2.11. Open mall, http://redrockrealty.net/om3x.jpg 2.12. Level accessibility. By Author 2.13. Maximize openings. By Author 2.14. Talking ti-ash cans. wvw.personal.psu.edu/users/j/r/jrd199/oriando/045%20Talking%20Trash%20Can.JPG 2.15. Moderate natural light. http://www.contractiighting.net/magazine/logos/Light%20Shopping.jpg 2.16. Enclosed storefront. http;//www.home-kitchen.com/img/storefront.jpg 2.17. Open storefront. http://www.dalywear.com/lmages/StoreFront.jpg 2.18. Underground service access. By Author 2.19. Ground level service access. By Author 2.20. Mall Parking. http://bergencountymall.hypermart.net/promos/images/Mvc016s.jpg 2.21. Parking garage. http://www.codet>oy.net/photos/ice/img012.jpg 2.22. Tree grouping. By Author 2.23. Vegatation close to buildings. By Author 2.24. Long lines of vegatatoin. By Author 2.25. Complex near major highways. By Author 2.26. Locate near mass transit stations. By Author 2.27. Create direct paths. By Author 2.28. Avoid dead ends. By Author 2.29. Connect anchors through retailers. By Author 2.30. Anchor entrance into mall. http://www.exteriordesigns.com/Portfollo/jcpenney/jcpenney3.jpg 2.31. Tenant mix. http://wviw.arnotmall.net/supportingfiles/images/directorymapbig.gif 2.32. Strip mall. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. Pg 142. 2.33. L-shaped mall. Ibid., Pg. 142 2.34. T-shaped mall. Ibid., Pg. 143 2.35. Triangle mall. Ibid., Pg. 143 2.36. Dumbbell mall. Ibid., Pg. 144 2.37. Double-dumbbell mall. Ibid., Pg. 144 2.38. Column free. www.oriandoairports.net/goaa/media_public/Thumbnalls/North%20Tenninal%20Complex 2.39. Bridging two buildings. www.ketchum.org/bridgepix/LaDef-342x650.JPG 2.40. Narrow corridors. By Author 2.41. Kiosks interupt. By Author .-."SB! 2.42. Relationship diagram of anchor. By Author 2.43. Anchor security. By Author 2.44. Anchors as focal points. By Author 2.45. Multiple access points. By Author 2.46. Relationship diagram of non-anchor. By Author 2.47. Security of non-anchor. By Author 2.48. Non-anchors between anchors. By Author 2.49. Relationship diagram of non-anchors. By Aiithor 2.50. Security of non-anchor. By Author 2.51. Non-anchors between anchors. By Author 2.52. Relationship diagram of kiosk. By Author 2.53. Kiosk security, www.vegaskiosk.com/kiosk_2_bg.jpg 2.54. Location of kiosk. wvwv.united-aluminium.co.uk/CustomShow/Portashop1.jpg 2.55. Relationship diagram of restaurant. By Author 2.56. Location of tables in corridor. By Author 2.57. Restaurants located along main corridors. By Author 2.58. Relationship diagram of eatery. By Author 2.59. Location of tables in corridor. By Author 2.60. Eatery located along main conidors. By Author 2.61. Relationship diagram of amphitheatre. By Author 2.62. All spaces lead into amphitheatre. By Author 2.63. Tensile structure, www.billharkindesign.demon.co.uk/slug.jpg 2.64. Relationship diagram of office. By Author 2.65. Thick walls for privacy. By Author 2.66. Operable walls. www.accordial.co.uk/Opwall3.jpg 2.67. Plan of The Town Center at Easton. 2.68. View of main complex. 2.69. Rock climbing. 2.70. Concept sketch of Mall of America. Jerde Partnership Intemational. Pg. 101 2.71. Floor plan for Mall of America. Ibid., Pg. 102 2.72. Section of Mall of America. Ibid., Pg. 103 2.73. Section of Mall of America. Ibid., Pg. 103 2.74. Concept sketch. Ibid., Pg. 101 2.75. Bridging the theme park. Ibid., Pg. 104 2.76. The theme park. Ibid., Pg. 105 2.77. Vertical relationships. Ibid., Pg. 105 2.78. Space interaction. Ibid., Pg. 105 2.79. Camp Snoopy Ibid., Pg. 106 2.80. Concept of Universal City Walk. Ibid., Pg. 124 2.81. Facade views. Ibid., Pg. 128 2.82. Plan of City Walk. Ibid., Pg. 128 Ha iii^.^j^ 2.83. Plan of city. Ibid.; Pg. 125 2.84. Concept sketch. Ibid., Pg. 124 2.85. Fountain in CityWalk. Ibid., Pg. 131 2.86. Overiooking City Walk. Ibid., Pg. 129 2.87. Unique signage. Ibid., Pg. 133 2.88. Canopy destination. Ibid., Pg. 132 ii^.4£1 Context verview The City of Dallas occupies 384 square mlTes and varies in elevation between 450-750 feet. Dallas has a pop ulation of neariy 2 million people and a metro population of 3.4 million. It is ranked as the 9th largest city in the U.S. and holds the number one spot for urban arts dishict. Dallas not only is a major U.S. finance center but is the "largest wholesale merchandise mart in the worid.", The city is full of energy with an abundant amount of diversity. It includes top atti-actions, a healthy economy, and breathtaking scenery. Dallas has been named as one of the top destinations for cultural tourism in the nation and is ranked as the top destination for visitors in Texas, with an endless numt>er of museums, galler ies, sports facilities, gardens, parks, ethnic restaurants, and other public amenities. 'Dallas is located in the 'Sun Belt' of the nation, enjoying a temperate climate consisting of mild winters and warm summers. The skies generally tend to be sunny or partly cloudy with a prevailing wind from the south east, which brings moisture from the Gulf of Mexico causing a relatively high humidity level. The majority of the time the weather is relatively moderate, experiencing somewhat severe storms in the spring, fairiy hot summers, enjoyable falls, and occasionally cold winters. 