Collieries and Early Railways in the North East: Guide to Primary Research Sources (To C.1830)

RAILWAY AND CANAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY

TRAMROAD GROUP

Occasional Paper 146

Collieries and early railways in the North East: guide to primary research sources (to c.1830)

Grahame Boyes

In his Early Wooden Railways (1970), M. J. T. Lewis has provided a coherent account of the wooden waggonway era in the North East and established its position within the overall history of early railway development. For the group of waggonways feeding the staiths along the south side of the Tyne, Lewis has been supplemented by A Fighting Trade: rail transport in Tyne coal 1600-1800 (1990) by G. Bennett, E. Clavering and A. Rounding, which provides much more detail about the individual waggonways, as well as setting them in the context of the politics of the northeast coal trade. But further research remains to be done on the other wooden waggonways and, more particularly, on the important, but neglected, subject of the region's early iron railways which led to the promotion of the Stockton & Darlington Railway and thence to the modern railway era. John Buddle is emerging as a figure of immense influence during the formative years of the locomotive-worked edge-railway; he deserves a full-length biography based on the considerable volume of his reports and papers that have survived.

The purpose of the following summary of sources is to encourage such research by demonstrating the considerable range of potential sources. However, it is based largely on a quick search of the National Register of Archives' lists and is certainly not to be regarded as comprehensive. Indeed other sources are referred to both by Lewis and by Bennett, Clavering & Rounding. As the history of the waggonways is inseparable from that of the collieries, they served, this survey covers records of the coal trade generally, not just those that specifically mention waggonways in the handlists.

My thanks to the staff of the National Register of Archives, Miss Jennifer Gill (Durham County Record Office), Ms Elizabeth A. Rees (Tyne & Wear Archives Service), and Mrs Sue Wood (Northumberland Record Office) for their helpful advice.

DURHAM COUNTY RECORD OFFICE All the catalogues have been scanned into a computer database, which can be scanned for any keyword. It is hoped that it may be available on the internet in the future.

Brancepeth Estate records (ref. D/Br; NRA list 26900)

D/Br/B.1-408: Colliery records of the Russell family, including D/Br/B.179-189, 253-279, Washington colliery (1760-1877); D/Br/B.218-225, North Hetton colliery (1825); D/Br/B.227-252, Wallsend colliery (1807-34); D/Br/B.307-317, correspondence with John Buddle (1822-3) D/Br/P. 156-183: Colliery plans

There is a detailed catalogue, with family trees of estate's owning families.

Records of Messrs Clayton & Gibson, solicitors (ref. D/CG; NRA list 26390)

There are 35 sets of archives within this collection, of which the following are of particular interest:– 146/2

D/CG 4: Brandling of Low Gosforth MSS, particularly D/CG4/25-36: Felling estate papers (1803-15) D/CG 6: Bute and Windsor MSS, particularly D/CG 6/1244-1823: coal business records (1744-20th c.), including those of Garesfield, Pontop and Tanfield Lea collieries and many records relating to waggonway wayleaves. The catalogue includes details of related records deposited at Durham University Library D/CG 7: Clavering of Axwell and Greencroft MSS, particularly D/CG 7/1695-1760: mineral leases (1812- 20th c.); and D/CG 7/1761-1824: wayleave agreements (1777-20th c.) D/CG 15: Milbank MSS, including coal and waggonway leases and papers (1660-1719) D/CG 16: Liddell of Ravensworth Castle MSS, particularly D/CG 16/1076-1227: coal records, including records of the Grand Allies (1719-1871, Tanfield wayleaves (1731-1885), coal leases from Peareth family at Usworth (18251935), Whickham coals (1807-73), Killingworth colliery (1808-62) D/CG 19: Lordship of Winlaton MSS, particularly D/CG 19/36-43 and 50-297: deeds and papers relating to minerals and waggonways (1720-20th c.) There is a detailed catalogue, which includes family trees of the principal families concerned

Records of Dickinson Dees & Co., solicitors (ref. D/DD; NRA list 24754)

D/DD/I 18-13 6: Holmside colliery papers (1780-1880)

Hodgkin and Pease families, Darlington, correspondence and papers (ref. D/Ho; NRA list 12281)

There appears to be only a small amount of pre-1830 material among Edward Pease's correspondence (D/Ho 63/21) The handlist has indexes of persons and subjects/places

