to the reader For fw:fiCTO'IU Unch 3«"'1- trogic(IU..11 tudkrou.,- lht domestic sit� 1iu. t>ecoru CO'ffl'J)liccrted. (11 cdditfon co hil work. os:1n:t'm41lo•Hl agent of ,:t-.r.clet and OQO'renlon,. -whkh Jiu bt11-111.ina ihe ht.teor4riO'ft. c'Jtd rocficaU:at;on o/ the No-rth Ainerlcn left. The eri.lh C1I lht value• rhot n:uain th<' An.tri.cca. to&l/ o1 life la /vU11 tzpo,ed i,a iht ortiete "Yo11rh. Agafn.st c,ae Si,seem"' bi, the uounsi N<>Yth Amerf014 Ptt-er Jfor:vJLond, hi.eluded {n the 1"4"ction :£xpcr!cnctS arul Facts. Tht, ,ecdO'II. co1ui1u;.q with thru ot�u work::s conta.inlno valvobte h&,fmmcdon.. "'lmmtdit.ate Objtctfue; Cabora Sane... b11 rht BTirllll AfricaJttlt Pft.tr KeUner. p1dls osld� lhe CU1'tQbt lhal hide, th� co,np.ler oj hn�l hue-rem cro1utd the con,tML,clion of the Cabera Ba.,M dcim lit Mo:o11lbiq-ue 1ho101 thb and C.lle i,a.1er•1tiofl,Qt mobttl.::atfoa1 cootnJS project. lff uU10: Loo, L,J.oe,, Yaxke-t1 ·• the t.ao,tan ·reader Kav,o-ne P1'0flvihcn Qit,u iei.r• aoco:.nt o/ dut qu.arrer,..c�ntu"li ,1r-.i,gle o/ the Lao1i4n people. c 1tn•oot• that hal developed 0110 mo.n of thq1 ptriOd with en alm.o,r tor41 lf.d( o/ t1'fonnotion otd e1gaim wh.ich "'b'\I form oJ lrn.perialisi rtp-tE'sslon cindt.1ri g1Je hH be�n t.Qtd. The ru.Jitv oj Zi

TRICONTIN&NTAL

rn•CN"elice,I org•n or tho 1;.,cocut.\l"O Se-cr•t..ler ot lhe 0,9-en .2:ec.,on o• Solldlll11')' ot the Peopioa of Africa. Mia, •no Leon Americ• BJMOt'llhl)I, No. ,3, MttrCh•Apt4 1�71 . Central oc:Hton..i otnc•� LiNtO y O Vooo� Mavana, Cvb.._ Po.tel addrO•Sl P.O. 8ox ._224, M.e11,afta. Cuba. 0191fiDVreo by OSPAA�L; Meape,o Ed•ll0l\a, Place Pa1,1 Po nlovO. Po,,. 0� F,ar,c;;.e Fettnnelll 8ookahop. MIion. ltOly l!dltOd in tour lo,ngvogo� SponJan.. ltngllah. Franch ar-.d ltal•an Price pe, copy· t-ie.vana S0.7C►. Pa.rt•,,•.� ,.titan L 700. ,,·11"1ue1 -.ubscriptlon (G Issues), $3 eo pesos $3.00 us. F ». I. 3000. ::.onlaJ or total rep,oc:h.1c11-on •• freely pon•n1rtec:.t oy if'lconunantaJ ma.ga1:,no. PrlntOd ,n Unidad 0, ot the Book 1n,tHvte. Mava.na. Cuba ,------, oJ common 4tlion whhtn rhe Arab world due to cla.u fntneru and imptriali.u COfftrol.1, and a rummar11 oJ the of the of the building proud ,r,...ggle Pale,tine.. people, on Included tn tht ort1C'le "PlundeT and Dipnit11 b1,1 rhe ,cholarlu Swtde Steffan Bukman, lono identified with the P4lestint C41'St. Th.e ourho,t111 o/ Vo Ngu110. Gia-p /or ht, l,;mg hon>tlt of mUha'll vicrorie, dea-pi.re technical end mor-fflol disa.dvcntagt.f, oJ oJ few the nux-ea,u the ,rruoole che Vittnome,e people and havh10 been the mtlftarv arm of the immortal Ho Ch, Mfflh, addl to th.e tignl/kctftct of "Growth of the People'• Army," indt,pen,abte manual for the utional lib.-raticm io,,.,presented here in SLarting Points. Included in tJu ieciton Land ot Idea.a U the TtpOrt-, pubU1hed undtr our title ,.An lnternatiornU War," which Ma-rceth,o do• Santos, Predcte-nr of CONCP. made at the Rome Confe-rmce. The imJ)Ortanc:e that the Pcwtuou1e colcmte, p,re,nit becatUe weaJth. b«'cctue TO contentsTHE READER of thtir natural thev are th� ia,t colodtd ba,don.r. i, explained in thf.1 work. aio�Q uihh the M'rolc ,truggJe i-n. which the people LAND OF IDEAS o/ 1,hose terrl1orle1 aTe enpagied. "Ye• ,o Sodalbm•' t, the title /of' the program of Che ■ An International War trfumpMnt 1#11 coalition, Pe0p1e·, Unit11 of ChUe. Marcelino dos Santos 4 on hi.froMc commitment 10llo1e /ulflUment t.0Ul �,on the real ttizure of pou,er bii the Chilean J>fOple. Beoiwe Of the importance of tu propo,ot.,, it opp,ar, in Noth tor A STARTING POINTS History. Growth of the People"s Army And coJ1ceml110 the J)Tetent Chtlean J)GMrom.o, the Initial diJ/kulcte, '"" makh1g a nMantial c:ha11oe. there £, the Vo Nguyen Giap 16 direct t,l$ion o/ ..A, the Starting Line'' in the ,ectio'R Trlcontln�ntal on lhe Marc:h, wh.ole author Carto, Padmu e EXPERIENCES AND FACTS wcaa p-re.-�1 for the ch.anoe in govn11men-t tn ChUe, reprcaetttin-g 1tie MPI of .Puerto Rko. Immediate Objective: Cabora Bassa The olobat e:rpOfidon of Ch4d', faUe indep,en.dmct, Peter Kellner 29 untimeJs, /eudali.tm, a backwoTdneq: of centurie,. a-nd the fint 1te;,1 toward cte,tTol(ing the,e /eo.t11Tet ht Chad, 1970: Laos Lives. Yankees! the Cffltrat•African duttt nation. /m Meridian Llberatlon with rhe WO'l'k •'lnitde a. Sft'wggre... . on. u:cturiue aTtt:clc Kaysone Phomvihan 37 ,., Trlcontln•ntoJ. bi, Abbo Sidlk, FROLINA leodff, Books tor Today "eomplere, our Hgutar ,ectlcm, whh Plunder and 0igni1y ..The lflter11ol Colo1111.. ,,. wh.lch Jea"•Poui Sor,.,.c. who Steffan Beckman 50 ha, written /oT .u be/OTt., r11J>UU11 and ctcorfi, outline., tht .liruation.-the infruiruarton we might caU it-of Youth Against the System AJrican immigrant WOTk.eu Ill FTonce, whkh. ii the. wm of tht. c:ommen.tarv from a dtbote on. the Ttcen.U.11l)'llbfilhed Peter Hammond �3 �------' Book the Attiean Workers in France. ol e NOTES FOR HISTORY Yes to Socialism 74 e MERIDIAN LIBERATION Inside a Struggle 102 a MAN AND HIS WORD A Voice from the Monster Charlene Mitchell 121 •TRICONTINENTAL ON THE MARCH Al the Starting Line Carlos Padilla 136 a BOOKS OF TODAY The Internal Colony Jean-Paul Sartre 142

I NEWS BEHIND THE NEWS 145 An International War Marcelino dos Santos

The e-xtenslvc anaJy"a.l.t that Marcelino dos Snn.tos prHmta in lhe nam.c of the CON'CP tn hi.I report rto the 1ntttnatlonal Conference of Soppr,tt to tl'le P�plet ot the Portucuese ColoniM� give:. tht, the lmporlt.nce of an hi.rto-ric document and, as •ue:h, Trl�oa.Une•tal brln.ga it to it, read.era, Here is: the documentation neceuuy for o complt-t.e undersl.3.ndii,g of the poliUcal• tt<>nomic a net ,oc.t.al situation imposed by Portuguese C'3), Pijiguiti reversible process o:f peoples' armed (Guinea-Bissau, 1959), Mueda \Mo- struggle. In turn, on August 3, zambique, 1930), Icole and Ben go 1963, and September 25; 1964,P AlGC (Angola, 1961), have brought us to and FRELIMO began the national an understanding that any peaceful armed liberation struggle :.gainst solution of the conJlict we offered Portuguese colonialism among the the colonialists was blocked, that peoples of Guinea and Mozambique armed aation could put an end to respectively. the aggression. This necessity be- The peoples of Guinea and Mo­ came more evident as everyone zambique have been able to over­ could recognize that Lisbon simply come their own dillicullies rapidly strengthened its repressive force in in successfully launching the nation­ every answer to the calls and resolu- al armed libera1ion struggle, and tions of the United Nations on the with their Angolan brothers, have colonial problem. undertaken the effective destruction This naturally led to our people taking up arms to liberate them- 11 of 1-'orluguese colonialism. liberation, in relation to the real lt"w countries of Europe in which 1rlu, 30 to 50% of the equipment The unity achieved al the nation­ needs of our people. the latifundist structure is still in this industry would be considered al level, like that forged among our On the other hand, for us it is largely a feudalist dependency. [n pr&cti cally unusable. three peoples and organizations, also a question of better organiza­ e,(fecl, if it is recognized that the Nevertheless, this industry includ­ �ave us the necessary and powerful tion of our common forces with a 500 principal landowners hold as ed a third of the industrial work instrument with which to build our view to achieving victory, because much land as the 500000 small land­ 1orce and the value of the products victory. The Conference of the our action takes place within a owners, that more than 30% of it e:rporte;d reached to more than an Nationalist Organizations of the precise contex both at the African Portuguese peasants cultivate less "eighth of the total value of Portu­ Portuguese Colonies (CONCP), es­ and the international level and ap­ than a hectare of their own land, g,,e.te e,cports, thanks to the role tablished since 1961, subscribing to pears in each one of our countries we understand at the outset the played by cotton, basic raw material the tradition of unity in the strug­ as the materializati.on of the general cl;-ama of the Portuguese peasantry. for tllis ind.ustry. At present 82% gle of our three peoples, provided struggle for man's liberation, It is evident that this situation oJ the c()tlon is supplied by Angola us with the effective framework fo1 For many, to speak of Portugu�se consequently brings with it unem­ a:nd especially by Mozambique. In effecting our mutual support and colonialism, is to speak of the op­ ployment and underemployment 1926, at the time of the fascist coup strengthening our ties of friendship pression io which some 15 000 000 and misery in the Portuguese d'etat, the Portuguese cotton in­ and solidarity. CONCP became Africans in Angola, Guinea and countryside. The colonies then ap­ dustry consumed 1700J tons of cot­ ever more necessary and effective Cape Verde and Mozambique are pear as one of the natural areas for ton annually; all the colonies togeth­ as the unity it formalized grew out still subjected, is to speak of the the excess Portuguese population, a e, produced only 800 tons a year. of an identity of principles and anachronism that is the result of zone for the absorption of Portu­ The fascist government introduced analysis, a similarity of methods, of the stubborn outmoded ideas of an guese unemployment and, therefore, br decree the fori:ed cultivation of a single perspective for the develop­ old dictator. But the facilitating of a solution of the social conflict of cotton; the monopoly over the ment of the freedom action. the colonial war which has lasted the Portuguese countryside. It is pllrehase of cotton in vast areas was In the course of this ten-year for close to ten years, the renovation within this framework. for example, granted to �ome companies, along period, our peoples have been able of the Portuguese fascist leadership that the Portuguese plan arises for with the right to impose on all the to achieve very important victories. after the political death of Salazar, installing a million new colonists in peasants in these zones the produc­ Our armed struggles have extended the network of alliances and com­ the Zambese Valley, which is to be tion of an annual quoh or cotton. across a considerable extent of na­ plicity that the Portuguese aggres­ irrigated by the future Cabora.Bassa The textile industry, like sugar tional territory and have succeeded sors enjoy, demonstrate fully that dam. It is this necessity as well and vegetable oils which receive in destroying the colonial state over this is not the case. that explains in part the Portuguese 80� of thelr basic materials from vast regions, which has permitted The colonial war, Portuguese policy of "colonies:• that is, the es-­ the colonies, annually reaches more us to begin the process of national colonialism, corresponds to certain tablishmcnt or Portuguese peasant than $10 000 000 thank$ solely to the reconstruction, the creation of new structural necessities both of the communities without any technical fa\'orsble prices of raw materials. power structures that correspond to Portuguese ruling class and of the qualification in the richest lands of 'Ibe advantages which Portuguese the new r_elationship of existing international forces that support tlle Angola and Mozambique. mdustcy finds in colonial exploita­ forces in our country. Many friends Portuguese Government. We are On the other hand, the principal tion can also be illustrated by the present here have been able to not faced then with a metaphysical products of Portuguese agriculture, deterioration of the terms of ex­ measure the progress achieved by or mystical outdated colonialism, particularly wine, find in the colo­ change between the colonies and the FRELIMO, MPLA and PAIGC in but rather with precise material nies a sure market, protected from metropolis: while in 1962 Portugal the course of visits they have made interests. all competition. paid an average of 3500 escudos per to the liberated zones of Angola, Portuguese colonial domination Portuguese industry, which lacks ton of imports from the colonies, Guinea and Mozambique. appears as a necessity of the archaic all technical modernization and as opposed to 5200 escudos �id In To speak of national liberation, structures of Portuguese agricul­ progress, finds in the colonies a 1958, in 1962 the colonies paid 9800 of the advances of our struggle ture. Despite the fact that approxi­ privileged source of cheap raw escudos as opposed to 6500 escudos demands an evaluation of the im­ mately 50% of the Portuguese gross materials and a sure market for the in 19S8 per ton imported from Por­ portance of the enemy interests at national product comes from agri­ sale of its products. The case of tugal 1 p gy and a definition of the culture and that the majority of the the Portuguese textile industry is Relations between Portugal's bal­ objectives realized through this working Portuguese population is sufficiently symptomatic. Accord­ ance of payments and its com- concentrated in this primary sector, ing to information supplied by the II Portugal continues to be one of the II Congress of Portuguese Indus- a merdal barance abroad make co­ produced in the so-called western that !1 to say, 40% of the total US Angola for the minerals of Ka­ lonial domination an ever greater world comes from the mines of lnvutment in Southern Africa. Fol­ tanga and Zambia, :Mozambique for structural necessity of the present South Africa. According to experts, lowing that, another three dams that the rest o( the group, are the natural organization of the Portuguese e<:On­ these mines are an economic ab­ or,• to be constructed in Uncua, ports of the region. Moreover, the omy. In effect, in spite of the value surdity because it is necessary to Boroma and Lupata would raise the development of the anti-imperl.alist of Portuguese exports, the balance extract an average of more than ut1l production of the complex to struggle in the Middle East an J the of payments for the escudo zone 160 ooatons of earth to get one ton �O 000000 000 Kw/h, a percentage new strategy of maritime 1ransport with the rest of the world is favor­ of gold. In Canada, the United lt,·t limes greater than that of the oriented toward the use of super­ able to such an extent that present States, Aw;tralia, mines with a high­ Aswan dam, for example. tankers, give them a first pJa.ce role Portuguese gold reserves and ex­ er percentage of gold were closed But however important the in­ in the "Cape route" and make the change can cover 18 months of once they reached the point of no lu..trial projects conceived to func­ Portuguese colonies of Angola, impo.rts. More than half the surplus profit. But the mines of South Africa tion in Mozambique because of Guinea, Cape Verde and 1\1ozam­ comes from the favorable balance seem to bring many benefits. In ef­ Cabora Bassa, it is evident that they b1que a series of strategic points for between the colonies and the out­ fect, the basis of the success is the lone do not justify such a project. the conquest of thi.s path. side. ridiculous price of tbe African work The fact is that from the energy The Cape Verde archipelago ap­ At a moment when the Portuguese force and the nonexistent safety aupplied by Cabora Bassa it is pro­ pears to be an ideal strategic :,:one economy is trying to reconvert itseU measures. Thus, since 1928, an an­ posed that not only will Mozambique for communications control between under the leadership of Marcelo nual average of 2105 Mozambique be industrialized and the develop­ Europe, the South Atlanllc and Caetano to function within Euro­ workers have died in accidents. ment of South Africa be accelerated, Latin America. pean integration, and for the neces­ Social welfare for the miners exists but also that the whole of Southern The geogra,Phic locahon of Angola sary moderni2ation of industrial on paper only, salaries for below­ Africa will be industrialized, includ­ and Mozambique has even made of structures, we must agree that the surface miners don't even come to ing other countries such as the these countries a security frontier financial support of the colonies a dollar a day. Very well, an im­ Congo, Tanzania and Kenya. C:,bora !or the interests that dominate becomes more indispensable every portant segment of the miners come Bassa will be the point of deputure Southern Africa day. from other countries, from Angpla for the creation of a gigantic com­ Many times t:be South African At this level, the exporting of and especially Mozambique, which mon market in the zone, at the Government has expressed its inten­ Mozambique workers to South Afri­ supplies almost 80% of the foreign exclusive service of the foreign in­ tion to intervene in our countries. ca and Rhodesia plays a particular­ work force in the mines. terests that dominate the people. Actually, this lntervenl!on, includ­ ly important role. Twenty-five per Suppliers of the work force, our The Kunene dam project in Angola ing military intervention, is now cent of the surplus of balance of countries are also suppliers of falls within the same perspective. taking place and, what is more Jlayments between the escudo zone energy, especially oil, gas and hy­ It is hardly by chance that. just serious, it is taking measures with and the outside is.directly or indi­ droelectricity. Because up to now, as around the location of the future a view to creating conditions for a rectly provided. by this new slave oil and gas have been discovered Cabora Bassa dam, there South new escalation of South African ag­ trade. are only in Angola and Mozambique in African military bases there. gression. These facts lead us to state the Southern Africa. The Cabinda oil The riches of the soil and subsoil Unfortunately, not only the neo­ problem of the role that our coun­ deposits have already placed Angola of our countries also at the Nazi authorities of Pretoria partici­ tries are called upon to play within are in fourth place among the African service of the interests that domi­ pate in the aggression against the the context of the strategy of im­ producers of black gold. Gas from nate our people, De B2ers, Sumito­ peoples of Angola, Guinea and Mo­ perialist domination. in the Moamba deposits Moz,m­ mo, Anglo-American, Gulf Oil, zambique nor are there only specui­ One of the first roles assigned to bique supplies the Witwatersrand Krupp and many other names too cally South African interests that us, historically, was to supply -the of region, the industrial center unhappily well-known to the peo­ control and exploit all the riches of labor force. No need to go back to South Africa. . ples o( the whole world. the Portuguese colonjes and of the practices of slave trade; to un­ But as far as energy is con­ On the other hand, Angola and Southern Africa. derstand the present situation it is cerned, the giant Cabora Bassa dam Mozambique lie at the entrance to If one excludes the production o( enough to mention the case of the project stands out above all. This the rich hinterland of Southern G-3 automatic rifles at the Bra,;o de South African gold mines. dam, which i,s to produce a third Africa, as zones which will neces­ Prata plant (manu(actured under a As you know, 90% of the gold of the total energy produced in sarily have to be passed through by Belgian license with the technical Africa, would cost approximately the imports and exports of the II $400 000 000 in its first phase - region. L II assistance of the German Federal pressures against our struggle. trir of origin, would defend the Africa, Guinea and Cape Verde. Republic) and the mounting of the The Portuguese coloniaLists even l'o,·uguese cause to their respective This imperialist cruelty toward 1;s Aust�, D5-160 British monomotor hoped to create such a situation that I! ,v�rnments. finds its explanat,on not only m planes, all of Portuguese armaments their allies, on behalf of a supposed At the present moment, when it the extension of existing >.nteres1s are of foreign origin, and all from mediation between Portugal and trongly in need of this suppnt, in our area. but als� in the im­ NATO and certain member coun­ Africa, would be able to impose ti.