8.01. Texas County Map. Dallas County 3.02. Dallas County aerial map showing the existing site. ^^1^1 3.03. Location of hotels in downtown area. 3.04. Location of major parks/trails in the Dallas area. verview Other attractions the city has to offer are the largest collection of aviation, the largest collection of Spanish art (outside of Spain), the Kennedy Memorial, numerous museums, amusement parks and first class shopping. Per capita the metropolitan Dallas area is ranked number one in the nation for shopping centers. In addition, the city has also become one of the top convention locations in tiie nation. It was responsible for housing over 3.8 million| people who attended over 3,600 conventions last year Night life has become an important role in the cities residents. Recentiy the City of Dallas has been striding great| efforts for a rejuvenation of the downtown area. In order to accomplish this, a continuing renovation of existing as well as the pursuit of new facilities has been in the process to make Dallas a magnet center for visitors and locals alike. The city offers over 100 cultural events and performances nightly in areas such as: the West End Historic District, the Dallas Arts District, Deep Elm, Greenville Avenue and oHiers. In addition to ail the activity, the people and climate also play an important role in making Dallas an atti^ctive place to live or visit. mv ti jKesponse I University wwe 4 9 Park S; _t^^- \ 3.05. Location of shopping canters in Dallas. 3.07. Location of entertainment areas in surrounding context fm ontextAnalvsis -WestEnd The Wfl-st Fnri Hi.«ttnrir nistrirt is a F.F, arto tni.rict attraction Center. The Hictrift mnfaing nvor ftO stniwt anri approximately 40 eateries that now call the historic distiict home. The restored warehouses offer a view of the past that is only embellished by the \iee lined streets, the brick paved sidewalks and the sound of horse drawn carriages. This district has played a significant role in the revitalization of the downtown area offering some m thing for just about everyone. The West End is the host for not only retail and restaurants but museums, night life and a range of cultural events as well. 1/ MWIk •fsniT^ |K6sponse 3.08. West End ptaza looking at Planet Hollywood entrance. -DallasArtsDIstrict 3.10. Dallas Museum of Art. 3.11. Morton Meyerson Syphony Center. 3.12. Nasher Sculpture Garden .^r^i ontextAnalvsis -DeepEllum Deep Elm, originally known as Deep Ellum, is located on Elm Street just east of downtown Dallas. This area of dovmtown is zoned as an entertainment and arts district. In 1983, a plan was revealed for the redevelop r^,>.' ment, which would be called 'downzoned,' of Deep Elm. The concept behind the redevelopment was to keep iJ^ISffll a 'small, artsy level' atmosphere. By the 1990s, the disti-ict became the live music headquarters, a hotspot for the younger night crowd with over 57 nightclubs and bars along with a number of shops selling a wide range of items. With all the activity it is no wonder why Deep Elm has been described as a "litUe New Orieans and SouUiem SoHo.' It has become the trendy area for the modem group of Dallas.,. L/1 1^.7 9nclITDIAKah L\or(h 1-4J KLH STRBET T X J * 5* MAiK JIBKBI > I c:. 1 o I lA •^ . M.-ER ~r. 0 1 r4 1 O^ CAHTuM \ 3.13. Map kx:ating Deep Ellum. 3.15. One of many murals located within Deep Ellum. 3 14. View of nightlife on Elm Street 3.16. Another mural in the Deep EJIum District. 1^ >>' Ifi— jKesponse Population, 2003 estimate 2,284,096 White persons, percent, 2000 (a) 58.4% Black or African American persons, percent, 2000 (a) 20.3% American Indian and Alaska Native persons, percent, 2000 (a) 0.6% Asian persons, percent, 2000 (a) 4.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, percent, 2000 (a) 0.1% Persons reporting some other race, percent, 2000 (a) 14.0% Persons reporting two or more races, percent, 2000 2.7% Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, percent, 2000 (b) 29.9% White persons, not of Hispanic/Latino origin, percent, 2000 44.3% 3.19. Census statistics for Dallas/Ft. Worth r " ^"i-** Sit e^Contex t i -Climate the climate ir 1 the Dallas region is somewhat rnoderate. An annualsurfimary can tie seen in the table below. ^ 1 [El 1 neoreucai t jKesponse Dallas - Fort Worth Temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Avg. Temperature 43.4 47.9 56.7 65.5 72.8 81.0 85.3 84.9 77.4 67.2 56.2 46.9 65.4 Avg. Max Temperature 54.1 58.9 67.8 76.3 82.9 91.9 96.5 96.2 87.8 78.5 66.8 57.5 76.3 Avg. Min Temperature 32.7 36.9 45.6 54.7 62.6 70.0 74.1 73.6 66.9 55.8 45.4 36.3 54.6 Days with Max Temp of 90 F or Higher 0.0 0.0-S0.5 1.0 5.0 20.0 28.0 26.0 14.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 96.0 Days with Min Temp Below Freezing 14.0 8.0 3.0 < 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 < 0.5 3.0 10.0 370 Dallas - Fort Worth Heating and Cooling Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec /Vnnual Heating Degree Days 670 484 286 75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.0 275 566 2407 Cooling Degree Days 0.0 5.0 29.0 90.0 246 480 629 617 372 119 11.0 5.0 2603 Dallas - Fort Worth Precipitation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 1 Precipitation (inches) 1.8 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.9 3.0 2.3 2.2 3.4 3.5 2.3 1.8 33.7 1 Days with Precipitation 0.01 inch or More 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 79.0 Monthly Snowfall (inches) 1.1 0.9 0.2 <0.05 <0.05 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 <0.05 0.1 0.2 2.5 Other Dallas - Fort Worth Weather Indicators Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Average Wind Speed 11.0 11.7 12.7 12.4 11.1 10.6 9.8 8.9 9.3 9.7 10.7 10.8 10.7 Clear Days 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 11.0 15.0 15.0 13.