Leman, Chapman and Harrison, solicitors: Co. Durham deeds and papers (ref. D/X 649; NRA list 24980)

D/X 649/215-219: Papers relating to the Vane-Tempest family, including three coal leases (1794-1805)

Londonderry papers (ref. D/Lo; NRA list 11528)

Relevant material is to be found chiefly among the following:– D/Lo/D 850-916: Colliery deeds, Hetton (1816-20), Rainton, Pittington and Moorhouse (1683-1835), Stoney Gate (1823-39) D/Lo/E 300-320: Colliery agreements, Rainton (1825-36) D/Lo/E 323-346: Wayleave agreements: waggonways (1804-1921) D/Lo/E 359-375: Wayleave agreements: Seaham Railway (1823-67) – see also D/Lo/B365-7 D/Lo/E 592-610: Seaham Harbour construction papers (1811-36) – see also D/Lo/B 327 D/Lo/B 31-285, 445: Londonderry collieries papers (1799- ) D/Lo/B 288-295: North Hetton Coal Co. (1824-74) D/Lo/13 301-311: Papers of John Buddle (1819-43) D/Lo/F 110-174: Colliery deeds, Chester-le-Street (1654-1717), Gateshead and Whickham (1586-1701), Ryton and Stella (1652-1793) D/Lo/F 314-315, 338-340: Waggonway wayleaves, Newbottle (1697-1743) D/Lo/C 141-142, 150, 267-273, 318, 321, 333-334: Correspondence (1819- ), much of it with John Buddle D/Lo/P : Maps and plans, but few pre-1830 An interim list of additional material deposited in 1987 includes papers relating to the lease and mortgage of collieries, with use of waggonways and staiths, 1820s-1833

146/3

National Coal Board records (ref. NCB; NRA lists 11462 & 19490)

A very large collection with a significant quantity of pre-1830 material, particularly among the following:– NCB 1/JB/1-2663: Papers of John Buddle NCB 1/SC/1-1017: Stella Coal Co. records (although the company was not formed until 1839, its records include older material) NCB 1/TH/1-69: Papers of Thomas Young Hall, colliery viewer (1824-66) and his father James Hall (1806- 41) NCB 1/RS/1-484: Papers of Robert Simpson, colliery viewer, including some pre-1830 material (chiefly plans) NCB M1-295: Miscellaneous NCB 1/P/1-136: Plans NCB 2/285-379: Maps and plans (see also NCB 2/270) NCB 5/ : Plans There is a detailed catalogue, with subject, persons and places index, for NCB I series; with supplementary handlists for subsequent deposits

Pease/Stephenson papers (ref. D/PS; NRA list 24239)

This collection appears to be material collected by J. G. H. Warren when writing A century of locomotive building by Robert Stephenson & Co., 1823-1923 (1923). The pre-1830 material chiefly concerns Robert Stephenson & Co. and the Stockton & Darlington Railway

Salvin papers (ref. D/Sa; NRA list 10404)

Includes a small number of pre-1830 papers relating to coal mining and railways, e.g. D/Sa/E 799-802: reports on boring for coal at Croxdale (1763); D/Sa/C 139, 141, 143: correspondence from and about George and Robert Stephenson; D/Sa/P 62-64: plans of proposed public railways in north-east (1822-9)

Strathmore MSS (family and English estate papers of the Bowes-Lyon family, earls of Strathmore. Ref. D/St; NRA list 32740)

Contains a very large collection of papers concerning collieries and transport of coal, chiefly concentrated in Business Papers: Coal (section D/St/Bl), which contains records from late-17th to 20th c. D/St/B1/19/1-76 are papers specifically concerned with wayleaves, waggonways and waggonmen (1720-1915). However, there is also a wealth of related material elsewhere in the collection, particularly in:–

D/St/D: records of title (notably D/St/DI/14/139, D/St/D5/1/135-153, D/St/D5/2/120-164, D/St/D5/7/8-10, 12 from the period 1570-1801) D/St/L1: records of court cases and disputes D/St/L2: lawyers' correspondence D/St/C2: estate agents' correspondence D/St/C3: coal agents' correspondence (1726-1930) D/St/P12: plans of collieries D/St/P13/1-5: plans of waggonways (c.1720–mid-19th c.) The detailed catalogue includes an alphabetical list of some 100 collieries and pits mentioned in the collection and biographical details of the family's estate and coal agents

146/4

Papers of Wallis family of Darlington (ref. D/Wa; NRA list 25375)