• government soli�ts and 01?tains portance of the eJiective checking tries, very particularly the United conditions contrary to the funda­ _ f1 om ,ts allies growing financial as o( these interests 1hrough our strug­ States, West Germany, Great Brit,. mental interests of our people. well as military assistance. The e. ain and France who, by chance, The patriotic consciousness or the gl i;rowinii importan�e of non�Portu­ Our struggle, the action of are the inain countries in the eco­ African masses, the correct princi­ £Ul'lft' economic ';"terests . in our F:R.ELIMO, MPLA, PAJGC, cannot nomic domination of our countries ples that guide the Tanzanfo Na­ rountries and the mcrease m west­ be described as a milituy action and our area. tional African Union (TANU). the rrn military aid this consequently only. In our country war cannot be The ract that Portugal, the most United National Indepen�ence Party brings, have qualitati".ely changed defined exclusivel:; on 1he basis of back:ward country of Europe, can (UNIP), the Congoles� Workers' lhc Portuguese colonial war: �g­ an arms confrontation and military maintain an expeditionary corps Party (PCT), the Democratic Party ,:,�ssion against us has be�ome u,. technique. To do so would be to with more than 150 000 men, the of Guinea (PDG), the Cighting spirit tt•rnntionalized and operates on a discount the real nature and content fact that it is able to carry out a of leaders such as Nyerere, K1unda, P"rspective of escalation. of our fight. The necessary �ilitacy colonial war on three fronts over N'Gouabi and Sekou Toure, have This situation becomes clearer dimension of our struggle 1s pos­ almost ten years, that more than totally frustrated these Portuguese when faced with Portuguese mil­ sible only t:hrough the pobtic3l hall of its budget is spent on war, plans. At each provocation, each ag­ itary' defeat, which becomes more dimension that leads it. that the daily cost o( its aggression gression, Tanzania, Zambia, the ,·v1dent every day, these same sour• To define our struggle, its orienta­ is almost $2 000 000, and that it is People's Republic of the Congo, the ces hasten to conceive new plans tion, its objectives, is first of all to !tee to extend" its criminal acts at Republic of Guinea, have reinforced <>I escalation and aggression against define the social base of tb.e strug­ whim to neighboring countries, fully 'their solidarity with our peoples, our people. gle, the nature and extent of the demonstrate the importance of the have extended support to our or­ Thus, the recent military plan of contradictions between our working complicity and support it enjoys ganizations. the corn;t:1vative pdrty, which antic­ people and the forces thal oppress from certain groups in Europe and Another area on which the co­ ipated send in� nuclear subm a{ines them. the United States. lonialists have counted with consici­ and air carriers to the shores of Speaking of foreign domination Actually, it is absurd at present erable success, it should be stated, Angola and Moz1mbique, which - Portuguese and othe� - we ha".e to conceive the colonial war to was the strengthening of their al­ be ,peaks of strengthening military and explained the ends ach)eved by th,s a Portuguese war and all Por­ liances and the development of the economic aid to the colonial war, domination the necess111es 11 satis­ tuguese strategy confirms that. Hav­ support of these alliances for their and even foresees the creation oi fies. Now 'we must unders1and, in ing lost U1e offensive, trapped in a criminal cause. In a first phase, that a new military alliance which, material form, what servili1y to defensive strategy, the Portuguese we can place at the beginning of under the pretext of protecting the these interests means for our peo­ colonialists are compromised in a the last decade, Portugal did every­ Cllpe route, proposes, in fact, to ples. double process of internationaliza­ thing possible to increase the par­ extend the aggression against us. For the peasants of the cotton tion of the war in order to overcome ticipation of non-Portuguese capital In the leadership ranks of NATO zones of Mozambique and the coffee the situation. in the economic exploitation of its and of the United States, England, plantations of Angola, for the This internationalization is ex­ colonies. In this manner it sought the German Federal Republic and pear :t growers of Guine9:, the pressed first of all in the attempt to benefit from an economic con­ F'rance, responsible voices are more fom !nation of the concessionary extend the aggression to the to tribution that would help support and more often heard requesting companies the exploitation of the states bordering our countries in an the war. On the other hand, once the creation of a new military pact lands by the huge agricultural com­ effort to justify the thesis that our these economic interests were es­ which, under cover of a pretended panies means the n:iost co.mplete struggle is inspired from abroad, tablished in the colonies, the pur­ Soviet and Chinese threat against misery. The companies obhge the and on the other hand and above pose was to call on these economic the Southern flank of NATO and peasantry to do Corced labor o_n _their all, to intimidate independent Arri­ forces to identify their interests lhe Cape route, will obstruct lands which is l"eatly benef1c1al to ca and lead it to apply negative with the cause of colonialism, and - against the will o( the masses - the c�mpanie« but which brings the thereby transform them into pres­ the destruction of the racist and II sure groups which, in their coun- coloniaijst regimes of Southern II ,

peasant a salary of only $0.17 p�r industrial workers, the miners and t and fed by colonialism, in destructton of the structures of day. The concessionary companies fishermen, the entire working peo­ tcr to construct the unity of the domination it is creating tbe new force the peasant to produce cotton ple crushed by taxes, subjected to coffee volu1lonnry forces, to lead the reality. or which, at the end of a forced labor, victim of every kind of uc, to a correct definition of the It is certain that neither FRE:LJMO year's work, under the b

the It is not possible to retreat from lion. Moreover, to the degree that f1cult conditions. We are surt that In att�elting UAR and Syria, 1n the colonial aggression suffers a our people will unfold the armed e>nlal force, in the ,allo of Olen BJen Phu whcrt more than 160)0 d'. the.Ir f'OI• tnUJU.ry 1entus. a-tatwtt has Me.., buut. lh political l!lll'U.,&le has bee-n joined 10 ct ,1ruc-Uve capacity lo the point where a Yer7 underdeuJoped people h11ve bttcnr- • batt('rfn.g ram that hu u1.Jtraliud tle 1uhrucol monrter ot 0IU' eentury. 1'o CAMY out a people's war, it is necessary to have a correct pllS 110n on building forces, mobilizing and arming the entire peo­ ple, incorporating them into the rebellion and the war in every way, building broad mass political forces and, at the same time, p,,oplo'1 armed forces within the tluee categories of troops that 1cr�c as lhe combat nucletJS. This line represents the creative appliraUon of Marxist-Leninist tho11ght on how to mobili:te and arm th.e entire people and con­ ,truct a new kind of revolut!onary umy, to the concrete conditions or Vil·t Nam. It is the concrete manifestation of the criterion that "volut1onary violence is the violence of the masses in the con­ llruclion of the forces of revolutionary war. lt is the continuation anrl development on a ne,v level of the tradition represented in 0 tht 1logans The entire co1.1ntry is :it war," "We are all soldiers,!! "Whrn the enemy cornes, the women too tight," which bave been a part of the history of national Liberation wars and of the national a L de1ense of our people for some lime. orporation of the entire people into 1he var. To wage a people's war, it is essential to mobilize all the �!?le. The political For= are tltose of aJl the people that take part This is a criterion of fundamental importance, a hne for bwldtng " the insurrection and in the war in ao. organized way, under the the forces for a people's war. Lenin said, "To wage a people's n-ctlon of the vanguard Pare:,. Parttci'pmts include revolution­ war there must be total mobilization of all your forces. The entire be ary rlnsses, patriotic people's see1on, men and women of the country must converted into a bulwark of �he revolution. \ rlaus Mlionalities t:hat make up Viei Nern grouped around the Everything must support the war. All forces and national resourcEs U 1ltrd National Front whose base is 1he IV0rker-peasant alliance are employed in the defense of the revolution." lncler the leadership of the working class, with its solid base for The mobilization and organization of the entire people f�r the «in1tructing and developing forces on all fronts of the revolution- rebellion and the war is a growing process of broad and cont,r:uous 1ry wor, material as well as moral, political as well as military, education and organitation of the masses by the Party, with a « n mlc and cultural, on the front lb1e as well as in the rear correct revolutionary line. l(UArd The process of revolutionary mobilization of our Party since •n,,• political forces are the ba.se of fonnation and development its foundation has been agitation and organization of the mass4;S c;f the people's armed revolutionary forces. Without the revolu­ who continued their struggles in more highly developed forms until tion ,ry people, without the people's polVCrful political forces, they reached the point of revolting to seize power. through . the who." principal contingent is constructed by the workers and use of revolutionary violence. It was because of havmg mobilizf:d pea,...nts organized and led by the Party, '\here can be no great and organized the broad people's masses and hav,ng led them tn and powerful people's armed forces. From lbe first worker-p2asan1 struggle during the revolutionary peak of the years 1930-31, the If-defense detachments of fhe Sovitt movement of Ngbean and period of democratic mobilization of 1936 to 1939, and the period lhtinh in 1930 and 1931 to the detachments of the National Army of mobillzation for national liberation during 1940-45, that the in of Salvation, the Armed Propaganda of the Liberation Army of �werful force was present the people's uprising of the August V,et Nam, and the Ba To guerr;lla., - Including the thousands of revolution during the anti-French resistance, and is present 1n lighting selfI the bloclt of the worker-peasant taneous insurrection. In coordination with the People's Armed •II 11110e and the nationalities that mah up Viel Nam. This is the Forces, they have destroyed the "special war" strategy and are U:.trument of the Party and the revolutionary state which carries now winning over the "local war" strategy of the North American th D�med struggle to the end with the aim of achieving the imperialists. ortv. revolutionary goal. It is the armed force. of tbe people's The appearance in the war of the army of political strugl{le has d ffi()rrallc state which earlier fulfilled the function of the worker­ Jl'&SAnt dictatorship and today meets its historic mission of the been a stroke of outstanding creativity in the present organization oi oJ the revolutionary war in 1he South. This army of political pr ,1,1o1r1at dicta�orship's defense revolutionary gains and peo­ struggle, whose organization is based in the powerful mass political pl I power against any enemy, from ·within or without. [t is a forces and whose base is the workers and peasants, brings together 'li;chung army and at tbe same time an army of work and the best and most courageous clements of the mass organizations, production. Its nature is that_ of the working class, its position oi all social sectors and all ages, and extends its organization to all and rdeology those of the worklllg class and of Marxism-Leninism. areas, in the countryside and in the mountains as well as in the In whatever circumstance, a.s much wh.en our armed forces were cities. This army, well-organized and trained, has the art of ■Ull /,lUerrilla detachments as when th.ey became powerful armed lorc1. with different corps and branches equipped with modem revolutionary and scientific struggle characterized by fruitful and I hn1que, the Party has always given great importance to the flexible methods of struggle, and is the force which is the nucleus the class nature of our army, considering that to be of the mass political struggle in the revolution as it is in the rev­ growth of olutionary war in South Viet Nam. Ui11 surest guarantee and the most ·important factor of fighting Armed insurrection and the revolutionary war constitute the powTb,, r 1n the People's Atmed Forc-es. highest form of revolutionary struggle for the seizure and the princ_iple has ewn greater importante in a country whose defense of power. popuhllon is chiefly peasants and petite-bourgeoisie while the le linr class, t�e ' It is not possible to speak of insurrection and war without armed . �orkin(: dass, is numerically small rr durin� the imhal penod of the con.struction of the Red Army forces. Consequently, to prepare and carry out armed struggle ol and revolutionary war at the same time with the construction of oJ workers and peasants, Lenin considered the increase workers: political forces, our Party gives special importance to the con­ �I mrnts to be one of the most important ways to increa.se the struction of the People's Armed Forces which serve as the fight­ rr,'Ol u honary na lure of _the Soviet armed forces, in our country, inl! nucleus of the whole people. 11vr:n the concrete co�d•ttons of the society and of the armed forces, ur Party also considers its increased leadership in the armed Under the glorious banner of the Party, our People's Armed 1•ducat1011 Forces were born and grew up in the midst of the bitter revolu­ I r«a, in proletarian ideology, the higher education tionary struggle of the whole people, supported by the base cre­ f th� armed forces in the political area, and the increase of ated by the political forces. Our Army is truly a people's army which w rbr and peasant elements, especially in command positi ons springs from the people and fights for them. lo be fundamental measures for the growth of the revolutionary Over past decades, our People's Armed Forces developed out nature ol the armed forces. of guerrilla -detachments and the self-defense militias of the mas- Tb• principal political problems in the construction of tbe armed forces, which have been resolved in the process of development • cc,nditions _and characteristics ot each place; they form a powrrrul and growth, are: . force m the country, prepared to 1ighl the enemy with To consolidate and constantly increase the complete, direct and •II lh• ktnds of arms_ t_hey ?eed, from the most rudimentary to multilateral leadership of the Party within the People's Armed "'"'t modern, utili_zmg highly ef1ec1ive tactics, fulfilling their Forces, considering this to be a principle of p�im3:?Y "!'portance. ,n of shock co�t,ng�nls in production, and providing local To stimulate political work constantly. considering !1 to be a and r•·tular troops with fine cadres and fighters to fill their ranks. source of strength and a principle of the construction of the Tha 1Tg1onal troops are forces that ,erve as a nucleus o1 the llrmed struggle in eac.h locality. They People's Armed Forces. . . . are established according To concede the utmost importance to political education and the tasks and concrete conditions in each theater of operations to all and r11ch region, and are organiz ideological leadership in the army; mak� sure that c��res th _ C? in sbong u�its, ol high. quality, and lighters understand thoroughly the line and the poht1cal w various necessary c-orps, wtth an operational capacity con­ trat� on _their with goals, the line and the military goals, and the policy and 111111 • loca.!ity and in close coordiution the directives of the Party and the laws of the state; to teach guerrillas and regular troops. They of are capable of brilliant Marxism-Leninism; to raise class consciousness, closely tied lo r UUlment such tasks u annihilating the enemy, eMpanding the national consciousness, patriotism, love of socialism and prole­ rrlllo war, protect1nR the people de:Cending power and ma.in­ tarian internationalism in order to increase the armed forces' wnlng the local people's right lo be their own masters. 