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 135 Partly Cloudy Days 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 97.0 Cloudy Days 16.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 133 Percent of Possible Sunshine 52.0 54.0 58.0 61.0 57.0 67.0 75.0 73.0 67.0 63.0 57.0 52.0 61.0 Avg. Relative Humidity 57.5 70.5 69.0 69.5 72.0 73.5 68.5 65.5 67.5 69.5 68.5 69.0 71.5 3.20. Climate statistics for Dallas/Ft. Worth \m k..^^ iteContext Traffic congestion in Dallas is a problem that needs a unified approach Instead of rndividual efforts from the many | local entities of the urban area. Recognizing this, the Fort Worth and Dallas District offices of the Texas Depart ment of Transportation have joined forces with local governments to launch a comprehensive traffic management j program using Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). ITS uses the latest technology to manage traffic congestion. Effective management uses three principal methods: -monitoring traffic using closed circuit television and traffic detector displays -informing motorists about conditions using dynamic message signs and lane control signals -intervening when there are incidents such as accidents and disabled vehicles blocking traffic Such ITS management has been developed individually in the various local jurisdictions of the region. In the future, traffic control systems and integrated management will expand to better meet motorists' needs.3.7 heojtfiicai jKesponse SiteLocation SiteLocation Djrily TVaffic Volum«s 1MB- 199* FitMWdylnciduals ^•^ 210*1 «)»0I • 19 • IS ~ -ttott • ie*o*o ^I^Gitlttrr^art lUMDI ^ o*- 129 ^*risi Ar»*w Dsiv O •» 22' 3.21. Volumes of traffic in Datlas County 3.22. Traffic incidents in Dallas County mitM J iteContext -MassTransit Transportation should not be a problem within the Dallas area. The city offers two airports DFW Intemational Airport and Dallas Lovefield, making visitor accessibility both nationwide and intemational a snap. Once in the city, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, or DART, can be easily accessed as well. DART offers metro wide bus routes and the 'light' rail system, the "most modern urban ti^nsportation system in i:2ScSt.. the country." This system serves 13 cities in and around the Dallas region. In addition to serving Dallas, DART also serves Ft. Worth using the Trinity Rail Express, or the TRE. The TRE ser^/es as a link between downtown Dallas and downtown Ft. Worth monday through Saturday. There is also the McKinney Avenue Trolley, the worid's largest volunteer transportation system, which links downtown to uptown Dallas. ^31^ MB MkJ JKesponse 3.24 Union Station "I I • > '^••&^-' 3.25. Convention Center 3 23. DART masetran8it:routes. Station iteContext -TrinityRiverCorridQr Recently Dallas has been undergoing steps to develop the land along the Trinity River. This development has become known as the Trinity River Corridor Project. The purpose of the project is to pnDtect over 12,000 sb^c- tures, create recreational amenities, and preserve over 3,000 acres of the Trinity wetiands, while providing traffic relief, and increase economic development and revitalization. The master plan includes levees, parks, lakes, trails, and equestrian centers. Other activities that will be found on the corridor will be sailing, fishing, paddleboats, hiking, and possibly a Whitewater rafting facility. In 1995, the Trinity River Corridor Citizens Committee delivered a multilevel objective vision for the river, which would create new recreational opportunities, economic development, transportation improvements and flood control along the corridor. The following year, Dallas Mayor Hon Ron Kirk brought representatives of City of Dallas, US Army Corps of Engineers, EPA, Texas Department of Transportation, North Texas Tollway Author ity, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, County of Dallas and a host of other related agencies and commis sions to initiate cooperation for efforts to coordinate the river corridor project. In May 1998, citizens of Dallas approved a $246 million Capital Bond Program, over a 10-year period. Other agencies will provide approxi mately $975 million, for a total of over $1.2 billion. It is the highest single public/private project of this magni tude in Texas if not the country. 3.8 A Batennd Vtoion Pt«i lor Un TRfNITY RIVER CORRIDOR Ot»M. Tnus ReflnemcnB Bawd on Optimizattoo fot Rood Conirol, ( 3.26. Master Plan of Corridor. ^- q iteContext -Trinity Riveri One of the greatest issues In the downtown Dallas area is the Trinity River Corridor. Even though this is one of the greatest issues it is also one of the greatest opportunities. The Trinity River Corridor possesses the char acteristics that are capable of redefining the city. Soon after John Neely Bryan settled Dallas in 1841, the Trinity River became and still acts as a barrier between north and south Dallas. This is largely due to the flooding that occurs in this region. Land along the Trinity has been set aside solely for the purpose of handling im;£iS.si^i:, the floods. A new parkway was designed into the master plan to help ease the ti^affic congestion of the downtown area. The Trinity Parkway travels east and west along the corridor serving as a connector between 1-30 W and 1-175. The parkway will serve as another tollway for the Dallas area. I neureuucii raciiity jKesponse COMBINED PARKWAY EAST LEVee (MODIFIEDI (•^uMnALM INITIAL PHASE CONSTRUCTION •-•jsursL^ixrrT *• tsriAMAor '^~y'""^*'"^" •^-•"^--^•'^•^^''tJ "' "* - ' " " IllM'ift 3 27. Cross-section of proposed Pailoway. 