D/Wa/l/3/1-17: Backhouse family business papers, several concerning the promotion of the Stockton & Darlington Railway

Papers of Wray family of Beamish and Pitt family of Stratfield Saye (ref. D/X 654; NRA list 25123)

D/X 654/1-44: Agreements (1598-1794), several of them relating to coal workings. D/X 654/40 is a lease of a waggonway through Hollenside, Whickham (1712)

Miscellaneous deposits in Durham Record Office

D/X 495: Business diary of W. Stobart of Pelaw (1824); numerous references to visits to Helton, Washington and Coxhoe collieries and meetings with Mr Buddle D/X 702/1: Account book of Old Etherley colliery (1827-30) D/X 858/1-17: Invoices, receipts, etc. relating to Stockton & Darlington Railway (1824-54) D/X 897/1: Deed relating to Lintz colliery (1829) D/X 1050: Plans of Lumley colliery (18th-19th c.) D/X 1090/1: Deed relating to Sheriff Hill colliery (1805) D/X 1094/4-6: Stockton & Darlington Railway deposited plans (1820-7)

DURHAM UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, ARCHIVES & SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, PALACE GREEN SECTION

Clavering MSS (correspondence and papers of the Clavering family, baronets of Axwell and Greencroft. NRA list 32712) There are several references to the coal trade and wayleaves for waggonways, notably in: letters to Sir James Clavering, 6th baronet of Axwell and Greencroft, from his sister Ann, wife of Henry Liddell (nos. 1-85, 1705-37) and from Edward Weatherley, his coal agent (nos. 156-8, 1713-18); in the 18th cent. deeds and estate papers (nos. 346-420); and in the stray collection of 18th cent. letters to the Bishop of Durham (nos. 458-79) Item nos. 1-214 are printed in H. T. Dickinson (ed), The correspondence of Sir James Clavering (Surtees Soc., vol. 178, 1967). The remainder are fully described in a handlist.

Papers of Shipperdson family of Hermitage, Durham (ref. SHP; NRA list 16146)

See particularly 3287-3698: Deeds and papers re Durham collieries (mainly Chester-le-Street, Murton, and Pittington) (1781-1906). There is also relevant material elsewhere in the collection. The detailed handlist has an index of persons and places (see particularly the index entry 'Collieries') See also Durham Record Office: Clayton & Gibson records (above)

DURHAM UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, ARCHIVES & SPECIAL COLLECTIONS, PRIOR'S KITCHEN SECTION

Baker Baker Papers (NRA list 400)

This large collection is listed in a 6-volume catalogue. Vol. 6 (List of deeds, etc.) is the only with an index, which identifies a small number of deeds relating to collieries (see 35/1, 36/6, 36/9, 37/32, 39/4). Also of note is 119/13: a plan of the parishes of Bishop Wearmouth and Sunderland showing waggonways (1830). 146/5

The letters and papers (1561-1891) are listed in chronological order (with no division by subject) in 4 volumes of the catalogue, which are not indexed. Some papers relating to West Denton colliery in the 1790s were noted; a systematic search through the catalogue may well reveal other relevant items.

Howard of Naworth Papers (Earls of Carlisle. Ref. HN; NRA list 11493) The following items are mentioned in the summary handlists:– HN 1967 deposit, boxes 12-15: Deeds and papers relating to Longbenton colliery (1719-1938) HN 1971 deposit: Documents and plans relating to Longbenton estate; reports on Northumberland mines HN 1982 deposit, bundle of papers no. 111: Colliery branch line (1796-1841)

NORTHUMBERLAND RECORD OFFICE Records are located at the NRO, North Gosforth, except where shown to be at the Morpeth Records Centre. There is a card index, arranged by subject and place, to aid searching.

Allgood family of Nunwick (family and estate papers. Ref. ZAL; NRA list 7814)

The summary handlist mentions a number of 18th/early 19th century records relating to collieries within the categories: deeds, legal cases, accounts, and plans

Bell Collection of plans and surveys relating to Northumberland (NRA list 7878)

This very large collection of 18th and 19th century plans is likely to contain relevant material although there are few references to collieries and waggonways in the handlist. It is arranged in portfolios for individual parishes and townships. The summary handlist has an index to parishes and townships. [Kath Rolph of the Tyne & Wear Archives Service is currently producing a detailed catalogue of the Bell plans and papers which are scattered through a number of repositories in the North East.]