'The regular troo are obile armed forces fighting spirit, will and determination to light and win. the � � that fight through­ To apply democratic centralism and a conscious and rigorous aut entire battlefield or 1n specific areas of strategic importance. d1sripline based on broad internal democracy; to strengthen and Th , consist of the necessarybranches and corps, esperially strong achieve a monolithic internal unity - with the people, as the I tl•ntry corps and a sufficient number of air and oaval forces. fish is to water, and internationally with all enthusiasm and Th regular troops must have a fairly high level of fighting ,,_acrilice for the common cause. .,m 1,•ncy, nnd be truly iron fists capable of unleashing major •11111hllat!ng ba and Thus our People's Armed Forces follow the beautiful revolution­ ttl_ ':S inflicting increasingly sevae blows on ary guidance of Ho Chi Minh: "Loyal to the Party, loyal to the lh ••nemy, ach1e".wg victory in each battle, wiping out larger and u er people, �cady to fight and die for independence. liberty of l enemy umts and causing a change in ou1 favor in the the nation, and socialism." They also have lhe instrument of the tu,,11on. worker-peasant dictatorship during the stage of people's and dem­ llttause of the per�rities of the revolutionary wa'r in our ocratic national revolution, and have gone on to fultill with success 1111try and the rond1tions of an increasingly merciless war, es� the tasks of the proletariat dictatorship during the stage of the lllv when _the enemy applies a policy of neocolonialist aggres­ socialist revolution. n. much unportance must be granted to the construction of On the basl, of this political c-onstruction of the armed forces lnnal armed forces that are truly powerful, and to the con­ our Party has successfully resolved lhe organizational aspects of truct1on of regular armed forces of high combat efiiciency. Only this problem. n this way ca!' the th;"ee types of troops develop their maximum The experiences of people's war that we have accumulated over hung . capacity, achieve a close coo1dination in carr)ling out 25 year� have corroborated clearly the fact that the form of the ncmy hquidation effectively conserve the people's foroes [n all three types of troops - regular or main troops, regional troops tr napects, !'nf_ofding the_ people's war with strength and on many and guerrilla militias and sell-defense units - is th� most suitable �vels, and wmmng more important victories aU the time. for mobilizing and organizing the battle of the entire people; the In cl011e combination with the politiral forces and the people's greatest importance must be given to the building of the . m�n 111«',t a.ec:ur1t;,- forces, th� three l)'Pes o1 troops are organized and troops along with the local forces, closely combmmg the building t bllthcd with a capaoty that ts appropriate and pr0J;>orlionate of the main troops with those of local forces, and of stationary their tasks an� are distributed according to the necessities of forces with mobile forees. This is also a new development in the h •trate�,c pomt, each theater of operations and ea.ch locality th the aim of guaranteeing o1 orgaruzation of forces, based on past tradition. nd the presence powerful stationary The guerrilla militias and self-defense groups are broad armed n1obHe forces and of achieving a tight and centrali2ed rom- nat n of mobilt: forces forces of lhe working people, they do not separate themselves I� on everylevel and throughout the coun- from production and they serve at the base. as an instrument of ry ha1 1s a typical characterutic of the problem of constructing violence, of people's power. They are orian.ized in �uaiies, com­ peopl.-'s WIJ! forces and at the same time shows its supreme . ,a mu,:nties, factories, neighborhoods, accordmg to the fighting tasks, portance W1lh powerful stationary forces we can fight the a 111111 enemy in all parts of the country with units that �no-:v the la�d m1 litary traming,_ the rn_o,'Ertlent for military sports, the ID• and the enemy situation well, are . ca�ble of dehvermg. cert!l1'1 or a wa_rtune way of lire, the broad dissemination of I tary 1nforrnat1im, blows and, at the same time, of fightmg an�wher�. de�1matmg etc., amo1_1g the people a11d first of all among Y th eHectlvely and annihilating the enemy and attacking or dispersing his forces •u preparing the population for obligatory tar.,. or holding them back, thus creating conditions !or the mobile !el"Vlce and the fulfillrnent of their duty to the nation. in Ar"'ii and forces to inflict great annihilating blows unsuspected places. eqlllpment are the material base and the technique I liung capacity In our narrow territory, with a broad development of the 11eople's o1 the armed forces and are a fundamental war and the enemy's great mobility, this form of organization and r in the slrength of the army. In order to distribution of forces allows us t limit th� enem:)l's advantag�s broaden the fighting ,apacjty of the armed fo�s it � nllal and develop our own, creating a solid strategic front 1n _the people s to improve their equi])ment constantly. Our Party Iv ng Marx:5t-�ninist criteria war which is capable of maintaining control of tne. m1tlatlve at lo the relationship between man I ms, any moment in attacks against the enemy. It penn11s us also to cons1der1ng man to be th, Jetermining factor for victory wa, and distribute sufficient forces to attack him everywhere and at the arms and equipment as a supremely import.ant and i;•n.able same time to concentrate powerful regular troops capable of win• factor, started with the conntation, capturing them from the enemy fortify national defense for the whole country, build a tough, o decapitate. him. Durmg our war of resistance against the permanent regular army along with a truly pow�rful reserve, Fttnch colonialists, our armed forces eq11ipped themselves basi- the economy and national defense, 1lly with modem arms captured from the enemy: a�hieve a balance between U50, only much later increase the arming and the militarization of �e people. fully rom did we begin to receive aid from the brother socialist develop their rights as masters, establish an eqwtable system by untties. which all the people contribute to the task of the c(?u_ntr:>:'• def�nse. Following the reestablishment of peace we based ourselves on At the same time in order to overcome the def1c1enc1es arising Ur ocialist . •�onomy a�d on the development and great aid from the prolonge'd system of vol�ntary recr_uitmen�, o� Party lrom the socialist countries for the largescale improvement and mihtary service, whtch 1s a new rnociernlzation of equipment and armaments applied the system of obligatory to for our armed forces step in our development and a new vic�o_ry !n t�e construction o( •"hanks this, despite the fact that our military lndWJtries still the people's army, the arming . and mi11tar12auon of the entire I �• not \)een developed, in the struggle against North American . people, the strengthenin,: of national ��fense for: the peo�le Par­ 18n'•sion and for national salvation, we have been able to make allel to the application of obli�atory military service, we stimulated rtat leaps forward i11 perfecting our armed forces' armamer,ts, not a only those of the infantry, but we have also ac�ieved t�e. rapid I � of the best cadres of \\-Orker and development of other modern military corps, especially antiaircraft 8"rlo•kmg peasant origin without the selection, formation •nd promotion of cadres and air force in order lo conquer the Yankee aggressors. ttllf'Ctual origin closely of Supported by these sources of armaments and 6ased on the con­ lied to lhe worker and peasant a11d committed body a'hd mas­ crete conditions of Viet Nam and the l_ine "The whole ple ght t soul lo the revolution. Durin� . � � • of applying the policy the the enemy" in military tasks and m•htary art of peoples wa are any of party cadres, we energetically ntd tendenry to depart aimed at the development of our own territory, our Party a!f\l'Oeates Jrorn the class line and to under­ n,ali' the formation of selected elements the combination of modern and relatively modern arms with rudi­ 1ln and_ e_vidences of worker-peasant of narrowness in the tenden�y mentary arms in building lhe armaments of the armed ft.ATK of seven men ln an e:,c. force that continually ttacks tht..e deaths more ;ignihcant than great fighting arms it u 18 )I army however many troops and r Mozambiq e's Tete Pro mo,t not .,mpl that the men quen any aggressor 11 the �nd of February 1970, were Portugu,'Se. and their assail­ sesses. dl manifested i a profoundly and vivi y ved little attent10n in the worlc ants FRELIMO gtielTill s. nor even This criterion w s most r d Ch, Minh: ·'Th• 31 million com a And, indeed, why should L at the exp losion marked a major the great call of President Ho mus ? o and old, men and women, e pay much attention when s <'P �p of F"RELr\1O's operations in both parts of the country, y ung the Ya.nkee aggressors, deurmine h •nd brutality on mud ( prt\lowly they had been con- be valiant flghters to annhilate a for the salvation of the nation." r �,.ale toke place every day to win the final victory t l'!urd World! V.'hllt.ll)akes construction ,iJbon of Portugal's ten million for the •e1viJ1sation" which Por\_.. two the South Africans its ccntrated in Mozambique's the utmost ,m�ortance, won will emigrate to Mozim­ g.i ese nile endowed. In 1966,Hennie Niass1 and � abo of s th.,, most northern provinces, the republic's regtme h� Thc sheer audaclly of the Von Edi, chairman of South but that the event because me 1s para.leled only by lhe Cabo Delgado); to make the ri,:er Zambe..., Africa's powerful lnduslrial De- what ls !lkely to become chos,m built, anr,al gains which the Port.1- 1re'.opn,e11t Commusior., heralded on which the dam is to be decided that o! the most important battles against au1hor1t:cs ant1c1pate. 7h� tltr project was worth supporting. one firs\ lme of defense Dur.11g World ln the seventies: ill an\ to make a transiorrnatioa .n frequent VJ5JlS for the Third the growing libera\lon movements to Lisbon the attempt hy the Por�ugue� its racist aupremaey. )-e&r.1 from a crjppingcy e-cpert· (? early survey work on of corporauons in wluch 1nreaun _ with the aid difficult to ovucmpha&ise r colOll) - wbtre FRF.LJJ,1O !l,c, dam •te he ha.:l beeo wooed Europe and North 11 is dJ dO'An 60000 Portugue,;e troops Southern Africa, strategic unportanee of the�­ by tr.e Portuguese Government, and bu•ld Africa's largest the rovtnce f&t up 20', of Pcrlugal's natiO'l• evu1tually America - to generally, and of Tete P he was won over. He. m it the be:tl Hrnmenlal budget (proportion­ tum. went dam and subsequently make pat,iicular. The South Africans, on to pel"'u.ade ESC0:\1 a major industrial in e, y a greater arnount than tl:e t.:S to take cent�e of recognise ,ts importancM three quarters of the power the 1tru�gle, by especially d - comple,c and h�ve {our battalions ( a vu1 pending in Viel Nam, and re- to be scr,rated by 1bc dam. With stop its being butlt, as they er!, mbu tha·. Portugal ts alto !ight­ FRELU.10, to helping the Portuguese th thh commitment, the 1>ortuguese the end of Portu· ers?") eounterre\iolutionary wars .n and so to hasten there u no evidence of their caul.Jl safely go ahead and plan the in Mozambique. while Delgado. qola and Gwota-BISS8u) - i>:o gucse imperialism resence In N,assa or Cabo dam in greater detail. The men who lost their lives wert to the south by 11ih1ch yields high profits; ut dam �ete is bounded Van Eck evidently con11dered the bui!ding access roads to the is 60 miles r -.·�rds,from a ,iluation where ,n­ Rhodesia, whose border projeet Ill more than straight com­ site In a curiou•ly terse �nd lo the wesl plo1tation docs not pay to o�e d�y from the dam site, �� re mcrdal :erms. In September the exphcit statement the follo"!mg is penodi ca ) it does, a •ituation in wh.ch well-m!ormed pro-NaUonalist Party said Zambia, which in Lisbon, Portuguese o!flctals NATO-sup­ tu�al is no Jnnger the pauper o! mapiine News-Check reported that of an bombed by Portuguese the deaths "were the result discourage her from f ca s while South. In the words �van Eck'• reasoning [ .. ] implies wlule the pbed aircraft to accident which occurttd FRELIMO, and to the lhe Johoncsbllrg Siar, 1tv- dam • closel:7-kllil Southern Africa, and blasting rock lo make assisting penisl · raids I.he estnbhshmcnt or a men were north by �1alawl, �here � it Jmpltes, too, a signal contr1but:on one of the roa�s." But the ts assured thcrn Aftican «on<;nuc ccn. way for ence of neocolontallsm of an outward-looking republic to followed hard on the heels of President nil).' explosion through the goodoffices all the African countries chutered of a FRELIMO commumqu� an­ Banda. Only to the south- As f to emphastSe this very point. in the South." The dam was $CCfl in Tete. Hasting• 1 _. • South African-led consortium as nouncing Increased activity along the Zambezi Valley, an unportant part of thls pr .x:ea1 after FRELIMO had scored east of Mozam• hlcl is to build thr dam. ne And this Tet� linked to the rest by contributing to the subcontinent­ number of notable .successes In �i AMCO (Zambeze Coll30rcio Hidro­ al owtr gr,d which South Africa is a I b1que. p province: between September d Ca'-•.,.,.. tc,lttco) consortium is led by ,he trying to establish. [n Lesotho, for 1970, fo� At present the land aroun and February FREUMO scrubland - ideal 1th Africon mdustrlel giant example ( �here Ch:d' Jonathan en­ r and ra Bassa ts lonely r killed 350 Portuguese t oops, The P? ­ !�American whose chairman sured the col\linuation of a pro­ ss l and for guerrilla inhltrat1on. enemy vehic es the dam to ird rry Oppenheimer. ii J>OISlbly tl,e South African reg.me by se,z.mg t\Mtroyed blew tuguese intend usui11 several post and camps. They milllon acre., an t tnf.uenhal man 1n South Afri­ power after losing a g�neral electJon large rigate nearly four up three bridges and captured the vast mineral re• lndustry ZAMCO's chairman is at tile' begutnmg of 1970), Souti1 r war mate- to develop quantities of Po tuguese hich the area possesses T.S Brown an Anglo-Amer1can .Africa 1s lmanclng the Oxbow Rinr source• w an rector. rials. • nickel, manganese, iro1, b:7droe ectr,c scheme, which will hosti It ty, It copper, a It was, furthermore, a South In the face of this Then the area will_ l)eCOme harness the headwaters of the Or­ to steel. comple I n who madr the Cabon Ba.­ might appear madness itself easilydefend able industrial anse River. Further-down the Or­ building a dam 17 ht me a viable propo.s,hon Jor s nd £ 150 million power from the dam - ange. lo,.,ard South-Weat "Africa, would be twice The yea,: Pcirtuiiul'lle The po1a1bihty �r w'hlch if completed, 70% million kilowatt-hour• a o enot�t hydroelectric and irrigation s;;e of the Kariba dam, and to South Afrtc� cltng dam to harness the Zam­ proj•ct is undrr way. [n Swa21land, the f�r 11 _ will go mainly is than the Aswan da.u. B�t :f:SCOM (El�ric1t as 1'. flows throuf'h the narrow South Africa collaborating on the bigger if ever hungrier the Portuguese it is a necessity Commus1on) grid_. T raba,u gorge was first mootP.d building of a coal-fir� power plant. become an Supply Mozambique is ever to this, 24 000 Mozamb1q t mid-fillies. as a way of prop- On the Cunenr River in .southern And for achieve th r econonucally viable colony. be Corcibly moved from 11p the totte ing Mozambique us\ ly .:.,:::?,Qmy, and so 1sa\'in( the country r.i,d to b.. ( loOded, and (hopeful • ZAMCO's favour was that the Angola, South Africa and Portugal struction and subseque�l com­ comortium onto the Stockholm government. mcl11ded ASE.A, the '!be Government are building a smaller ve_rs1on of mercial viability. The d1fference most experienced refused to g, ve company in the a11y Cabora Bassa. As well as us1ng pow­ between the two men represented world such assurance. Ind�, it at setting up Jong-distance, :ould er from the Cunene to pump in_to the the difference between two genera­ bi,ih-voltage, direct hardly have acted otherwise, current tuns­ for ESCOM grid, the waters wil� ir­ tions of imperialists: the b�h, l!USSion the "ruling Social-Democratic S)'$tems. Normally, A/C Party ri ate parts of South-West Africa. straight-forward, unsubUe _fascism lran.srnu.,ion systems gives regular fjnancial sup. are used for port �t was against this bac�ground of the twenties and thirties had long-distance to FRELIMO, and ASEA was cables, but the D/C askJng !or that South African compa�es fe_at­ given way to the more devious, com­ system which a government decision ASEA has developed just n few ured in each or the consortia which plex internationally-organised neo­ 1n the last 1ew days before the party's years costs 30% fess aooual tendered for the Cabora Bassa con­ colo�ialism of the slxties. Caetano !or c,onfermce at which Marce­ an 800-mile I ine - the length tract. At first the Brftish-led c�n­ wanted to attract British and North lino ilC>J Santos, one of FRELJMO's required to take the power to South sortium which had built the Kartba American capital to Cabora Bassa Africa leaders, was to be a guest .speaker. dam was considered to be_ the favor­ and, therefore, involve these. coun­ ASEA'3 depazture from the consor­ But the day before ZAMCO ite. GEC-English �lectric hea�ed tries' governments on t!te side of was tium was a senous blow . finally awarded the to ZAMCO. Portugal's colonial olicies. ll was contract, ASEA Soutll Africa's the group, which mclud� Italian p withdrew. The weekly maga::ine, story of this witb­ The l'ina11cW and Portuguese companies, and something which Salazar had never Jrawal must itself Mall, said it was "a considered particularly important, count 8S one of bocly blow to Concor-Grinaker (Pty) of Johan­ the major successes for tbe entire scneme.