3.28. Plan of proposed Parkway to help relieve traffic congestion. A. '-2 iteContext -TrinityRiverCorridqr t, One of the Trinity River crossings is the Houston Viaduct. This bridge is listed with the National Register of MSii Historic Places and is an access point serving Dallas to Oak Cliff. The Jefferson Viaduct, located adjacent to m^i the Houston Viaduct, serves as the access from Oak Cliff to Dallas. Both Viaducts are cun-entiy underutilized but with the conidor project these connecting bridges will serve as a vital function in the transportation of vehi cles, pedestiians, and cyclists from South Dallas to the Oak Cliff area and vise versa. The space between these two viaducts will serve as the site for the mixed-use facility. These two bridges are one of the few connectors firom the downtown area to South Dallas. They are located just west of the 1-35 bridges, south east of the 1-30 bridge, and perpendicular to the Mix Master, which makes them easily visible. Not only is the site easily visible but it is also very accessible making this space the ideal spot for a mixed-use complex. S&#i ;ontex1 I neoretica Facmty [Kesponse 3.29. The Houston Viaduct 3.30. The Jefferson Viaduct. .^^^. rs. SiteAnalvsis -SitePhotos When looking to the north from the site, the user will be able to view the Dallas skyline. This will be a spectac ular view especially when seen at night with all of the dovmtown buildings lit up. Having the downtown skyline as a backdrop to the design is just one of the features that will help create a sense of place for the users. Immediately to the north of the site is an existing parking garage which is currentiy used for events that occur at the Reunion Arena. Flanking the parking garage is the Dallas Convention Center on one side and the Reunion Arena with a vast parking lot on the other side. During non-event times the parking lot and garage usually sit barren only used by a small number of people for daily or temporary pari 3.33. Looking NE over site. 3.34. Looking NE, view of parking structure and Conventton Center. J J JJ iteAnalvsis -SitePinotos The two viaducts bridge the Trinity River as well as the Mix Master making them highly visible to a vast number of passerby's. This makes the site a focus spot for the new conidor project. The visibility of the site is a key factor in the success of a mixed-use facility which includes a major shopping center. With 1-35 to the East, 1-30 to the west, and then the Mix Master and tiie new Trinity Parkway perpendicular, this site provides the ideal location for a complex of these facilities and this magnitude. Accessibility also plays an important role in the success of a shopping center. With the site being placed between two major viaducts and centered about the four prime interstates listed previously, accessibility should not be a factor. If a vehicle is not accessible tiiere is the Union and the Convention Center Stations within walking distance from the site creating easy access for just about everyone. 3.35. Looking NW over Houston Viaduct onto the Mix Master. 3.36. Looking SE viewing the Jefferson Viaduct. Si^sf^ -SitePhotos 3.37. Stairs to Jefferson from Houston. 3.38. Stairs to Houston from Industrial Blvd. 3.39. Stairs to Houston from Reunion Arena and garage. SiteAnalvsis -SitePhotos The site's sunroundings are very diverse. At one end of the viaducts, a fairiy new apartment complex develop ment has been built. The complex is located across the street from a small park These types of surroundings create appealing views fi'om the site. However, also located adjacent to the site is a series of older shops, including a number of liquor stores. The stores have become gmngy and create a non-friendly family environ ment. There is an Oak Farms manufacturing warehouse located along the soutiiem end of the site which creates an unpleasant terminus and a paricing garage creating the terminus on the northern end of the site. 3.40. Looking SW at an adjacent apartment complex. 3.41. Looking W from Houston onto surrounding businesses. A i A A -SitePhotos 3.42. Looking W at a revene adjacent to site. 3.43. Looking NW over flood plane adjacent to Houston Viaduct. A A A A -SitePhotos 3.44. Looking W at flood plane and trail 3.45. Looking NW, view trail and 1-30 in distance. •ik: i-ri] ^tica SERENITY -creating a mood: A. landscaping will provide a buffer while Introducing scenery to the user. B. incorporating water fea tures will mask surrounding noise such as traffic. C. meditation spaces allow for user Interaction / soclaliza tion, or individual reflection. 3.46. Larnlscaping buffer 3 47 Water features to mask bridge noise 3.48. Provide meditation spaces. A:.