Blackett (Matfen) MSS (ref. ZBL; NRA list 6531)

Few of the colliery records in this collection are pre-1830, but see ZBL 3/– , ZBL 4/1, ZBL 43/46, ZBL 216, ZBL 227, ZBL 273/13, 16, 18. The handlist is indexed. See also M. Hughes, 'Lead, land and coal as sources of landlord income in Northumberland between 1700 and 1850', Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Newcastle, 1963.

Blackett (Wylam) MSS (ref. ZBK)

This collection is largely uncatalogued, but includes papers concerning the development of railways at Wylam colliery.

Backett-Ord of Whitfield MSS (ref. NRO 324; NRA list 24799)

There are several 18th c. documents relating to collieries and waggonways, e.g. see the following catalogue entries: W.2/18; W.3/3, 12, 19; F.2/2-6; F.2/25, 34-, D.12-15-, E.14, 21

Brandling of Gosforth MSS (ref. ZBG; NRA list 24801)

ZBG/2/– and ZBG/4/– : Deeds relating to collieries at Felling, Gateshead, and Winlaton ZBG/15/1: Wm Brandling's patent for invention of improvements to railroads and carriages (1826)

146/6

Carr-Ellison (Hedgley) MSS (ref. ZCE; NRA list 7841)

The summary handlist indicates that this collection contains some relevant material, e.g. ZCE 1/8: Wayleave leases (1723, 1782 & 1800); ZCE 16: Heaton colliery accounts (1734-9) Finding aids: ZCE 1/18-19, Schedule of deeds, ZCE 10/33-8, Letter index books (1764-83).

Coal Board Papers (ref: NCB/O1/D) (located at Morpeth Records Centre)

Papers, 1600-1948

Collingwood (Lilburn) MSS (ref. NRO. 1147; NRA list 0363)

NRO. I 147/A.6-7: Deeds and related papers concerning Monkseaton and Chirton collieries (1584-1894) NRO. 1 147/F. 13: Leases of collieries (1702-45)

Cookson (Ministeracres) MSS of the Silvertop family (ref. ZCO. NRA list 8991)

Includes several deeds, accounts, letters and papers relating to collieries, particularly the Stella colliery (17th c.1783). See ZCO 1.23, ZCO IV.47 & 50; ZCO VIII. 1-2, 8

Craster (Craster) MSS (ref. ZCR; NRA list 24809)

Includes accounts (1754-7) and plans (1818-70) of Shoreswood colliery.

Culley MSS (ref. ZCU; NRA list 24798)

ZCU/35: Printed papers concerning opposition to the Stockton & Darlington Rly Bill, 1819.

Delaval (Horsley) MSS (ref. 1DE; NRA list 10635)

A few documents concerning collieries and wayleaves (c.1690-1720), e.g. IDE.1/101-2, 141; 1DE.10/16. The handlist is indexed.

Delaval (Waterford) MSS (ref. 2DE; NRA list 10635)

Substantial volume of papers (1755-1808) relating to the collieries at Seaton, Hartley, Ford and Gatherick in the following classes: 2/DE. 4, 2/DE. 6, 2/DE. 7 and 2/DE.16 The handlist is indexed

Delaval (Hastings) MSS (ref. IDE & 2DE; NRA list 10635)

There are relevant records in the following sections:– G: Hartley colliery (1744-1804) I: Ford and Gatherick collieries (1685-1777)

North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers manuscript collection (ref. NRO 3410-, NRA list 5333)

A very large collection, almost entirely related to the North East coal trade. It is in fact an amalgam of several collections, including notably:– Johnson Collection of leases, agreements, views, estimates and reports (1717-1851) bound in 12 volumes, with index volume. [John] Watson Collection of working memoranda and letters, newspaper cuttings, view books (27 vols), bound papers relating to individual collieries (114 vols), bound plans (670), lease books (12 vols) (1745- 1866). 146/7

Bell Collection of documents bound in 22 volumes (1665-1850) Brown's letter books (1749-67) Easton's view books, journals and papers in 10 volumes (1765-1876) Grand Allies agreement and minute book (1726-7) Richard Peck's view book (1710-35) Unthank's papers (1757-72) Buddle Atkinson Collection of papers, which comprises T. Y. Hall's bound papers and view books (1769- 1854) and a substantial collection of John Buddle's papers, view books, memorandum books (84 volumes) T. E. Forster Collection of shipping accounts, view books and bound papers (127 vols) (1683-1909) William Brown Collection of bound 18th century estate and colliery plans (3 vols) The handlist has an index of places and a chronological index to the Bell Collection