[... ] nesburg. A US-French group called w·th the result that Portugal under antiapart­ 11 the situation is not heid activists in Europe swiftly re­ Cabora Bassa Builders als� ten�ered hhn bad become Increasingly osu:a- in reunced on December 1 \hat they int, they turned to a wlll violated by the project is have done all the preliminary work. the first po be . � abandonmg �r bid. The by the Rhodesian lh most important issue: far from There is no publtc feeling against booklet published 'l'L'one, quoted a company spokesman Council, and called 1 sanct1ons-busting is a curious . us in Britain, and n9 legislation to National Export _ u saying: "The present situation has to .Cabora Bnssa. This le sideshow played while the us taking part." Thisstate­ The Way come about as a result of com­ prevent project as "surely one un drama, the confrontation be- . ment infuriated the Swedes even describes the merc�al dls�ussions leaving aside the of the greatest opportunities to 1 -en t!'e exploiters and the ex­ more. But Lord Nelson's com­ 1anct10ns issue altogether," This itself to our industry for ited ts taking place. What this placency was soon shattered. On present \ s�tement was, however, at variance In the first stage of cussion d�s show, however, is 9 I wrote in the (London) many years." •t h the words of D.R. Love, GEC­ November dam, says the l at even on &ls own arcwnents the � , Sunday Times Busineas News that the building of the �E s man in charge o:f the bid who Rhodesia is "ideally placed" • ,t,sh <;,over:nment ought to'ban a row was brewing in the British booklet, had told me on November 28:' •we upply all the needs of the Ca­ part1c1pation of British firms. ParUament over GEC-EE's possible 10 s have been thoroughly embarrassed Bassa cornrnu.nity Crom "food· Jc,even the right-wing pro-South involvement. In both the House of bora by the publicity accorded 10 our to feed them, through the I. can MP, Juti�n Amery, recog­ �rds and the House of Commons, �tuffs . • It.empts to get involved in Caborn they will wear ... llp to the d this. Spealung on BBC radio left-wing members of the ruling clothes �-a It has reduced the pos­ vast quantities of cement to be November 11, be said: "Ii the nb 1tles o( English Electric partici­ Labour Party were mobilising sup­ � _ into the dam and the timber v •mment was serious about sane. port to call on the Government to poured pating tn the project." contain it." The hopes against Rhodesia it would prevent any Involvement by GEC­ shuttering to U �EC-E1'! were now out of the Rhodesian businessmen ·c,nt British participation in the - or any other British firm - of (white) runm g - Siemens is now ex peered EE with the darn site V: rme." � in the project. are real enough: to build the transmission lines _ miles from Salisbury, Rho­ tl,·edless lo say, the British Qov. Their argument, it should be only 200 another British firm is still very the obvious source of sup­ mrnt '!"as not serious. Or rather, stressed, was not that the dam would desia is uchin the fight. This is Barclays rnost of these things. And ,.,., scnou,s - about ways of help­ benefit the Portuguese imperialists, ply for B�nk DCO (DCO stands for D!> entirely coincidental I 13rillsh fu-ms get round the Gov­ and harm FRELIMO's libe ration 1t cannot be m1�ion, Colonial and Overseas) sides of the border # ment's own sanctions policy. On but that any British that on both whi h has 909 branches in Souther� struggle, Salisbury and OVPmber 9 I had written in the � would contravene the road between Africa, 53% of its total slrenglh involvement widened and llunda7 Times: sancttons policy Tete currently being 8 nd he world. DCO in s�uth Britain's own Is 1'h, Foreign Office and the 1:'0l:' ! against Rhodesia. The MPs were strengthened. A!�ica 1S a wholly-owned sub­ in order to show that lkud of Trade have been giving well aware that on the broad issue Secondly, sidiary of the British company but is likely to get power from qu,.. t encouragement to GEC­ of exploitation and the struggle to Rhodesia acts t? a large extent independei.tly we need look no further F,nglish Electric. Talks were held end it they would receive no sup­ the dam, ln t� way the fiction of Barclay; the 1968 report of Rhodesia's earl1l'r this year between GEC port from a government which, than Bank tn London having nothing to Secretary for Transport and Power, tK and the Export Credits Guar­ • Lt. Colonel Leslie. [n the report, ani.- Department, wllen GEC- • ot WlE!D blarne a small number 1C>rdid business ot listed above - do with the - such as the ones lS DUllDlaiD!d. e) can bring to financing apartheld and the pretatre th ,nspection of the of lhe dam Nevertheless, an bear, foe the building DCO and of the British annual ttports of Barclays and the complicity some ln- p , "'1t mis­ Anglo-Amencan reveab Governm<11t. T- ""'8 views o{ history 1.el'ff\ing Units- taktn. ConspU'acy two directora the d&DStt of The companies have carry with thein ()ppmheimer econ01DJC drN· 1n common: }{any ot.ur1n1 the baaac Spiro. AnOther motivates most hlmsel!. and S,dney Ing force which Sir' Fred· \heftfore, neces­ Anglo-Amencan director. acuons It is not OD oco·• Rho­ U>t exutence af erick Crawford. is sary to postulate they really do ol Soulh African, des•• Board (yea, wicked cabals 1958 when POl"I� ra:lSIS have one). In May Rhodesian and Britain for • capta.m of Euro­ Crawford caIDe to plotung w1lh t� confisca­ American industry h11 passport was pean and North hot.day, debate ,n the s oJ the peo­ ted. In a su�uent 10 unpecie the pcoires Georite Thom m Africa toward Ho..se of Commons, ples of Southe wealth Secretary, are sll'Dpl acting IC>D, then Common fttedom They y rk that Craw• vrtuch th� find wu moved to. rema out the roles m Smith regime'• facl that behind ford wu one of the themselves. The " II thi.1 sta� proJeCI I.es an •acuve supporters. U>t Cabora Basa undennme ork o( •free. doe1 not exactly mterlocki.nl netw ment esia, nei­ normal, 1970: supremacy in Rhod capital repte$enls • white Crawford world" state of it suggest that than an �pw,oal, ther does But rather cue ularly 90\id M�!. u jwt that in the L aos L.1ves, Yankees! is a partic the affa,rs. Ii easier the raonnel, Busa il Is a little Ke.ysone Phomv,han quite apart from pe of Cabora . between OCO 0 tl:eM lioks bare most rtant link than usual to In II a Sllllpleone, MO, in ill An� o-Amencan No wonder PRBLI and biggest unique, aaid: encan is OCO's February 25 comm Anglo- the wocld. It in its power mer anywhere in J'REL[MO wi:l do all custo surpnsing \hat However, not, therefore, to slop 1h11 proiect- is some of the ocr nsources DCO it putting up we att aware I.hat And lhis u an ,..,e of C1118 for the dam. are wruted. 'l'hiJ finan risk ol pro,eeu• rtance to our carries with ,t no the utmost impo Shepherd aaid for if suc:cdlf11.l. ,ts tion for, as Lord sUU8111e because, In \he settlers -..ill British Govenunent one mill.on white the December 15, au power more Bouse of Lords on make Portuguese to avoid was inuBq11est of After- World War U the Lalltian their independence and libeny; and "pe<>ple, true to 1heir ancestral tra­ they have bad increasingly impor­ dition of struggle against foreign !Jnt successes. In this very bard and invaders, revolted and seized power, sacriticlal but very heroic battle, founded a provisional government they have always had beside 1hem and proclaimed. to the entire their Vjetnamese and Khoier bro­ ovor-ld the eountry's independ­ thers, their neighboring ud loyal ence. The French colonialists, sup­ comrades In arms, united ill the porred by the t'forth American, same e!lort against a common British and other imperialists, came eBemy. The brilliant successes a­ baek tt> start the reconquest o! Laos. chieved by the Indochinese pfl>ple '!'he revolutionary forces, since they ln general and the Laotian people -.,ere weak, bad to withdraw tem­ in particular in this quartercentury porarily from the cities where they are inWSS-Olubly tied t.o the intro­ had been harassing the enemy :in duction of Marxism-Leninism :in order to conserve the!r forces and Indochina and the founding o! the build 1he revolutionary bases in the Indochinese Communist Party in countryside. In applving directives 1930 by former President Ht> Chi e<>ncerning the mobilization of the M.inh and to the correct lio.e and peasant masses and the bullding of clarifying leadership of the authen­ rural revolutionary bases, our pa­ tic revolutionary party o1 tbe triots devoted themselves first of Laotian working class. a-11 td establishing revolutionary On the celebration o1 the 25th bases in the mountalnous regions, anniversary of the Declaration of then, progressively, in the plains the Independence of Laos, 011r peo­ and around the cities; they devel­ ple are proud of the successes oped combat and, at the same time, achieved and trust more than ever· began the formation of political and in its bright future. military forces; they also worked The Laotian revolution is an in­ to raise production to satisfy their tegral part o! the Indocbin<'Se !llld own needs and to Jmprove the the world revolution. Betause of Jiving conditions of the peasants. its birth and development in our Tbrt>ugh these activities they •· period, it enjoys basically favorable chjeved the unity of various peo[>les' conditions: it Is a general part of sectors of the different nationall­ the offensive of the wor Id revolu­ Ues in a united natiooaJ front, Lao tion and has enjoyed the active ltsala (Free Laos), built bases nnd support of the revolutionary, demo­ military and paramilitary revolu­ cratic and peace-loving forces in tionary forces In. the country,;ide the world; at the same time it must and installed a resistance govern­ fa,:e a powerful Imperialism, North ment to direct the armed struggle of American primarily, which is today the Laotian people against the chlef of the imperialists; rno1eover, French coloniaUsis and to coordinate 1t must still live through a long and it with thatof neighboring peoples in difficult process but wblch will the chief theater of operations which culminate in total victory, without was Viet Nam, snd ln the military the sUghtest doubt. campsof Cambod.fa. Over the course It bas crossed two stages of heroic of nine years of resistance, thanks to struggle: the resistance agaiDst the French colonialists and another the sacrmcial help provided by the posed their aggression. armed forces of the Laotian Pa­ fued by North American hnperl­ Vietnamese people and their armed Faced with the new imperatives triotic Front. They reachedthe point a.iism in Laos, and, on the other revolutionary forces, and to their of the revolution, our authentic of arresting several leaders of the band, a most important success t'or tightly coordinated actions, the Lao­ revolutionary party raised on high Laotian revolution. Under 1hesecon­ the Laotianpeople, which made pos­ tian people gained victory after ditions, our Party changed the orien-· sible prodigious advances for the victory. The historic victory of Dien the bannerof national independence and democracy and led all the tation of the struggle in time, tying Laotian revolution both in positkln Bien Phu forced the Frencl1 colo­ an.d strength. nialists and the North American people in the resistance against armed struggle to i»litical struggle, North American aggression and for mobilizing a11 the people in the :But North American imperialism interventionists to sign the 1954 l\merican Geneva Agreements, recognizingthe national salvation. The Laotian Pa­ struggle agunst the North !\lldits lackeys did not glve up. They Independence, sovereignty, unity triotic Front was founded and BS· imperialists and their lacb:ys. The openly sabotaged the Geneva Agree­ and 1erritorial integrity of the three sumed the task of mobilizing all the second battalion of patriotic (orci,s ments of 1962 and the tripartite countries: Viet Nam, Leos and people into the struggle to defeat broke \he enemy encirdemeot and Govi,mment of National Unity, ex­ Cambodia. The Laotian revolution­ Nortl, American imperialism and its returned to its bme, opEnio.g a new te11ded and intensified the "special ary forces had won victories of traitorous lackeys and to build a stage of struggle. war" to 1he point of sending in great historical importance: they peaceful, independent, neutral, dem­ The sharpening o( the movement North American aerial forces and bad a liberated zone which included ocratic, unified and prosperous Laos. for armed struggle, along vith the mercenary troops (special forees, two provinces, Sam Neua and In applying the line, the Laotian political struggle, stimulated the Vientiane administration troops, sec­ Phong Saly and had achieved a people have strengthened and de­ national consciousness of all sectors tions of 1he Bmgkok and Saigon legal position. veloped theirrevolutionary forces at of the population, particula,l:, the armies l in attacks and harassment The triumph of reststanc., against all levels and, first of all, bave ex­ middle sectors and the officers and operations and sabotage against 1he the French colonialists strongly panded the national united front and soldiers of the enemy'sarmed forces liberated 20ne, in coordinatlon with stimulated the national conscious­ created its armed forces. This favored the escape of the re\TO­ the North American war of aggres­ ness of various peoples' sectors. The The Laotian revolutionary forces lutionary leaders arrested the attack and harass­ enemy. Jt led to a coup d'etatcarried th.is situation, our Party proclaimed lutionary forces on the political and ment operations launcbl>d by the out by units of the royal army and closer unHy of the people in order milital'y plane, and as far as its enemy against the base of Sam to the .formation or the neutralist to resolutely carry out the anned base of support, its cadres, etc., it Neua-Phong Saly; they have main­ forces allied with the Laotian Pa­ an.d political struggles, strengthen had obtained preciow revolutionary tained and stimulatl>d the revolu­ triotic Front in the struggle against the revolutionary forces in every experience and had constructed ma­ tionary movement in ten provinces, North American aggression and for way, persevere in resisting North terial and moral bases for the new and their negotiations have forced national salvation. The revolution.. American aggression 'and struggle stage of the struggle. the opposition to sign agreements ary forces have developed rapidly for national salvation, defend, con­ Immediately after the defeat of with Vientiane and installed a na­ and the National United rront has struct and consolidate the Li.berated the French colonialists in Indochina, tional unity government with the expanded. tone and at the same time intensity the North American imperialists participation of representatives of Powerfully aided by lhe Demt>­ the figl>t in the tones still occupied took up thi, call with the purpose the Laotian Patriotic Front. These cratic Republic of Viet Nam, the by the enemy - all this In order of transformingLaos into a neocolo­ are great victori1>s. Having suffered Soviet Union, the People's ltepublic io defeat his maneuvers and ad­ ny and military base to use as a serious· defeats, the North American of China and the other socialist vance, with certainty, the Laotian springboard for their attacb against imperialists and their lackeys have countries, we vigorously stimulated revolution. the Democratic Republic of Viet turned to cunnil!g political maneu­ armed attacks and political struggle, In applying this policy, the rev­ ·Nam and the People's Republic of vers in an attempt to Uguidate the liberated two thirds of the national olutionary forces, which had grown China, to contain tbe revolutionary revolutionary forces by peacl>ful territory and half the total popula­ rapidly, achieved greater success flood in Southeast Asia and enslave means. When these maneuvers were tion and forced North Arne,ican im­ every day, defeating from the begin­ th& peopli,s of that region. To accom. particularly unsuccesslul in the pi,rialism and its lackeys to sign the ning Nixon's new aggressive ma­ pllsh these designs, they started a course of the elections completed in Geneva Agreements of 1962, recog­ neuvers, assummg the initiative and "special war" in Laos with a view to 1958, they sabotaged the National nizing the independence, sovereign­ placing North American imperialism liquidating the revolutionary forces Union Government, arrested and ty and neutrality of Laos and in­ and its lackeys in a passivi,, defen­ and all patriotic tendencies that op. threw into jail cadres and mili­ stalling a tripartite Government of sive and more seriously defeated tant revolutionaries, surrounded and National Unity in the country. It tried to wipi, out the units of the was this second serious defeat suf- situa1ion every day. a great source ol strength for the the nistory of Laos. The Laotian so­ 3) Tbe favorable international The Yankee imperialists recently resistance of our people to �forth c;ety has experienced and continues situation in ..,hfch the Laotian ex:tended the war to the whole of American aggression and for the to experience profound changes; re,,olutlc>n has developed. The so­ Indochina. The three peoples- Viet­ further work ol national construc­ from slaves, 1he people of the dif­ cialist system has not ceased to namese, Khmer and Laotian - tion. ferent nationalitiesbave become and gain power and has become a shoulder to shoulder against the 'The revolutionary forces were a1e becoming the ruJers of the,,: dttermining !actor in the devel­ common enemy, are pushing him born and have grown in the crucible country; the forces of the Laolian opment o! hwnan society; the (unher toward bis down1all and in­ of a hard struggle marked by many people, more powerful than ever, n a1ional liberation movements flicting ever sharper defeats. detours; they have en authentic ue the sure guarantee or 1be rev­ ate at their peak, 1he struggle In 1he course of these last 25 years revolutionary party that bas been olution's total victory. These are the of th,e worklng class and the of hard llJld heroic struggle, the tempered and has accumulated a achievements o1 the mq;t revolu­ ad-.a11eedcapitalist countriesis de. Laotian people have made great rich and valuable exper,enee in how tionary thought of the epoch in o veloping v•ithout interruption. strides in the fulfillment of impor­ to lead the revolution, a unified small colonial country endowed with The Laotian revolution bas de­ tant historic accomplishmen1s. block of nationalities, a broad Na­ a backward economy and culture, veloped in the Southeast of Asia, With Viet Nam and Cambodia, tional United Front, and mass revo­ achievements which have inaugu­ the theater for an unprecedented Laos - a small and poor country - lutionary organi2:a1ions, revolution­ rated for the Laotian people the em re,,o]ubcmary tempest, and in this has conquered French imperialism's ary military and paramilitary forces, of independence and libe1ty and area it h.as the direct nrlluence, old colonialism and Japanese fas•, a contingent of cadres loyal to the have opened the way to a glorlous . ,n particular, of the extraordina­ cism, and now holds in check the revolution and to the interests of the futur,·, a way that no enemy force rily berolc struggle of the Viet­ neocolonialism of North American populations of the different nation­ can obstruct. namese people, filled with vic­ imperialism - imperialism's leader alities - fu"ndamental factors that The Laotian revolution owes these tories. It has also enjoyed support and strongest power - and is win­ detennine our people's victories. great achievements 10 various and considerable aid from the so­ ning new and basic victories over it. The revolution sees its prestige causes: cialist countdes and the peace­ This is a source of legitimate pride and Influence increasing and ex:­ l) The leadership of an a11thentic and j u.stice-lov:ing peoples of to our people. Nol only do these tending among the masses of people revolutionary part:y absolutely the world. accomplishments put it on the road throughout the country and the Lao­ true to the interests of the work­ These three causes were closely to true independence, liberty and tian Patriotic Front" holds a high ing class, the laboring masses related: tlie Laotian revolution peace, they also constitute a worthy position in the international arena. and the entir<' Laotian natiqn, would oot have been able to tri­ contribution to the struggle of the The Laotian revolution enjoys the IVhich has known bow to define umph without all of them. Never• peoples of the world for peace, na­ sympathy, the support of the great a correct political and military theless, the most :fundamental, the tional independence, democracy and and active aid of the socialist coun• line, correct methods of revolu­ most detennining cause is the cor­ social progress. tries, of the national liberation tionary struggle, and which has rECt leadership of the true revol\J• Two thirds of the national terri­ movements and of the peace- and an army of cadres and proven tionary party. tory, with more than half the totnl justice-loving peoples of the world. r.1embers. ln the course of these 25 years of population of the country, is lib­ At this time we sincerely thank 2) The foundation and strenglh­ uduous but heroic struggle, marked erated. The liberated zone is solidly the peoples and governments of the ening of a great �alional United by brilliant victories, the Laotian defended, constructed and stronger Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, Front on the base o1 the worker­ re,:olut1on has accumulated a rich every day in nll aspects. The diverse the Soviet Union, the People's Re­ peasant alliance and uoder the and -.aluable experience. nationalities of which the Laotian public of China and other socialist leadershJp of the Party which .Above all, it shows that. in a people are composed enjoy true countries, and the peoples and gov­ brings together the people of .tJJUtll c11-ct weak country that ha.s equality, live together happily and ernments of the natlona!Jst countries different nationalities, exalts the c backwo1d economy end cultu,e and in unity, and devote themselves to fighting against imperialism for lraditions of their heroic struggle c.,,_ �onic W01kmg class, which constructing a new social system their own liberation, and the pro­ against foreign invasion, resolute­ hu to eo-njront impe,-,aHsm wiih its which is national, democratic and gressive peoples of the entire world ly and with perseverance wages 91eot ec1>,wmic anci miUIOT!I p:iten- progressive. Their material and cul. for the sympathy. the active support the struggle agains1 the imperi­ 1i41 and ii.! wealth of pe,-fidiout and tural life improves all the time. The that Ibey have given our people's alist eggressors and the traitors, brutal m<1,ieuvert, ij u,e know how party solid and .powerful liberated zone is just cause. their lackeys, under the slogan 10 constnLet a nvolutimtary The successes previously mentioned "All for independence and liberty G are of very great importance to of the fatherland." succe,.ively gain vic­ by -revolutiona-ry regime, ,otid parti41 and prosperous Laos -constitirtes an anim4ted a radical proved bourgeois democratic tories. in spi?it, which has a co-rrect political once independence was won. It is important Party initiative the correct ful!ill li,i.e and a military line, eor­ only since the founding of the Com­ Laos occupies a geographic posi­ concrete leadership to the ?evolutiona-ry disci­ -rect methods, a munist Party of Indochina that the tion which is of great suategic :im­ tasks of the democratic national plined and in view organization, which a­ Laotian revolution has found a cor­ portance Southeast Asia Laotlan :revolution, with a to resolving chieoes unity within its and union al'(! rect orientation. The authentic revc>­ society is mark:ed by two basic con­ this essential contradiction per­ -rcmks; that tied the a party is to lutionary party of the Laotian peo­ tradictions: one betweenthe Laotian mitting the Laotian revoh•tfon lo body obtain =se,;'which gives and soul ple, true to the interests of the work­ nation and present North American progressively solid suocesses. to of the to the seroice people, knows ing class and the laboring masses aggressive imperialism and Its lacJc. Tb.anks the creative strategic the o1 the and a how to mobilize masses and and the entire Laotian nation, and eys; and the other between the leadership Party organize in struggle, exalts them with a correct revolutionary line and Laotian people, 1irst of all the worl:. flexible application of tactics on its the. t-raditiom of o1. all slruggle against methods, •a radical revolutionary ing people, end the clique part we have been able to u.nite the foreign invaders arul is the re­ spirit, resolutely and unwaveringly bourgeois merellants and feud.alists, the people's forces, di!ferent:iating of oid f'rom its being most basic cipie1lt bro1her co,in­ directed ,the Laotian population of with the first the them 1rorn the enemy and :isolating tries, first of socialist al! the co1'n­ different nationalities In the strug­ contradiction. The Laotian revolu.. him completely, thereby achieving tries - the revolution will undoubt­ gle against the North American im­ tion therefore has a double national ever moreimportant successes in our whatever o1 edly triumph, dijfic:u.1- perialist aggressor, most ferocious and democratic task; that liber­ present great struggle against Noni\ may encounter. ties ii anil strongest imperialist leader, and ating the multinational Laotian Arnezican aggression andestablish to In the course of decades of French has achieved ever greater success.At people from the yoke of the impe­ the' fundamental premises for the domination of Laos, numerous upris­ the same time it has built powerful rialist aggressors, their lackeys and culmination of the democratic na­ ings and armed struggles took place revolutionary forces that guarantee other reactionary forces, and build­ tional revolution in our country. that caused the French colonialists the total victory of the Laotian ing a peaceful, independ"1t, neu­ Th.e democratic Mtiond rei,Ol1l­ t"ion e!-'ential!y grave losses, but they always ended people. tral, democratic, united and pros­ ,,. Laos is • revo­ stagt of in defeat. The essential reason for At each the -revolution perous Laos. h1tio11 jor the lib eralio>t of tlt.e peuontry. the SUCC<'S: these defeats was that the tribal the Laotian ,evolutionary pany luts Over the courseof these last yeus, The key to th.is if heads who Jed these movements Jcnown how to correclly evaluate the Party, in its leadership of Ute of re-oolution the construction the cor-relation of struggle and with a view to accom­ a"if consolidation of the worker­ were incapable of carrying forward forces between peuont aUiance a correct line that would fully an­ the enemy and ourselves, and how plishing both tasks of the national u,ide,- tlt.e leader­ to obtain p,ofound a.nd democratic revolution, bas allied s h.ip of the Po-rty. Over the courSE swer the people's aspirations, since, C1 Jcn.owledge 25 Party h11.1 although they were full of the will oj the principal enemy and at the these two closely, always raising of these last years, the to fight the foreign invader, they some time of the diverse charac­ high the banner of national revolu­ penetrated deeply into the coun­ did not really represent the interest teristics of the tituation withi11 Laos. tion to unite all forcesin tne struggle Oyside, mobilized the peasant of the people's masses. In the 40s On t/U!se bale,, it has ca-rried Jor­ against the imperialist aggressorand masses that make up more than 90% of this century, the patriotic move­ u.-a1d a re1>olutianary line and the lackey traitors. Nevertheless, or the total population, has made a ments Lao pen Lao (Laos for the correct revolutionary method, h.as in the present stage, the essential united block of the peasants Laotians) and Lao Siri {Free Laos) pointed wt correctly the different contradiction . in Laotian society or different nationalities, provided. created by the petite bourgeoisie in steps that have sec:u.red the 1evolu­ places the Laotian people in opposi­ them with substantial advantages, has closely the tasks tion to aggressive North American the cities under the influence of the tian; combined and organized them and Jed them in the antifascist patriotic movemenljj of oj national -revolution with those of imperialism its lackeys, includ­ struggle against imperialism and its the demoetatic revolution, inter­ ing the clique of bourgeois bureau. lackeys. for independence, liberty, Indochina led by the Communist the and and so Party of Indochina, made a certain est of the nation and the re-oolution cratic merchants, militarists and happiness pr<>gress, In contribution to the general uprising with those of world peace; u has ultrareactionary feudalists. The line doing, has made them love the rev­ of 1945, but neither were they able correctly applied offensive strotegy, of the national democratic revolu­ol olution all the more, and has further to unite the �eat masses of people placed in practice fle:ribu tactics, tion and the program of unity consolidated and stzengthened. the has taken advantage of the since their leaders, ignorant of the internal all people who seek the downfall worker peasant allJance. [t created concentTating laws of the development of society, enemy cont,-adictions, of aggressive North American im­ bases in the countryside, fim politi­ supported the construction of an im- its forces to -rout the main e-pe,ny at perialism and its lackeyi, and the cal, later armed, in each region. lt each stage. Thus it lieu been: able to construction of a peaceful, independ­ corrCll the enemy step by flep and ent. 01>utral, democratic, unified • in all tlon'' in mobilized the peasant mllSSeS the negotiations on various occasions support cmd am of the S<>dolist p1ogram to the war Viet struggle for their own liberation, in and twice moved toward the forma­ countries, the commul'lut in.tema. Nam and extending hostilities to beginning simple ways at the and tion of a national unity government. tional moorntenl, th.e 1'0tionol tiller• Cambodia, North American impe­ later at higher levels. ln all cases it considers the political ation movement$ and of the ;,eace-­ rialism and its lackeys ue inten­ The many successes achieved by and juotice-t.oving peoples of th.e sifying the "special war" in taos, struggle and armedpolitics 'lobe the crimes the revolution, as well as the con­ two fundamental forms and that the world. accumulating new against struction and consolidation of rev­ latter is the most important :for These experiences prove a g,eat the Laotian people. olutionary forces in the course of achieving success. truth about ou1 epoch: an econom­ On the poli.1:i<:n, it was nece1sary to unite the revolulionary party that poses a cor. l$tration of Vientiane and, at the revolutionary force, and all progres­ and different nationalities in the thrporate society that surrounds to a cer1ain class, it is the response tbem. Actually ihe kibbutz have of the Jewish petite bourgeoisie to salarted workers and industrial anti-Semitism, and is fo1 this reason ac:tivi1ies. Idealism worked only somethiltg completely ditferu,t, for during the corutruct1on stage. In example, Crom the socialist ideology 'Ibe Times of January 31, 1968, the of the Jewish proletanat in the [naeli Shimon Tzabar wrote that a Warsaw ghetto during the first gi1l who has grown up in a kibbutz decades of the 20th century. Zionism and then marries an Arab loses the therefore represents the class in­ nght to be member of the kibbub. terests of a certain class of Jews As a colonial movement without and not of all Jews. Since its a ''metropolis" in the usual sense !)eginnings,Zionist ideology has had of the word - that is to say, with­ Plunder and Dignity as its aim the establishment of a out a colonial power that extended Steffan Beckman Jewish state where this class could its military and poUtical support to defend its interests which were sw­ tile immigrants - the Zionists were focated in many parts of Euro� obliged to make contact with some Paleatioe. situated in the Middle Eart at the extreme �astern end 01 the Mediterranean. during lhe growth of the 2iorust large interested power that could bu bN:n inhabited aJnet: the bt-:ginning1 of our era by the Paleatine A.ra.bs. who over the Jut ttntu.rlet have tha.r� it with the Pa.les:linian Je-.vt. movement.A Jewish state would not extract benefits and appear as an A1tcr the Second World War, under pressure trom the United Stat.a in tbt Vniltd mean a state where there were Jews arlif1cial metropolis. The reason Nauon,. the �rrhory of P1le$tlne wu divided lnto two '1.atn, Anb aDd Jewish. but rather a state in which they were th.e Zionists needed a metropolis The result wa, thlt the PaluUne Arat:w were displac:ed from their ta.ads In suc('Cla:l:we majority. From one can see was that Palestine was already umpal.gns of co·nquett and rape. More than I 300 000 Paleatlnlan1 live Uli dtsffl tncamp• the th,s menu: tonfronted with the worat possible Uvln.,ic condltion1. but t.hu •dOH not. prevent clearly that what they wanted to inhabited and the Land was oecupied. them from tlabtlng for the reconqueit ot what belongs to them. introduce in Palestine was a class To establish their state, the colo­ The Swedl1h Journall,t and nov� Ste.ffan Beekman shows in t.blt p<>lmt.ic uticle society, a society in which one had nizers necessarily bad 10 enter into the � and a.mbit.ion.s of Zion.ism and the interest, and stntegr ol its North Ame.rlcan to be on top t.oget along weU. The conflict with the prevailing situa­ 1mperlalt11 protector ln this zone. The author, who at a very young age coUaborated on the 8ulldln of the hletUJui Front and In l°'9 pubU1bed the books Pa_lestltt.e and Jtrael population that was already there tion. For that reason they needed and Palerilne an.d VS lmperlall..-.m, also tbows the transformation of the politltal rtruagle would remain in subjugation and tile support of a big powe,-. The lnto anti•lmpe.rl1U.t armed struule, and the cha:-arter1Stict of the orcanhattons and poor conditions. Actually, the Zion­ Zionist leaders did no1 hesitate to part!.. l�I are ruldlnC it. ists wanted to introduce in Palestine take advantage successively of the the European society of their lime . • There were a few idealists or utopi- • ;

. ---- Turkish empire, of the D>.glis1i, and th.e British oil comparues then pro­ of North Americam , . ther'I imperial­ dua!d two tbnds of the oil ex­ ism. The l1iree great (JO'i'IE!C'S had traded lrom this zone. In the and the United States toda:y hu the period between the two wotld wars, Zionism • e - same interests th.at has: to the United States acquired participa­ repress Arab nationalism, obstruct tion in the exploitation of oU in 1lle the prggressive development o:l the Middle East aod toward the end of Arab people by maintaining control the40s was the net e>pean terest in the Middle East from the colonial movement strategic point of view. Between In hisbook At the Cre:ssrons, the 1915 and 1947 an air base was built Zionist Aha Ha'am wrote in L891 of io. Saud.i Arabia; President Truman Palestine that "it is difficult to find declared that Turkey was wnhin the any uncultivated land in the coun­ sphere of North ,°'1n.erican interests, try." The major paft of theselands a 1JS militacy delegation visited were the property of small farmers Iran to enter into collaboration with who refused to sell them to the the Shah, and the United. States colonizers; thus the Zionist state had Government - Truman himsel:l to to establish itself by violenc�, begin wi1h - declared itself for the throwing the small farmers ol1 their creation ol the State of fsrael remained support land. As a result. thisstate B:y giving their to Zionism in total conflict witb its sur­ in Palestine, the North Americans roundings, obliged to collaborate could p11sh the English out oi their with i.mperialism and a policy that llliddle Eastern bulwarks The seeks to impede progressiv-e de­ strong support for Zionism. among velopment in the entire area. More­ tile Jewish minority in the Uni too over, this conflict cannot be resolved States evidenced, among other unUI the colonial state disappears. things, by the large amount oi money The present phase of North Amer­ raised during the years irnmediaiely ican imperialism began with the following the world war, also made increasing concentration of capital it possible for P1esident Truman to in tbe United States during the envision that a Jewish state in Pa­ decades of the 20s and 30s. The lesu ne would be under strong US growing interest of this capital in iniluence. In his diary, Truman acquiring new markets was one of writes that he imagined a grea� in­ the principal causes of tbe interven­ dustrial project under Jewish direc­ tion of tbe United States in the tion in the Middle East, wb.ich Second World War. Even after the coincided very nicely with the Caci SecondWorld War, England wasthe dominant powerin the Middle East, • tnat, while many different pressures l\.ai.erican industry receives from for s.dellite telecommunication Ullited Slates has had. any sign caused the partition of Palestine by abroad. was inaugurated in Bahrein, iD cant number of troops. The COl,p the UN, he was vigorously support­ -oil is the principal interest of US o1 I, 1969, will the in the Pe_rsian Gulf. The great won attack on the Soviet -Onion, which formation of an anti-imperialist eirenIs in the East of Suei:. concessions by which they monopo­ is presently the principal eco­ class; 3) l\fa_intaining braeli military lized two thirds of the oil reserves nomic, strategic and political c) opposition lo all people's supuiority