> COHESION -creating unity: A. interlacing pedestrian paths from surroundings will ^ L B. C. create a union of the spaces. (0 B. the design will incorporate r-"' c materials from surrounding i; N ; 1 1 landscape (natural and built). i 1 lO •rrj 1 III j Q. C. using windows or skylights — .4 1 c.;- 1 (0 will unite the user to the sur i: 1 1 rounding environments. 1 1 1 0 i i —L-, .1. , Ii 1 )aths to form a union. 3.50. Incorporate context materials. 3.51. Openings create cohe3k>n. 0 W W eoaration -identification of spaces - While being able to connect, the facility also needs to be able to distin guish itself to create a sense of place. SEPARATE -clear Identification: A. technology will be used to create a landmark within the urban setting. B. multiple levels will be used to separate areas within the faciliy as well as circulation and tenant spaces. C. barriers will provide a sep aration of vehicular and pedestrian. 3.52. Create a landmark. 3.53. Distinguish types of spaces iReunionArena Dallas,Texas This facility is a 19,000-seat multipurpose arena. The arena is located on a 6.2-acre site in the souUieast region of downtown Dallas. The building was designed with simple and direst characteristics that fulfill all the necessary functions. The overall seating bowl is placed diagonally under a square, flat roof. The lower seating bowl is set below grade to minimize height of the upper stnjcture. The volume below the upper seating bowl provides for a full-loop concourse with all public conveniences. Retractable seating provides for efficient reconfiguration required for different sports and other special events. It is constructed using a steel, glass, concrete, and brick. A steel frame was used on the highest level to span the arena. Glass was used to encompass the steel structure also allowing light to penetrate the facility walls while exposing the structure to the exterior of the building. Brick and concrete was used on the lower levels of the arena. The color of the brick creates a unity of the structure to the surrounding site. Since the doors opened, the Reunion Arena has played an important part in the culture of the Dallas region. The facility has housed thousands of conventions, concerts, and activities that have helped define Dallas. Top music perfonners and nation-traveled acts have all located their acts within the arena making it a vital complex in the Dallas region. 3^- Arena in relationsfiiD to the i^eunion Tower. iReunionArena Dallas,Texas Since the doors opened, the Reunion Arena has played an important part in the culture of the Dallas region. The facility has housed thousands of conventions, concerts, sporting events, and other activities that have helped define Dallas. Top music performers, nation-traveled acts and worid famous sports teams, have all located their acts within the arena making it a vital complex in the Dallas region. The Reunion Arena incorporates nature to help create a sense of place. With the use of lush landscaping and a water feature, the designers were able to break up the monotony of the surrounding ocean of parking. The landscaping and the water feature provide the ideal settings for the user to engage their senses. The activities that take place inside the arena tend to be energetic. Combining the energy from the activities with the noises, concession aromas and tastes, all add to the entire individual experience. On the exterior, the user also has the option of sitting on the grass or one of the stone benches. The ground material changes from natural to man-made and from land to water. All of these factors are what gives the Reunion Arena a sense of place generating Hie phenomenal experience created when visiting this space. i i^mLm^^ .esponse 3.58. Water element used in landscaping. 3.57. Acdvily creates individual phenomena. -'•'•• - •. - iReunionTower Dallas.Texas The Reunion Tower is 560' tall making it tiie fifteenth tallest building in Dallas. It is an observation tower that was constructed as a part of the Hyatt Regency Hotel. The tower is a signature buiWing of Dallas designed by Welton Becket & Associates. The construction consists of poured in place concrete, a geodesic dome, glass and aluminum. Poured in place concrete was used for the four concrete cylinders that make the shaft of the tower. Three of the cylin ders are placed in a triangular pattern which houses the elevators to and from the upper levels. The last cylin der is located in the center which houses both the stairs and the mechanical systems. The top of the tower is a geodesic dome which encompasses a three level poured in place concrete stiojcture. The three top levels include: The Lookout, an indoor/outdoor observation deck, Antares, a full service restau rant, and The Dome, a cocktail lounge. Botii the Antares and The Dome are on a revolving floor, which makes a full rotation every 55 minutes. Context I-J •k.'.'