Riddell (Whitefield) MSS (ref. ZRW; NRA list 24797)

ZRW/302, 402-4: Report (by John Buddle), lease agreement and accounts for Rimpside colliery (1805-15)

Ridley (Blagdon) MSS (ref. ZRI; NRA list 4468)

ZRl/l/- to ZRI/23/-: Deeds, including several for collieries and wayleaves ZRI/35/- : Large collection of leases, reports, accounts, letters and other papers relating to a large number of collieries and wayleaves (c. 1700-1900) ZRI/50/-: Maps and plans The handlist is indexed

Sample (Bothal) MSS (ref. ZSA; NRA list 24807)

ZSA/4/1 & 3: Bundles of papers concerning Pegswood colliery (1825-7) and Desmond colliery (1829-77)

Society of Antiquaries papers (ref. ZAN)

Mining papers, with index.

Wallington Estate Record (ref. ZWN; NRA list 18523)

ZWN/D33/1-9: agreements and reports on Deanham and Wallington collieries (1752-1772)

Miscellaneous deposits

NRO 336: Gibson's plan of collieries on the Tyne and Wear (1787). NRO 438: Burn's MSS re West Stanley and Stobswood collieries, including map of waggonways (1831). NRO 463: Greenwich papers: papers re Scremerston colliery, Tweedmouth NRO 602: Papers of Nicholas Wood, including letters from George and Robert Stephenson and notes on early locomotive history and coal mining (1795-1865). NRO 1147: Collingwood (Lilburn) MSS: legal papers re proposed waggonway in North Shields. NRO 1849: Plans of waggonways in Whitley, Monkseaton and Cullercoats (c. 1800). NRO 2307: Historical notes on Tyndale Fell waggonway by H. Beauvis. NRO 3908: Cowpen Coal Company records (1571-1960) (located at Morpeth Records Centre).

146/8

TYNE & WEAR ARCHIVES SERVICE

Kath Rolph of the Tyne & Wear Archives Service is currently working on a user guide to the sources for coal mining held by the Service.

Personal papers of Thomas Bell of Sunderland (ref. Acc.843; NRA list 23978)

843/82-83: Details of coal waggons passing from Newbottle colliery to Wearmouth staith (1818-19)

Benwell Manorial Records (ref. MBE; NRA list 8745)

Several documents concerned with the colliery and wayleaves for leading coal, including deeds, accounts and plans, letters, memoranda, reports and legal papers (1587-20th c.).

Cotesworth MSS (formerly at Gateshead Central Library) (NRA list 15275)

The summary handlist shows that there is relevant material in the following sections of this collection, although it seems that there is also some in other sections:– CG: 18th c. legal case papers, including some relating to the Bucksnook waggonway, Blackburn colliery, Gateshead Fell colliery, and Kells Field colliery wayleave CK: 18th c. colliery and coal trade records, including those of the Grand Allies; Whickham Manor; Gateshead Manor; Whitehill, Gateshead; Success Pit, Walker; St Anthony's; Bucksnook colliery and waggonway; Fawdon Field; Heaton; Gateshead Fell; Gateshead Park; Winlaton/Stella colliery and waggonway A detailed list can be consulted at the library

Ellison of Hebburn MSS (formerly at Gateshead Central Library) (NRA list 3645)

This collection includes: Colliery records: Benham (1708-28), Kibblesworth (1708-28), Gateshead Fell (1735-86), Gateshead Park (1780-90), Hebburn (1735-90), Jarrow (1735-90), Sherriff Hill (Gateshead) (1750) Waggonway records: Ravensworth and Eighton (1726-32) Coal accounts, estate accounts, legal accounts (18th cent.) Correspondence with other notable coal owners (18th cent.) The handlist has an index of names and places

Incorporated Company of Hostmen of Newcastle upon Tyne records (ref. GU/HO; NRA list 26361)

The following may contain relevant material: GU/HO/13-14: Papers relating to disputes over the Company's claim to have a monopoly over shipment of coal from the Tyne GU/HO/16: MSS History of the Company compiled as extracts from its records, 1600-1830

Walker Collieries (NRA list 25052)

615/1-5: Leases of collieries and wayleaves at Walker (1757-97)

William Cochran Carr Ltd, brick manufacturers and colliery proprietors, Newcastle upon Tyne, business records (ref. DS/CAR; NRA list 41399 )

Although Carr's interest in collieries began only in 1848, the collection includes:– 146/9

DS/CAR/16/1-2: Pen and ink drawings of Benwell colliery (1816/1820s) DS/CAR/19-29: Letters, accounts, papers, and pen and ink drawing relating to Elswick colliery (1810-30) DS/CAR/30-1: Plans (1825-8).

