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Development Programs and the Maoist Insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh: a Comparative Analysis

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Development Programs and the Maoist Insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh: a Comparative Analysis View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-12 Development programs and the Maoist insurgency in Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh: a comparative analysis Beckett-Hile, Diana M. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27793 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS by Diana M. Beckett-Hile December 2012 Thesis Advisor: Maiah Jaskoski Co-Advisor: Anshu Chatterjee Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 6. AUTHOR(S) Diana M. Beckett-Hile 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number: N/A. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis compares development programs in two states, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, that have been affected by the Maoist insurgency in India, also known as Naxalism. It provides a history of Naxalism as well as an examination of the various attempts to combat them in both states. While the “law and order” approach has long been preferred to counter the Naxal threat, recently there has been a shift in favor of the “hearts and minds” approach, embodied by the development programs under the Integrated Action Plan (IAP). The thesis assesses these programs across the two states and how effective they have been in obtaining their objective of reducing Naxalite violence. This thesis finds that, while the IAP schemes are still new and thus difficult to evaluate, there are many projects underway in both states despite continued Naxal activity and lack of governance in those states. The presence of good governance can indicate how quickly the IAP programs will be successful, but it does not necessarily mean that the programs will fail where governance is lacking. Violence associated with Naxalism has declined in both states recently, seemingly corresponding with the increase in governance that these programs bring to adivasi communities. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Naxalite, Maoist, India, Development, Counterinsurgency, Andhra Pradesh, 15. NUMBER OF Chhattisgarh. PAGES 99 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Diana M. Beckett-Hile Civilian, Department of the Navy B.A., Brown University, 2005 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (STABIIZATION AND RECONSTRUCTION) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2012 Author: Diana M. Beckett-Hile Approved by: Maiah Jaskoski, PhD Thesis Advisor Anshu Chatterjee, PhD Thesis Co-Advisor Harold Trinkunas, PhD Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This thesis compares development programs in two states, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, that have been affected by the Maoist insurgency in India, also known as Naxalism. It provides a history of Naxalism as well as an examination of the various attempts to combat them in both states. While the “law and order” approach has long been preferred to counter the Naxal threat, recently there has been a shift in favor of the “hearts and minds” approach, embodied by the development programs under the Integrated Action Plan (IAP). The thesis assesses these programs across the two states and how effective they have been in obtaining their objective of reducing Naxalite violence. This thesis finds that, while the IAP schemes are still new and thus difficult to evaluate, there are many projects underway in both states despite continued Naxal activity and lack of governance in those states. The presence of good governance can indicate how quickly the IAP programs will be successful, but it does not necessarily mean that the programs will fail where governance is lacking. Violence associated with Naxalism has declined in both states recently, seemingly corresponding with the increase in governance that these programs bring to adivasi communities. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION................................................................1 B. IMPORTANCE ................................................................................................2 C. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................5 D. METHODS AND SOURCES .......................................................................15 E. THESIS OVERVIEW ...................................................................................15 II. THE HISTORY OF INDIA’S ATTEMPTS TO COMBAT THE NAXALITE MOVEMENT .............................................................................................................17 A. ORIGINS OF NAXALISM ...........................................................................17 1. Andhra Pradesh .................................................................................25 2. Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................29 B. HISTORY OF ANTI-NAXALITE COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS: FOCUS ON MILITANCY ...............................................30 1. Andhra Pradesh .................................................................................33 2. Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................35 C. HISTORY OF ANTI-NAXALITE COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS: FOCUS ON HEARTS AND MINDS ...............................37 1. Andhra Pradesh .................................................................................40 2. Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................41 D. EFFECTS OF NAXALISM ON ECONOMIC INVESTMENT (DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL) ....................................................41 E. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................43 III. INTEGRATED ACTION PLAN AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH ....................................................45 A. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S GOALS FOR THE IAP .................45 B. THE STATES’ GOALS FOR THE IAP ......................................................48 C. IMPLEMENTATION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT .................50 D. IMPLEMENTATION BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT .......................53 1. Andhra Pradesh .................................................................................56 2. Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................60 IV. CONCLUSION: EFFECTS OF THE INTEGRATED ACTION PLAN .............65 A. POSITIVE IMPACTS ...................................................................................65 B. SETBACKS ....................................................................................................68 C. LOOKING AHEAD: IMPLEMENTATION AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL ............................................................................................................69 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................73 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST .........................................................................................85 vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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