-za iReunionTower Dallas.Texas The dome is constiijcted using a series of aluminum starts and connectors. There are 260 lights located at the connectors where the aluminum stouts intersect. The lights are turned on during the evening hours and provide a light show throughout the night. The facility generates a phenomenon by creating a unique experience. Nowhere else in Dallas can people experience a 360 degree view of the Dallas skyline while eating. This experience has allowed the Reunion Tower to develop a sense of place in the Dallas area. hieo cai r 3.61 Housing for hghts/CBonel: 3.62. Relationship of dome lo surrounding contaxi rConventionCenter Dallas.Texas The Dallas Convention Center (DCC) has experienced several expansions. The latest expansion compSedm 2002 has increased the total square footage to over one millron. The DCC now houses the largest column- free exhibit hall in the nation with 203,000 square feet of open space. The facility also offers almost 730.000 square feet of additional exhibit space. Along with the exhibit spaces, the DCC provides an arena seating just under 10,000 people as well as a theater with a capacity of 1,770. Also contained within the DCC are 105 meeting rooms and two gargantuan ballrooms. The Dallas Convention Center has been able to become a prime facility in the Dallas region. The activities that take place within the center play an important role in creating the phenomena of the place. By being the prime convention location, the center has been able to develop a spirit. The center has gained notoriety through the numerous conventions held there each year When a user returns to the facility for other conven tions, they take with them the experiences they encountered during the previous visits. Since this is the prime location fbr conventions Uien the users will probably revisit the space. 3.63. The convention center. -views from site 3.66. Better views from center of site -traffic/noise 3.67. Showing amount of trafTic and noise -water directions 3.68. Water runofF and river ftow direction -surrounding buildings 3.69. Existing structures fS ontextEndnotes 01 http://www.heliexpo.com/Dallas_facts.htm 02 http://www.dallascvb.com/visitors/today.php 03 http://www.dallasconventioncenter.com/info/history.asp 04 http://www.dallasconventioncenter.com/info/history.asp 05 http://www.dallasconventioncenter.com/info/history.asp 06 http://www.heliexpo.com/Dallas_facts.ht 07 www.dallasarchitecute.info/reunion.htm 08 http://www.dallasconventioncentercom/info/history.asp •HHi ontextlmaaes 3-01. Texas County Map, Dallas County, www.county'org/ counties/txcounties.aspr " 3.02. Dallas aerial map w/ww.terraserver.com. 3.03. Hotel locations, www.dallascvb.com/visitors/imap.php. 3.04. Pari< and trail locations. www.cxpx.eom/DallasTrails/#Map. 3.05. Shopping center locations, www.dallascvb.com/images/map/shoppingmallmap.gif. 3.06. Dallas Convention Center. 3.07. Entertainment locations, www.dallascvb.com/visitors/imap.php. 3.08. West End. vww.dallasarchitecture.info/westendmari •k. .i«£l m^^a^^sam jsponse >.. -h k'^' •m^Mk^^^ '^IP It IS better to have enough ideas for some d them to be wroncj, than to be always right by having no ideas as all. ^ 'V - Edward de Bono iC nm tak.;-s^ heProcess The process for developing a design for this project has fc»een a long and tiresome journey At the conclusion of last semester, there were three schematic designs, all needing much thought and improvement before becoming tiie final design for the project. The idea behind the form of scheme one was taken from combining living bridges from the past with concepts for living bridges in Uie future. Scheme one uses an enclosed structure that uses massive skylights to allow natural lighting to penetrate the building. The structure for the design would be located below the facility as many bridges are. This scheme creates an artificial atmosphere for year round usage and pleasant experience. This would be a multilevel structure housing both the tenants and the parking within the walls. Tenant space would be located on the higher levels while part •'-' •'••'-'• '--•«' 0)1 heProcess ^^^^^^^^W^WPWPirorhary suspension bridge. Scheme two uses three structural pillars to provide the support for the bridge typically seen in Uie suspension systems The tenants would be located wittiin several buildings which would span Uie lengUi of the bridge leaving an open space in tiie center for outdoor activities. Within the buildings, the office space would be located on the upper floors keeping the lower levels open for tenants specializing in entertainment activities. The facility partying would be found below the main level to provide an area with tiie required room. This would also separate the pedestiian from the vehicular traffic. Tfie tenant spaces use a truss system to create an open floor plan for the entertainment distiict. This will allow a variety of shapes and sizes to be fomied based upon the needs of each tenant. On Uie top of each structure 4.06. Concept sketch showing elevation, would be an outdoor space where users would be allowed to enjoy the natural surroundings. facility Context ;2i^ i4.07. Site plan of scheme (top left). 4.08. Elevation of scheme (top right). 4.09. Perspective of scheme (bojtom left).4 10. Section of scheme (bottom right). ^. heProcess For scheme three, a double pillar suspension system is used to support two massive canopies that would provide shade and protection for the complex. The tenant spaces would be in the form of small individual buildings grouped together to form the appearance of a small town. The canopies while providing some form of protection would still allow the air and climate of the surroundings to be felt by the users. Structure to be used in this scheme would be individually based on each space. A series of pillars would be placed the entire length of the bridge supporting the facility entirely fnam below. Partying would have to be located off site for this scheme which would require the use of some type of mass ti-ansit for the complex. 