Wilson family of Forest Hall, family and estate papers (ref. DF/WF; NRA list 31630)

Although most of the colliery records in this collection are much later, a few fall within the time span of this survey:– DF/WF/28/1-4: Northumberland and Durham view books (1800-47) with indexes DF/WF/29: Willington colliery lease book (1807) DF/WF/30/12: Desmond colliery accounts(1827-8)

Miscellaneous deposits at Tyne & Wear Archives Service

Acc.2051/1: Volume of plans along line of Ouston-Heworth waggonway by John Bell (1820)

HERTFORDSHIRE ARCHIVES & LOCAL STUDIES

Cowper family, Earls of Cowper: family and estate records (ref: D/EP; NRA list 26283)

D/EP.T 4774-4932 are records of the Chopwell estate of the Clavering family and include deeds and papers relating to collieries and wayleaves at Whickham, Chopwell and Ravensworth (1653-1750). D/EP.T 4805-7 relate to the lease of waggonways by John Clavering (1684-9)

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE ARCHIVES

Foljambe family of Osberton: family and estate papers (ref. DD.FJ, NRA list 20442)

DD.FJ 2nd ser. 10/109: Correspondence and accounts re Earl of Scarborough's colliery at Lumley (1778-81)

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE

Lumley-Sanderson family, Earls of Scarborough: legal, financial and family papers (NRA list 39979)

C 104/30: Accounts and papers relating to Lumley colliery (1779-83)

ESTATE PAPERS IN PRIVATE HANDS

Lambton family, Earls of Durham: family and estate papers, Lambton Estate Office (NRA list 11184)

Most of the estate papers, including the colliery records, have not been listed. The NRA list concentrates on the family and political papers, but a few relevant items are noted in boxes III, V, VII, X, X111, MV, XV and XXII: deeds for Chester-le-Street, North Biddick and Seaton collieries, some bundles of papers relating to the coal trade (1818-33) and several letters from John Buddle (plus his 1835 report on all the Earl's collieries).

Lumley family, Earls of Scarborough: deeds and estate papers, Sandbeck Park (NRA list 6155)

The coal mining records are listed in the following sections of the NRA list:– 4141-4198: Coal mining, accounts (1674-1906) 146/10

4209: Coal mining, arbitration papers (1789) 4210-4240: Coal mining, correspondence (17th c.-1910) 4243-4274: Coal mining, deeds (1408-1814) 4;78-4281: Coal mining, inventories and valuations (1774-84) 4282-4286: Coal mining, plans (1742-8) 4287-4297: Coal mining, reports (1745-97) 4302: Coal mining, surveys (1769) 4303: Coal mining, tenders and estimates (1778-83) 4311-4313: Coal mining, valuations (1764-7) The list has an index of place names

Duke of Northumberland, Syon House (NRA list 836)

The first section of this NRA list, the hand-written 'Papers of the Duke of Northumberland at Syon House', 1948 includes the following:– N/X.18-21, 24, 26, 30: Proceedings at law relative to Billymoor, Tinmouth, Flatworth and Backworth collieries (1705-1819) In sections P, Q and R: Correspondence and petitions re collieries at Newburn, Tinmouth, Bellemore, Preston, Flatworth, and Benwell (1591-17th c.)

ENCLOSURE AND TITHE MAPS

Every tithe map is described in some detail in R. J. P. Kain and R. Oliver, The tithe maps of England and Wales: a cartographic analysis and county-by-county catalogue (1995). Many of those for Northumberland and Durham show waggonways and early railways. However, they are all post-1836 (most were produced in the 1840s) and, therefore, rather later than the time horizon of this paper. There is a full set of tithe maps, together with the associated descriptive 'apportionments' (schedules) in the Public Record Office; most, if not all, will also be found in the relevant county record office.

The county record offices also have holdings of enclosure maps, most of which are much earlier than the tithe maps. Some are likely to show waggonways.