over neighboring coun­ of the Middle East. Estimates made obstruction to North American • political movements or progres­ tm� and, with it, its ability to inter­ in 1987 judged the oil reserves of imperialism. Tbe Middle East to sive regimes. By "progressive" is vene in sih1atlons in wbicll North the Middle East be more than borders on the Soviet Union; meant a regime which, without American and Is,-aeli lnterest.s are 60% of the total oil reserves of the moreover in the North 1t touches being socialis1, takes an anti-im­ tb?eatened. (l will return further world, and the US companies held the Caucasus, where the Soviet sup­ oil perialist line and adopts measures along to a discussion of arms the major part of these ·reserves. Onion has some of itslargest to better the conditions of the plied to Israel by the North Amer­ Even if the depesits recently dis­ deposits. The path of communica­ pecple's lives; icans.) covered under the ice in Alaska tions which includes the Suez d) creating division among pee. �) .Arms supplied to reactionary prove to be very large, the reserves Canal, the Red Sea and the straits pie's movements and progres­ regime.s so they can protect them­ of Bab el Mandeb, i., naturally people. It of the Middle East will have an im­ for sive regimes; selves against their own portant economic and strategic role also important the Soviet e) supporting collaboration be­ is typical that C()untries like Saudi in the next 50 or 100 years. Union. Moreover, Turkey controls tween reactionary regimes to Arabia, Kuwai1, Bahrein, JOJ'dania, According to a report from the both banks of the Bosporus, the fortify itsposition. Lebanon and Jun should be- pro­ American Enterprise Institute in important straits between the And this also points to the vided with arms ior fighting tn the October 1968, North American oil Mediterranean and the Black Sea. in winning of absolute US control over rural ueas but a very small number production the Middle East gave c) The interest ol "protecting" tbe Middle East. The basic elements of fighter and bomber planes. While the Unitedin States a net profit of military and commercial com­ of imperialist strategy are: Israel, in January of l969, had close $1300 000 1966. A picture of what munications witll, from, and 1) The 6th Fleet witb itstwo huge to 350 fighter and attack planes, this figure represents can be drawn across Western Asia. Because of aircraft carriers and 50 or 60 shjps Jordania, for example, bad only 25 from Survey of Current Business, its geographic location between surrounding them. H has been and Lebanon some 2J (s� News­ which in October 1958 reported that Asia and Europe and between used among other things to pro\ect w•ek, February 13, L969). oil from the Middle East provides Africa and Asia, as well as be­ tfie regime$ of Jordania in 1957 and 5) Military pacts. [ran and Tur­ the United States with more than tween the Mediterranean and the of Lebanon in 1958 andto guarantee key have been members of "de­ Indian Ocean, the region is im­ 22% of the income that the North In the security of Israel in June 1967. feMe pacts" dominated by the portant for comm,unications. 2) Military bases. Libya is tbe 111id.July of 1969, a land station only Arab country in which the • lween Iuad ud South Africa ..eot United States,since the beginning of cal pretext, fir.it of all, of a struggle between North American irn�iBl­ -47� the S0s. For a time, Iniq was Jinked against the communist Soviet Union, ism and Zionism is based on com­ up in the two years foUowiog to these two stales by the so-<:alled while the alliance with Israel has as mon interests. The ruling classes in me war. The Jerusalem Posi W-11 011 June 30, 1969, wrote the follow­ Baghdad Pact, which was broken af. its principal ideological mofivation Israeli sociecy are the ume as 1hose ing millionaires' ter the coup d'etat in Iraq in 1958. the struggle against communist or who rule in the United States. The con! Israel), And the Arab laborer employed by important points of strategy during these countries is directed !rom the published in Paris in l969. As one l.sraeli illdust:ry has a ...or'k permi1 the 50s and was basically directed United States. Refining and, all the can see, he doesn't e...en mention which establishes the fact tba1 he against England. ACter having elim­ other processes for oil derivatives the social status of the Arab popu• bu a rJght to w<>rk only as Jong as inated the British from Palestine, take place outside the Middle East. Jation. there is no ri.u: of unemployment the United States then supported all As an example one can cite the An idea of the nature of Israeli for Isneli workers. Thal is to say, the nationalists who 1ought against fact that North American indus­ society and its close similarity to as soon as new oemlgrant.s arrive the English - in Egypt and Iran, tries, in 1984, made investments IJnited States imperialism JS given who want work., the Arabs are tired. for example - as long as they did worth $1 300 000 000 in Western in the mea.sIDes thu the ruling But de.spite the new work forces not threaten North American inter• Europe, while in the Middle East classtook in 1967 to resolve the dm- a,V'ailable, the new investments ests. they made only $20 000 000.A mere 1icult economic crisis into w h.ich the from abroad, the possibility of ex• 8) The political-ideological ele­ 40 000 to 50 000 Arabs today work state had fallen. Among other con.­ porting to the occupied zones, the ment of this strategy, which in the in the oil industry which presently sequences, the crisis of the Spring major control O\'er the minerals of Middle East is expressed in United returns to the companies and the of 1967 had raised tile unemploy­ th.e Dead Sea, the oil seized from 12%. The States stimulation of collaboration Arab regimes in question some ment figure to fust mea­ Sinai, the control now over prac­ based on Islamism, by which reac­ $6 000 000000 annually in liquid sure was to conquer new territo­ tically the entire wate; system of by tionary Arab groups can be united profits. The reactionary Arab re­ ries, which a new area of inve.rt­ the Jordan, sites having tal:en over all with nonrea. Three su�rsooic Hawk rockets (The t\lew This is the United States' col­ and to authorize in 1960 a loan of days earlier the same neVl'spaper \'erk Times, June 29, 1963). On l'eb­ league in the Middle East, in a socie­ $500 000 000. had revealed that "F'rance bad cua.ry 6, 19118, The NOW York Times ty which moreover runs the risk of With all this the United St.ttes begun delivery to Israel of l2 Mys­ revealed that for some time the becoming a new South Africa. And has seen that Israel received t�re planes with the tacit col'l$ent United States had been · selling now the Arabs of Israeli citizenship more than $6 000000 000 of the of the United States." This ,upply­ M-48:Patton tanks to Lsrael On May are denied the right to form their $7 000 000 000 that Minister of Fi­ ing of Mystere planes, which i1I real­ 19 it wss annoUtlCed that the own parties, publish any newspaper nance Sapir mentioned. It can be ity had been ordered through U�ited States had decided to sell without censorship, or to form their said that the United State.s has at NATO, marked the beginning of the '"tactical planes" to Israel The New own football teams. It has been this least fullilJed fully its task of acting Large arms sales by F'r•nce to Is­ Yowk Times commented that this way since the founding of the State as the metropolu. rael, interrupted for a period alter was the first time that the Vnited. of Israel. As far as military aid from the the 1967 war in deferenee to Gener­ States had sent Israel a direct at­ According tt> information from United States is concerned, the al de Gaulle's great anti-North tack weapon. The foll owing day it the Israeli ex-Minister of Finance, North Americans have succeeded in American policy - determined by was revealed that it was the Sapir, in the Israel Economist of extractinti the maximum advantage economic factors. Slc;yhawk A--4, "a small ruction September 1967, between 1H9 from thell' aid. 'lbe United States In 1930 the German Federal Re­ bomber, designed especially as an and 1966, Israel had re<:eived closed its eyes when the s<>ealled public siirnulated by the United attack bomber with an aircraft car­ f7000 000 000 in economic aid from flying fortresses were contrabanded States; began supplying North rier as its base." According to abroad. This sum represents more to Israel in 1948. In 1952, on July American arms to Israel ud on Maxime Rodinson' the price of than half what all the European 23, the same day that the officers February 20, 1965, The New Yo,k these planes was "very advanta­ countries devastated by the war seized power in Egypt, the United Times reported that "a top North geous''; as pointed out earlier, the received in total from the United States decided to send Israel mil­ American official last s11Jnmer sent quest1ot1 is whether, In :reality, they States under the so-called Marshall itary equipment "that could not be a direct rtquest to chanc;ellor Lud­ should be considered gifts or sales in Plan. purchased any place else." It was view of the capital that flows to aid a vig Erhard to supply arm, to a­ When one examines this lit-­ at this time that military instruc­ rael." During the ssme period, Der Israel from tht United States- f- tie closer, one sees that the major tion was being gi.ven to Burmese in Spiegel had revealed. on F'ebruary .After the war of 1967, the Uni eoJ part comes from the United States. Jsrael. According to The New York 14, 1965, that West Germany had, up Ststes made i' pretense of halting The North American State permit,. Times of September 4, 1958, the to that time, sent Israel 60 planes, lJS arms shipments to the MJddle ted the Zionist organizations· to United States had sold arms to Is­ 60 tanks antitank artillery and anti­ e:ast, but already on October 27, colle<:t $1 200 000 000 in donations rael ''recenUy," which must be rela­ tank rockets, a thousand parachutes, Tho Ne .. York Times reported that and exempted those who contrib1tted ted to the landing of North Amer­ etcetera, and the plan for successive 4s8 Skyhawks would be handed o,•er from paying taxes on the amount ican troops in Lebanon and the en­ supplies would i!'clu�e, among �ther to Israel. The delivery of the 50 con­ donated. There have been private trance into Jordania through Israel things, two submant1es, ls1&eb•Of­ troversial Phantcms was begun, a North American investments worth of the British, who quickly with­ ficers were trained in West Ger­ group of Israeli pilot$ was trained $640 000 000. Israel is the only for­ drew so that Israel could function many. at George Air Force Base in Cali­ eign country that has the right to as protector of the gentlemen of At the beginning of the 60s the fornia, according to the Jen,'lalem sell state bonds in the United States, Beirut and Amman. United States abandct1ed ils plans Po,t Weekly of August 4, 1969, and which up until 1967 had brought in But up Until 1962 the North Amer• for military pacts with the Arab Israel has stated that It wants more the sum of $840 000 000. The total ican Government used, above all, states since it no longer considered Phantom planes after the 50 have sum sent from the United States the fraud of providing amu aid to it ne�essary to continue with this been delivered. reaches $4 800000 000. Israel through its allies. In April of double game. This also was a con­ lt was not without meaning that The United States has obliged 1956, Jolin Foster Dulles declared sequence of the military sup struggle. Over 70 years they causes of US escalation in Viet Nam. fire, and a North Amer1can-Saucli Nor is it by chance that Israel and have struggled again!t the usurpers For the PalesUne ptople, Israel's Azabian oil pipeline in the Golan the Shah of Iran deliver arms to by means o! uprisings, strikes and success against the Arab states wlJS :zo11e was blown up, which caused the Kurds in Irak, nor that the US {edayeen attacks, but the Palesti11e the decisive proof tbd only with the petroleum to :flow into Lake trade union organization AFL-CIO aristocracy and tbe of the their own fore(!S would they be able regimes �esaret, a reservoir for drinking managed by the CIA, provides � neighboring states have always to libeute Palestine. During tile water in Israel. flow of funds through the channel succeeded eventually m obstructing year follow in{ the war, Al Fatah Al Fatah, like othe:r organi:tations, of the Afr�Asia Institute of Israel the development of the people's grew very rapidly and at theend of considers the present period a stage nor was it by chance that the State struggle, because this aristocracy 1967 the People's Front for the Lib­ of construction. The leadership o1 Department in Washington an­ and these regimes have wished at eration of Palestine was formed Al Fatah has d:rawn irom this the nounced its support of an Israeli at­ the same time to protect their own and some guerr!Ua groups began to <0nclusion that, for the moment, it tack against Syria in April 1937 as positions. The betrayal of the aris­ work with the Palestine b1aricb of is a question of organ1ting all the was revealed in the book published racy appeam in all Its clarity dur­ Kawmeen e.1 Arab (Arab Nationalist � people, all classes, 1or the struggle, in Paris in 1968, Risloire secr�te de ing the 30s when, at the same time Movement). Al FaWi and PFLP and that as !ar as possible conflicts la guerre d'Isracl (Secret History of that it presented itself as guidb,g togethe:r engaged in combat near with the Arab regimes mu.st be the Israeli War) by Michael Bar­ the people's struggle for independ­ the Transjordanian city of Kerameh avoided. This position might be Zohar, ghost-writer for the Israeli ence, it was collaborating with the on March 21, 1968, In the fi:rst mil­ cOITl'})ared to that of the Communist Government. government of the British protec­ itary triumph of the Palestinians Party o! China during the Libera­ North American imperialism and torate and permitting the colonizers against the colonizers. This battle tion strugg!J? in China, when it was Zionism united to try to keep the to buy land, which led to the dis­ in turn led to a way great increase agreed that, first.,the entire Chinese Arab people in submission. And placement of the Palestine farmers in enrollment in the guerrllla organ­ pE<>ple would be mobilized in. .t N rt � American Imperialism and and tenants. izations. _o coordinated struggle. At the same Z1on1sm together exploit the Jews of After the Palestine people werDemocratic Front. Front (DPF), to concentrate first of The present multiplicity of groups aJJon the construction of a MarxJst­ must be seen first of all as an eic­ Leninist party, while the progressive pression of dl1feren t ideologies as a members who remained in the Peo­ result of different classes among lhe ple's Front and who were suffi. Palestinian people. But als<> as ciently strong to be able to main­ a consequence of the fact the tain the Marxist-Leninist line, Palestinians have been scattered considered that it was more useful to all parts, and also as a re­ to maintain the contact with the flection of the political c11rrents groups that struggle and to devel­ within the different Arab states. op them politically at the same Apart from this, ohe can 1race time the struggle is developing. factors of division created by the at• Youth Al Saika, which is also called tempts of the different Arab regimes Vanguard of the People's War of - especially berore 1967 - to in!Ju. Against the System Liberation, is the military branch ence Palestine groups or individuals Peter Hammond of the Palestine Party. The Pales­ and take advantage of them. Reli­ tine Baas Party has long been gion also plays a role, and the forces 1be decade of tbt sixties ia ove.r and ttditr move, rnucb faster tha ,d.coce tlctJ011. lt closely linked to the Syrian Baas that still hold a great part of the ia not necapry to turn to th� paiea ot nu Spece Mnehcm&a to ao.ttcipate tbe Nortb Party and, like the Syrian party, population. To the degree that the Am�rlcan ,ociety ot the !uturit. Automation. clbt.ro.etics. and nspt1'9Jalc t.ranap0rtatloo includes workers, peasarrts and- petit­ struggle grows in its dimensions, and -1.ncludln.c a walk on 1be mocm-bave becomt key tacton ot .an elttc SQCiety, wbere bourgeois elements. The Palestin­ consciousness deepens, the effects publlc!sts and nurket[JIII expe,-ls ucend 14 tlie top ot lbe hlrruehy. A dehumanhed of a long oppression,will disappear tecbnocracy Intent on coo.t0Udatina its pGwe-t atrud\ltt in ordel" to dedicate- all lU ian Baas Party, which has grown •ltru.brn to txtfflding tl'ac benef.ib of the .Amuican way ot life lo tbe tart.best corners increasingly over recent years, has and the movement will become more of the planet There i.J o.lll,y onewe-tor tbtY dJdtlt calc:ulate Ln tb.eir plans: man. And 1M placed its accent on Marxist studies. unitedand homogeneous. At a Jeter eo.mpute.n-whieb arc always o1 optimum tftleitncy-break down when the calculalion The Palestine Liberation Army stage of struggle it will also be bu to do with btill£8 BS uoprodlcteble,Jmagl.oative and hard-bt.el.cled. as man. (PLA) is formed under the direc­ natural to establish collaboration But ainte we Juve to ec:t on rs dissidents and street revolulion9TLE!