4.11. Concept sketch showing elevation. Iheoreuuai racility uoniexi j)l _ _ _ 1— . 12 Site Dten of sGherr^ (too loft> A 13 Elevation of ^^ C&^V 4.14. Perspective of scheme (bottom left) 4 15. Section of scheme (bottom right). fterThouahts After reflecting on each of the three schemes from last semester, I realized tiiere were many flaws in each scheme. The three schemes all required much revision prior to continuing each with further devek>pment. In the first scheme, one of the flaws was the mere size the facility would have to be in order to house the required tenants. The form is a long nan^ow facility which opposes the surrounding context of downtown Dallas. This scheme would not appear to be in union with the surrounding context. Scheme two is both linear and vertical creating a more natural unbn between the complex and the sunt)und- ing contexts. However, the sfaructural system still appeared to be diskicated with the surrounding context. Ihe tenant space for scheme three woukj also require the majority of the entire site creating a dark and dreary feeling for people who are using the pari The third scheme had some similar faults. Most of the site would be covered, again creating an unwanted feeling for people using the paths below the complex. One of the most appealing elements using this scheme is the canopy system. Using this scheme the canopy system would also elevate to extensive heights maybe becoming an eyesore against tiie surrounding contexts. leoretica actiity uontexi jfrmw' 'muf^ ^"fim^ ^iij^^M(4 LLUiliiOii^i/L^-Uk'^U V'^" 4.16. Scheme 01 (top left). 4.17. Scheme 02 (top right). 4.18. Scheme 03 (bottom). HWiMkAl dk.. ^BSSmSim^ 4.20. Five Curves. 4.21. Four Curves 4.22. Red Memories. 4.23. Three Curves. ..... JMOa^lMiia heNextStaae With this new inspiration a series of parti diagrams were begun. Incorporating the same forms from Uie artwori<, multiple variations were created. The diagrams were used to study different forms the complex could follow. A combination of lines curves and nodes were used on each diagram. By generating tiie multiple variations for the various diagrams, it was quick and easy to study a wide range of ideas all leading to a progression of design. Using the last diagram, tiie final solution was derived. Later this parti was involved in the design of the first model. The first model incorporates four support pillars all of which act as transportation hubs and central gathering areas for the complex. After reflecting upon this first model, a few flaws were once again discovered. One of the main flaws in this design was the size. The entire complex needed to be on a much larger scale in order to even be considered. There was not enough space for either the office or entertainment sections leading to another revision of the design. 4.24. Parti diagrams to study forms for design. sgt^mgi^jjL, mA. -^M -"-^"^^*'^'^^-"- 4.26. Towers for housing offk:e tenants (phase one of project) liiii ^ r.:*l FinalSolution Five towers were included in the design for Uie office space. Of Uie five towers, the central tower is the focus of the complex. This is the tallest of the towers and it provides the majority of the square footage for the complex. Each floor in the central tower is a hundred square feet with a total of thirty floors. There is a shading device located along the southeast and southwest walls to provide some protection against the heat of the summer sun. The other shading devices are screens which provide areas for advertisement also creating a unique distinc tion for the tower. The screens act as a new type of billboard meaning they can be interchangeable to create uniqueness for each visit. This also helps to create a new experience. To distinguish the oUier towers, the rest were all made in a smaller scale. The two inner towers are composed of twenty floors with approximately 3600 square feet on each level. Each of the inner towers would also be designed with an element to ensure an identity that was unique. i neof eiicai rauriiiy r4.27. Shading devices and two inner towers ^4^C| i^L •BH FinalSolution The northern tower would include cables to provide a support for vines which would create some shading as well as create a union with the green space from below. The southern tower uses multiple colors of glass to create the uniqueness. Reflective glass provides the protection from the sun in this tower. Both of the outer towers are replicas. The only difference between the two is the color of the glass used to dis tinguish which side of the complex the users are on. These towers are the smallest of the five. Each tower is twelve stories high with approximately 1600 square feet. To create a unique image for these towers the glass t)ecomes tapered towards the top. The smallest towers create the end nodes for the complex. Since these towers are located at the ends of the complex and there is limited square footage they will house activities such as the information centers, security, and small office tenants. 1.28. Colored glass of the outter towers ^'mm ^ inalSolution The office space would serve as the backbone for the success of this project. WiUi the office lease space completed first, there would be a large number of users who would already be located in the area to guarantee success of the entertainment section. Consti^jction of the office space would also include the construction of the tram system and at least one parking facility. After tiie construction of the previously listed, the first phase would be completed. Once the first phase has been completed and established, the second phase of construction would begin. The second phase would include Uie construction of the second part While designing the space for the entertainment activities, the idea of creating something exhilarating was rein- ti-oduced. Designing tiie entertainment activities so they occun-ed on a bridge would create a mix of emotions for the user. The entertainment regions of the complex extend past the boundaries formed by the two via ducts, in a way exceeding Uie provided limits, and breaking out of the box. Jieuccii rcjuiiiiy IN 4.29. Entertainment spaces (phase two of project). "••-^ •"-'-'-'"— FinalSolution The completed complex provides space for an enormous amount of activities to take place requiring the users to engage all of their senses at some point in time while in the confines of the facility. The result would create an attachment between tiie user and the complex which would then cause the users to continue returning. With each visit the user will become engaged with the facility leading to a new experience to be formed. Each new experience within the complex will result in a greater attachment between facility and user This attachment will be the guarantee in the success of this project. Creating tills new experience and causing an attachment to be created will also assure the accomplishment of fulfilling the purpose set out from the begin ning of the semester to create a design using the proposal, phenomenotogy of place After reviewing the final solution 1 believe the complex is a success. The following images give a better repre sentation for the experience the users will generate to form the attachment. Upon the completion of viewing tiie images 1 will let you be the judge. rauiiiy a union .-/^2^ enses to i^ t^mt a union a unign FinalSolution FloorPlans fe. _ *. X. .../^\J^- . / a union inalSolution SectionsDetailsStructure 4.33. Seciton 01 .;.,: nf I ni J 4.34. Stiuctural detail structural diagram 4.39. Structural diagram I i./ •iii^ ..,1 a union « 4.41. Exterior perspective v/ £•'• at' ,!/ 4.42. Exterior perspective a union FinalSolution ViaductPerspectives 4.43. Entering complex on Houston Viaduct. •* r a union rin3lo0lUti0n,PedestrJanPersDectives 4.46. Park on top of north garage 4.48. Industrial Blvd. looking west. ' a union FinalSolution TramPerspectlves •"•* •%:;*• a union FinalSolution InteriorPerspectives 4.52. Shopping interior. p ./.^ / 4.53. Interior walk skylight. a union FinalSolution InteriorPerspectives 4.54. Walk to meatie '"-••%. •/^. r r 4.56. View of cafe area ^S5tP^^ ;;4f;*; ResDonselmaaes 4.01. Sketch of scheme 01. By Author 4.02. Site plan of scheme 01. By Author 4.03. Elevation of scheme 01. By Autiior 4.04. Perspective of scheme 01. By Author 4.05. Section of scheme 01. By Author 4.06. Sketch of scheme 02. By Author 4.07. Site plan of scheme 02. By Author 4.08. Elevation of scheme 02. By Author 4.09. Perspective of scheme 02. By Author 4.10. Section of scheme 02. By Author 4.11. Sketch of scheme 03. By Author 4.12. Site plan of scheme 03. By Author 4.13. Elevation of scheme 03. By Author 4.14. Perspective of scheme 03. By Author 4.15. Section of scheme 03. By Author 4.16. Scheme 01. By Author 4.17. Scheme 02. By Author 4.18. Scheme 03. By Author 4.19. On Green. By Brother Nicholas Oramas. www.mtangel.edu/.../ Oramas/abstract 4.20. Five Curves. By Brother Nicholas Oramas. www.mtangel.edu/.../ Oramas/abstract 4.21. Four Curves. By Brother Nicholas Oramas. www.mtangel.edu/.../ Oramas/abstract 4.22. Red Memories. By Brother Nicholas Oramas. wviw.mtangel.edu/.../ Oramas/abstract 4.23. Three Curves. By Brother Nicholas Oramas. www.mtangel.edu/..7 Oramas/absti-act 4.24. Parti diagrams to study fonms for design. By Author 4.25. Photos of first model. By AuUior 4.26. Towers for housing office tenants.By Author 4.27. Shading devices and two inner towers. By Author 4.28. Colored glass of the outter towers. By Author 4.29. Entertainment spaces. By Author 4.30. First-second floor plans. By Author 4.31. Third floor plan. By Author 4.32. Fourth-sixth floor plans. By Author 4.33. Section 01. By Author 4.34. Structural detail. By Author 4.35. Glazing detail. By Author 4.36. Aluminum panel detail. By Author 4.37. Cable detail. By Author 4.38. Section 02. By Author 4.39. Structural detail. By Author 4.40. Exterior perspective. By Author 4.41. Exterior perspective. By Author ResDonselmaaes Exterior perspective. By Author Entering complex on Houston Viaduct. By Author Bridge crossing Jefferson Viaduct. By Author Houston Viaduct. By Author Park on top of north garage. By Author Entrance to north garage. By Author Looking west on Idustrial Blvd. By Author Tram passing over Houston Viaduct. By Author Tram traveling south over park. By Author Tram passing over Jefferson Viaduct. By Author Shopping interior. By Author Interior walk with skylight. By Author Walk to theatre. By Author View of transportation hub. By Author View of cafe area. By Author "-^ ^