$. and in the different street demon­ As the repression has deepened, strations against the war in \Tiet the resistance has waged a mOl'e Nam. The vecy turbulent political intense struggle whlcn has been scene witnessed the death of Rob:rt evidenced by the mcreased bomb­ Kennedy as well as the sudden ings all over Lbe country, by the withdrawal of Lyndon Johnson from activilies o! the Weathermen or­ the Presidency. There was als:> a ganization, by the increasingly mil­ much greater awareness on the in­ itant student actions such as the ternational level of the inability ol burning of the Bani< of America, m the United States to maintain a Santa· Barbara, California, and the firm position against the Vietnam­ oi understandin.ll that there must be a very open jeering !fo<0n himseU ese who, at the beginning ol the The Endol Nonviolence revolutionary cllange in the system in San Jose. lhe general situation year, had begun the heroic Tet of­ whi�h can only be brought about has deterioraled to such a degree fensive. through armed struggle and by to­ that pretty much every oppressed TH& DEATH of Martin Luther King All these different trends and cur. tally destroying the existing polit­ group in the United States has took place in April of 1968 and ,t rents merged together to pre..ent ical, economic and cultural system begun to organite oo a much higher was of tremendous importancewith­ President Nbcon at tile beginning ol of government. level of pohtieal sophistication. For in '\he black community because it 1969 with a very unstable politi�al King's assassination had a strong example, young Puerto Ricans hlve symbolized the end of the theories situation at home, where he coutd im act on the subsequent presiden­ orgamzed an� formed the Young of nonviolence and of the feasibility f only meet the increased resistaMe Lords Party in New York City, In tia elections of 1968. Because wltb. of black people working within the and lack of faith m the established New Jersey and in Chicago. and his death and the demise of libezal system of the United States. If the order ·with a heightening o! repres­ black opinion that ronowed his have taken ex:tremely militant personwho symbolized nonviolence, sion through the courts, throu�h the death, there were not very many tacties in the Puerto Rican com• who believed that without a radical police forces and by surveillance, blacks who bad a real interest in n1unity around hospital ser.-jces, overthrow of the government black harassment, and establishing a the election or tile system, which educational faciUties and recreation people could be better off and that public climate against the dlssenters was one of the reasons for the defeat centers. At the same tlme. in the the integration SJ>Onsored and pro­ within the population: the young Southwest, the Mexican-Americans, o{ the democratic candidate, Hubert moted by the capitalist system could blacks, the college students, the Humphrey. The Democratic Party called Chicanos, have org3.iized a work, if this person was killed (and street demonstnlors, and by trying traditionally expects to receive the political puty of their own called I might mention that his murderer to maintain this almosphere of Jaw largest vote of the urban black La Raza Unida, which goes all the has still not been brought to trial) and order, even to the exclusion of population. With the absence of way from the S!ate of Washington the faith of the black people in the normal civil rights. King from the political scene the to the State of Texas, with major United States was severely shaken The activities of young people on ar�as of strength m Colorado, Mexi­ movement immediately became and especially that of young people the campuses, all types of dissent co more militant and radical organiza­ and CaliComia. The Chicano of high school or junior high school especially against the war, against tions such as the Black Panther movement has taken the lea:i m age. April 4th, 1968; is almost a land­ Administration policy, the problems organizing against the war ln Vi�t mark date in the departure from Party began to make connections between capitalism and·racism with­ of the blacks and the Latin com­ Nam 1hrougn the Chicano Mor­ militant nonviolence toward the a in the United States and bow they munities, forced him to tgke atorium, which had huge street affect black people. And they began heavier hand of repression against this kind o! movement. • • I •

U.I g demonstrations ill Los Angeles men; l think the mo.st important Z.J where ,everal hundred thousand thing their actions show JS that it -a 11eople took part and were vicio11Sly is possible to have armed insurrec­ attacked by the police. tion against the United States and .....� not by The black community organiza­ be caught the ainhorit1es. tions, treme11dously inspired by the The fact that the Weathermen have release of Huey P. Newtoo from continued to carry out their actions jail, called the Constitutional Con­ "has in spired other lesser-mown sim­ vention in Washington, DC, on ilar groups to take the same ,ype Thanksgiving week-end of last year, o1 actions. The fact is that almost a week-end in November, to talk no maior Weathermen have been seriously about constructing a oew caught; at thismoment it seems that political and economic Const1tut1on there has b.'!t?n little police inflltra­ for the United States of America. tion into the organiz•tion. The There was also a Congress of Afri­ Weathermen. through their ac1ua.l can peoples whicli took place in participation in revolutionary prac­ September in Atlanta, Georgia, tice, and utilizi.ag some of the l.deas which had representatives from the of the Tupamaros and Carlos Msr­ United States, the West Indies, a jghella, have given many people in few African nations, and Guyana in the Uaited States a preview of the South America. 'Jhe reader is prob­ corning revolution in the United ably familiar with the actions of States. brothers the Soledad in Northern Yhe C11se of Angela Davia California, especially the very cour­ ageous and heroic action of Jonathan I want to point out a case that Jackson in bringing justice to an bas won international solidarity, American courtr )om for the Jirst that of Angela DavJS, which is im­ time in US history, also the call of portant for many reas,ns. First of Huey P. Newlon for international all because of Angela Davis herself, solidarity with the struggle of the who because of her background is Vietnamese people by o!fermg the last person one would expect to troops of the American revolution be a revolutioaary And her example to serve in the National Liberation shows the total bankruptcy of the Front of South Viet Nam. In all American system. That people like thesecases there has been a growth Angela Davis who received its best in politkal awareness, a great iden­ training and wbo are prepared for tification with the worldwide rev­ leading roles within the system, can olutionary socialist movement and a see through feeling this indoctrinotion, general that it is time to choose the r�ht path, the real tX>ols, begin a very real revolutionary and begin the real struggle for their struggle on the home front of US liberation. And v.-eth ink 1hat is very imperialism and that the present important, beca� it shows that the situation and the present conditions revolutionary movement inspires in the Un ited States make it a very not only what the oppos,l:ion, the opportune time to press that advan­ N 1xon- regime, wonld like 10 call tage. the criminal elements. But that be­ The Va,iguard cause of the oppr�ssion and the In Urban Guerrilla Warfare bankruptcy of the system, all people in the United States, on differem • For example, speaking of armed struggle, I mentioned the Weather- • �etween integration and separation 111:eration stn1ggle and therefore, 1s a false choice because neither of one �ust go beyond simply the levels and in dilferent ways, see in movement in the United States re­ veals lhat this is a period of intense them can _really exist, and that the question of the color of one's slda t.lie growing revolution the only real question is one oJ power. Tbe ideological clarification. and that However there are.peop,e who still hope for living a meaningful and movement for liberation must be a use Black Power from ., revolution­ decent life. And that they become some of the divisions among black groups are due to an intense ideol­ movement which understands that ary standpoint, who see its signiii­ such complete revolulionaries that the problems of black people come cance not so mueh as a national but they have to change all the old ogical struggle over what should be the nature of the American rev­ mainly from their role and their !'5 an �tern_ational ideology wruc:h concepts that they once held of 13 work1ng in concert with all a.I themselves, their role in society, and olution and the role of black people oppression within the United Stat.es in that revolution. One of the vay system. the international liberation move­ what they thought they would do me�ts around the world 1n the fight wilh their lives. And this proves real problems is that the United But at the same time their op­ States is a unique country and has pression is in many ways diiferent against United States illlperialiam. that the true forces of morality and And that as people of the Tnil"d justice in the United States are with a history which makes understand­ from that of most white people in ing the internal situation very dif• the United States. Thus at tbe same World inside the United States it the newly-born and still growing ► ficult to outside paJ interests that were becom­ do not come into contact. What the did. And so these tilings come much of the activity of the hippies ing ver_y prominent in the North of movement is trying to do increasing­ together, these feelings come to­ and the yippies into simply dropping i�e Umted States al the time of the ly, ru.d it Is helped tremendously in g_ether. And white youth began to . out of the society and not fighting Civil War and if at that particular this by Nixon's repression which is find ways to drop out from any type ! it. But at the same lirne they have !ime he dictated the end o1 slavery beginning to hit all the groups, is to of support of that society: just to not been able to coopt the motiva­ it was because the free labor of tlje bring about a unity if at no other fall out, to detach themselves This tion behind the actions of tbe hip­ South, based on slavery, was very level than to fi�ht against the very i why, to. a great degree, the hip­ pies. What I mean by this is that � �angerou to the interests of the obvious oppression of the police and pies and ytppies have concentrated � the hippies and yippies represent a mdus�r1ahsts in the North. And the the Nixon Administration, the politi­ they have large segment of white youth in the on cultural revolt, because same 1s true for Franklin Roose,'elt cal policy of the Nixon Administra­ nderstood the psychological aliena­ United States, and especially, white � who in the l93tls not only did not tion. tion of that class of wbite youth, middle-class youth, slightly upper prevent fascism but was also the That is not yet a revolutionary wh!c� is nevertheless based on unity, it is only on perha the first middle-class youth, or what we may agent o_f the liberal bourgeoisie in ps . polillcal re�soi:,s; secondly, even and lowest level. And the duty of call the youth of the bourgeoisie destroying a strong left revolution­ What has happened is that there though capitaUsrn is the major ary movement All the heroes of revolutionaries is to advance that enemy of all people in the United unity to higher stages and to find is a generation gap in the United Ar1:erican society have been very States between those youth and States,. the major way of keep'ng racist. And the democratic rignts ways and activities which can bring capitalism tntaet in the United the different potentially revolution­ tbeir parents. And it's . different that they always referred to were from other generation gaps in States has been through racism and only for a certain group of people ary groups in American society creating the racist mythology of together to work more closely. But United States history. In the past all of wh om were wb.ite, though "'.hite superiority to justify the _ that will be a very long and very when there were generation con­ even within the whites, tbey were flicts it was because the young higher level of all white people over people wanted to do wbat their all black people. reserved only for a certaln group of society to tight for. All these fac­ were able to organize and "'itl a American way oi ltfe. We suppon tors combined become very im­ people. . . popular struggle against tremendous th.e Vietnamese, not only bec,au,;ewe So that these two currents hitnng portant. They >re not con:ipl<:te, odds and create a way for them­ believe their country should te in­ final. They are only a beg, nn 1ng together have_ fo rmed a very pot!m• is selves against thi, old order. And dependent, or be<,ause we agree with tially revolutiomzing, a very poltti• step, but I think it possible to because young people in N ort!l their 10 or 12-point program, but cizing force. And ihe yippies, who argue that the way contra :!ictions America sec themselves in the we support them because 1bey, with are the political part of the h.ipples, develop within advanced capitalism same type of struggle, they have a their example of struggle, have see themselves very much as trying is very different from the way they great deal of feeling for the 0..ban opened up the p<>S.Sib,litya1 success to destroy the false cultural fabric of would occur in an underdevelop, d Revolution, and for the ideas of s� for our struggle tne United States, which has been country of the Third World. And cialism, especially the idea of the And if we see that the V,euiam­ in the Third World, wh;Je the i,eed used to get people lo belt�ve in the is New Man, which has come out on a ese, against the most t:remendous greatness and the historic mission for people to come tor �!lier firsthand level, in a direct way. At odds ever in history, can stand up of the United States. r'or the first arriund a liberation stru,igle. in the the same time 1his has pro-.ided against US 1mp,mal1sm, 1hat pu1s time they are beginning to see what oppressor nation where imrerialism nee, young Americans with a way of upon us tlie tremendous responsi• that histc,;ic mission really is. originates. the first is for showing concrete solidarily with a bili ty to do the ume in 1he United At this particular time the hippies people to break their belief in those Third World natJon. States. And that is why we have and yippies do not have a very well­ old Ideologies an:! natiooal mvtho­ Viet Nim Wins fo, AJI to feel that the struggle of Um Viet­ defined political organization. Their logies which have �!!owed . them, namese at this parllcular moment in and 10 this case especially thetr par­ activities against the system are The Viet Nam struggle perhsps is history plays Lhe inlerna11onal ents, to feel a part of that national very different from those of young of even more significance l?ecause vanguard role of all liberation st rug­ unity. blacks Chicanos, or white working­ of tbe current direct struggle of1he gles, because a,, Comandante Fidel class people. And this is understand­ The Thltd World In US Government agamst the Vie1- Castro has said. the Vietname all Nol"lh AmericattS no mat­ miles away from the heartland of think they mean when they say: attitudes. For instance, the emphasis ter what their background and their "Viet Nam will win'" That not on rock music, which gives them a world imperialism, the struggles of race is 1he power and strength of a very heroic people, coming out of only will Viet Nam become a kind of what they would call soul the United States of America: lhat nation, but the example of poor music very similar to the blacks: the armed struggle, of th� rebellion, with the newest methods of tech­ and the subsequent and very neces­ people fighting against tremendous Also the rejection of the old very nology, their historic missioo of odds anywhere in the world will be sary fight against US imperialism, puritanical conCCJ)ts of se� in the spreading democracy, lhe United victorious. And. that is what the United States, which are sltll based ha'✓e opened many young North States cannot be stopped, and for a us. Americans' eyes to the role of the Vietnamese repre$ent t<, on Anglo-Saxon Victorian morality, small nation which is, by United We don't even call the Vietnamese despite the so-called sexual liberal­ United States, and the true type of States standards, very b,ckward, to relationship it has with underde.­ heroic or courageous any more, ism. be able to organi2e a resistance that because we think that to do that is And in general, questioning_estab­ veloped countries. And l think can stop cold the strongest naUon people like Fidel and Che Guevara redundant. Beouse at the same lished values and demonstrattng by io the h !story of the world, .so that time one says Vi etr,amese one, auto­ their rejection of them, the existence are thought of very highly in the America cannot win that slrug,gle, United States among radical youth, matically, sa:i-s �ourage and heroism of a counterculture, an alternative has shown the young people of in the same word. because American youth see them as America that there is nothfag inevi­ the supreme examples of people who table about the "triumph" of the In Olile the "reformist" and "de1>elopment" recipes that mo­ tivated the Allian.ee for Progress and which the Frei governmeot took as its own, did not succeed in altering anything of importance. Basically it was a new bourge<>IS government in the service of national and foreign capital, whose weak attempts at social change were stranded without pain or pleas1ne between economic stagoa• tlon, starcity and violent rep,esslon directed against tbe people. Yes to Socialism With all this it once more showed that reformism is incapable o-f resolving the people's problems. The development ol monopolistic capitalism denies the spread of democracy and encerbates antipeople violence. The heightenelogical control that forces us to pay high prices for equip­ Chile's problems can be resolved. Our country has great riches ment, patents and licenses, by North American loans made under such as copper and other minerals, a great hydroelectric potential, usurious conditions that force us to buy in the US and with the vast extensions of woods, a Jong coast rich in marine life, a more additional obligation of transporting the products purchased in than suf!icient agricultural area, etc.; moreover, it can count on North American ships, etc. the Chileans' will to work and progress as well as their technical Just one figure to show this. From 1952 up until the present, the and professional capacity. Then what has gone wrong? .forth Americans have invested $7 -473000000 in Lalin America and What has failed in Chile is a system that does not meet the have taken out $16 000 000 000. needs of our time. Chile is a capitalist country, dependent on Imperialism has taken out of Chile a quantity of resources imperialism, dominated by .sectors of the bourgeoisie structurally equivalent to double the capital in1>ested in our country through­ tied to foreign capital, which cannot resolve the fundamental out its entire ltistory. -problems of 1he countcy, those that arise precisely from their class The North American monopolists, with the complicity of the p1·ivileges and which they will never voluntarily renounce. bourgeois governments, have succeeded in taking control of almost More than that, as a consequence of world capitalist development all our copper, iron and saltpeter. They control foreign trade and itsell, the surrender of the oationcl monopolisJic bourgeoisie to dictate economic policy through the intermediacy of the Interna­ imperialism progressively increases its role as junior partner tional Monetary Fund and other organizations. They dominate to foreign capital accentuated more and more by its dependency. important indus1rial and service sectors.• They enjoy privileged For a few, it is big business to sell a piece of Chile each day. laws while they impose monet•ry devaluation, reductions in s1la­ To decide for the rest is what they do all the time. ries and earnings and distort agricultural activity by means of For the great majority, on the other hand, the daily sale of their agricultural-livestock surpluses. efforts, their intelligence and their work is a sad business, and the They also intervene in education, culture, and the means oJ determination of their own destiny is a right which, in large communication. Utilizing military and political agreements they fD measure. is denied them. try to penetrate the Armed For<:es. more than half of Chilean workers receive insulficient remunera­ Tne ruling classes, accomplices in this situation and incapable of tion lo cover their minimal vital needs. Unemp!oyment a id doing anything by themselves, have in the la.st ten years increased unstable work are problems in every family. For mnumera�le Chile's lndebtedncs.s abroad. young people the. possibility o! employment becomes very dif­ They said that the loans and commitments to internat:onal ficult and uncertain. banks would produce a greater economic development. But the Imperialist capital and a privileged group of no more than 10";,, only thing that happened is that today Chile has the record !or control hslf oE :"P a>Ation,:,I ;ncome. "i''>is means that of every being one of the most indebted countries in the world in proportion 100 eSC\ldos that the Chileans produce, 50 go into tbe pock!ls o1 to its population. ten oligarc.hlsts and the other 50 roust be shared among 90 Chileans In Chile there is government and legislation in favor ol a few, of working and middle class. the big capitalists and their followers, and of the companie3 that The rise in the cost of li'Ying is a hell in the homes _ol the peol)I' dominate our economy, or the latifundists whose power remains es ially for th• head of the household. According to o!flot • almost intact. and pec figures, the cost ol living has risen almost l000% in the past ten The owners of capital are interested in acquiring ever more years. money and not in satisfying the needs of the Chilean people. If . This means that every day the Chileans who. live by th eir· wo rk producing and impor1ing automobiles at a high price, for example, are robbed of a part of their earni!'gs or salary. The same oc_curs is a good deal, they channel valuable resources from our economy with the retired andpensioned, the independent worker, the artisan, in this direction, without taking into account that only an infinite­ the small producer, whose extra income is dally swallowed up by simal percentage of Chileans have the possibility of acquiring th.em lnflaticm. and that there are much more urgent needs after alJ, even in this Alessandri and Frei assured the country that they wou Id end same direction, that of improving collective transportation, provi­ inflation The results are as you see. Facts demonstrate that ding for agricultural machinery, etc. inflation in Chile obeys causes that are basically related to the The group of businessmen that control the economy, the press capitalist structures of OUJ' society and not to the market sp_ecu)a­ and other means of communication, the political syst�m. and tions that successive governments have tried to make t�. Justify threaten the slate when it insinuates it may intervene or when it the maintenance of the system and cut short the workers mco e. . � refuses to favor them, has cost all Chileans very dearly. The big capitalist, on the other hand, defends h1ms�lf from inflation For them to deign to continue "working," since only they can and even benefits f-rom it. His property and capital an ho_nored, give themselves the luxury of being able to work or not, it is his construclion contracts with the government are r<;aclj,usted, necessary: and the prices of his products always go up before the rise 1n tb.e to give them every type of aid. The big businessmen squeeze the stock market. state under the threat that there will be no private investment A high number of Chileans are ill-led. ACt'ording to ofti ciaJ if the aid aod guarantees they seek are oot given to them; statistics, 50¼- of those under 15 years of age suffer. C� m�­ to allow them to produce what they want with the money that nutrition. Malnutrition affects their growth and lim11s their �longs lo all Chileans, instead of making what the vast majority capacity for learning and seU-instruction. of the country needs; This proves that the economy in general and th� agricultui;-al to permit them to transfer the profits they make into their bank system in particular are incapable of feed mg �he Ch1Jeans despite accounts abroad; the fact that Chile right now could sustam a popula hon of to let them dismiss workers i1 they request better salaries; 30 000 000 persons, triple its actual populaUon. to permit them to manipulate the distribution of food supplies, On the contrary, encl\ year we must import hundreds of th?u• thus making it possible for them to cause scarcities and thus sands @f dollars' worth in agrirulni:ral and livestock food supphes. raise prices as a way of continuing to enrich themselves at the The latilundist is the chief culprit as far as _the dietary P!oble,ms expense of the people .. of all Chileans are concerned, and IS responsible for �e s1tuaUoC1 Meanwhile, a good part of those who really produce, experience of backwardness and misery that characteriz':8 the Chilean coun­ a difficult situat:on: tryside. The indicesof infant.and adult mortality,_ of ilh,teracy, lack a half million families lack housing and another half million or of housing, unsarut�ry cond1Uons are markedly higher tn the rural more live in the worst conditions with respect to sewage, potable ed zones than in the c1t1es. These problems haye_ not been sol:V by water, light, health; the insufficient agrarian reform or the Chrastian-Democrauc gov­ the people's needs in educational and health materials are insuf­ ernment. Only the struggle of the peasant with the support of ficiently cared for; t�e entire people can resolve them. The present evolution of their specific problems and where,.·er there develops the consdousneed struggle for land and the liquidation of the latifundist opens new lo exercise Ibis power. perspectives for the Chilean people's movement. This system of common worlc vill t,e a permanent and dynamic The growth of our e<'onomy is minimal. In the last five years method for developing 1he program. an active school for the mas­ we have increased an average of barely 2% per person per year· -.ses and a concrete method of deepening the politiER: THE PEOPLE'S STATE direct representatives from amoni: the workers and employees. The Polltlcal Organization Within their tradHional organizations and at the appropriate leyel, the neighborhood councils and other people's organizations wall han_dle the nechanisms for managing their operations and . Throug�. a p_rocess of democratization at all levels, and an organ­ _ new power structure will be mterven,ng in many areas. But it is not only a question of these ized mob1hzation of the masses, the examples, _but of a new concept which the public a<:quires, a .real constructed from the base. and effective participation in the state organizations. A new political constitution will institutionalize the maSSJVe incorporation ol the people into state power. At the same time the People's Government will guaranteeall tlte workers' _right to employment and to strike, and of the people One sole state organization will be created, structured at the national, regional and local level with the People's Assembly as to �ducataon �nd culture, with full respect for all ideas and religious behefs, permitting all sects to practice. the supreme organ of power. It will ex ten� all rights and democratic guarantees, granting TJ,e People's Assembly will be the only chamber that will exprt!SS . nationally the people's sovereignty. In it the different currents soc1a� organizations the real means of exercising these ri j!hts and will creating the mechanisms that permit them to funrtion at different of opinion cotne together and ex:press themselves. levels of the statt may be ex­ The People's Government will respect the rights of opposition pressed in a coherent form, all elections will taxe place together practired within legal bounds. and within the same space of lime. The PeoJ?le's Govern'!'cnt will immediately initiate 11 real The origin of all organs of popular representation will be deter­ . mined by universal, secret and direct suffrage of men and women ad �\nlStratave . decentrah�U�n, together with democratic and 18 efficient planning that ehmmates bureaucratic centralism and years of age cmu over, civilians and military, literate and replaces it with coordination among all state organs. illiterate. The structure of the municipalities will be modernized with The members of the People's Assembly and of aJJ the orsans of recC?gnition of the authority due them in accordance with the co­ popular representation will be subjected to thepower control of the electorate, by means of consultative devices with to revoke ord•n�ted plans for the entire state. The aim will be to change them mto lo�al orga� of t�e new political organization, oroviding their mandate. to A rigorous system of punishment will be established leading them _with adequate financing and power so that in interaction andto coordmahon with the Ne1ghborh00<1 Councils they can attend the termination of his mandate or revocation of his post when problems of local interest that they and their inhabitants have in a deputy or functionary of high responsibility carries out private • interests. vation of nitional sovereignty which it ronceives to be a duty t« The instruments of state economic and social poliry will con• all the people. stitute a national system of planning and will have an executive The people's state will muntain an alert attitude in the fa,:e of character, and their mission will be to direct, coordinate and threats to the territorial integrity and independence fostered by rationalize stale action. Their operational plans will have to be imperialism and oligarchtc groups ruling neighboring cow:itries approved by the People's Assembly. The workers' organizations which, along with repressing their own people, fan expallSIODlst will have a basic hand in the lannin system. and revanchist efforts. { � Regional and local organs o peoples state power will exercise A modem patriotic and popular concept of the country's sover- authority in their own geographic radius and will have economic, eignty will be defined, based on the following criteria: political and social functions. Moreover, they will be able to a) Af!!rmation of the national character of all branches of the delegate authority and rriticise the higher organizations. Armed Forces. Along these lines, any use of the Armed Forres Nevertheless, the exercise of functions by the regional and localby to repress the people or participate in actions that Interest foreign organizations will be adjusted to the framework estab Ii shed powers will be rejected. national laws and by the general plans of economic and social b) Open and technical training in all aspects of modern military development. science and conformity with Chile's needs for national Inde­ At each level of the :>eople's state, social organizations with pendence, peace and friendship among the peoples specific characteristics will be integrated. It will be up to them c) Jntegration and supp<>rt of the Armed Forces in various to share reseonsibilities and develop initiatives in their respect,ve aspects of social life. The people's state will be t.oncerned with radii of action as well as in the examination and solution of the posSibility of the Armed Forces contributing to the economic problems within their competence. These chara�teristics will imply development of the country without prejudice to jts essential no limitation whatsoever on the full independence and autonomy eUorts in defense of sovereignly. of the organizations. On this basis, it is necessary to assure the Armed Forces of the From the day that it assumes power, the People's Government material and technical means and a just and democratic system will open channels through which the workers and the people ol remunerations, promotions and retirements that guarantee to express their influence by means of social organization, tn th� officers, subofficers, classes and troops economic security during adoption of decisions and in the jurisdiction of the state admin­ theil" participation ill the ranks and in the conditions of their istration. retirement, and the effective possibility for allto receive promotions These will be decisive steps toward the liquidation of the according to their personal qualifications only. bureaucrntic centralism that characterizes the present adm:t·­ istrative system. THE CONSTRUCTION OF TH£ NEW ECONOMY

The Orgenlietlon of Juatlc• The united people's forces seek as the central objective of their policy to replace the present �onomic structure, ending the power The or�aniuition and administration of justice must be based of national and foreign monopolistic capitalism and that of the on the principle of autonomy, consecrated constitutionally and by latifundists, in order to be11in the construction of socialism. a true economic independence. In the new economy, planning will play most important role. We envision the existence of a Supreme Court whose members a Its central bodies will be at the highest administrative level; and are designated by the People's Assembly without any limitation, its decisions, democratically formed, will have an executive other than the natural capacity of its members. This tribunal wilJ character. freely generate the internal powers - individual or collective - of the judicial system. Ar•• of Soclel Property We understand that the new organization and administration of • The process of transformation of our economy begins with a justice will be developed for the benefit of the majority. Moreover policy designed to constitute a dominant state area, made up of it will be rapid and less onerous. the industries that the state now holds plus the indu.stries it is For the People's Government a new concept of magistrate will expropriating. As a first measure, certain basic wealth will be replace the present individualistic and bourgeois type. nationalized such as the great copper, iron, saltpeter mines and The NeUonal Oefenae others, controlled by foreign capital and internal mo11opolies. Thus the foUowing will be integrated into this sector of nationalized The people's state will give preferential attention to the preser- activities. 4D • 1) the great copper, saltpeter, iodine, iron and coal mines; Deep11tln9 and Exte"•lon of Agrarian Reform 2) the country's financial system, especially private banks and insurance companies; Agrarian reform is conceived as a process that is simultaneous 3) foreign trade; and complementary to the general transformations to be promoted 4) the large distribution industries and monopolies; in the social, political and economic structure of the country,_ $0 5) the strategic industrial monopolies; that its achievement is irueparable from the rest of general p0bcy. 6) in general, certain activities that condition the economic and The experience that now exists in this �:rea and the gapsand sho�­ social development of the country, such as production and dis­ comings evident, lead to a reformulation of_ the poltcy of_ the dis­ tribution of electric energy; rail, air and sea transport; com­ tribution and organization of land ownership on the basis of tb.e munications; the production, refining and distribution of oil and foUowing directives: . . . its derivatives, including liquid gas; the iron and steel industry, I) Acceleration of the process of agrarian reform. expropriating cement, oil and chemical industry and heavy chemical, cellulose, the farms that exceed the maximum a:rea established, accerdlng paper. to the conditions of various zones, including orchards, vineyards These expropriations will always be rarried out with full regard and forests, without the owner having preferential right to select for the interests of the small stockholders. the reserve. Expropriation may include the whole or part of the possessions of the expropriated owner (machlnecy, imple- Area of Pt1vate Property ments, animals, etc). . . . 2) The immediate LDcorporanon mlo agricultural cultjvation of This area includes those sectors of industry, mining, agriculture abandoned and poorly utilized state properties. and tho!re services in which private owne.rship still operates the 3) The expropriated lands "111 be organized preferentially alOf!I! means of production. These industries will be the majority in lines of cooperative ownership. The peasants will have ownership number. Thus for example in 1967, of the 30 500 industries over titles accrediting them with owMrship of the hous� and g�en (including craft industries) only 150 held monopoUstic control assigned to them and with the r1ghts due them w1th1n the ,n­ the markets, concentrating state aid, bank credits, and exploiting div'sible land of the cooperative. Under certain conoitions, land the rest of the industrial eJants of the country by selling them ownership will be assigned individually stimulating the organiza­ raw materials at a high price and buying their products cheaply. tion of work and the commercialization of the products on the The industries that make up this sertor will benefit from the basis of mutual cooperation. ge,,eral planning of Jhe national economy. The state will procure Land will also be set aside to create state agricultural enterprises the financial and technical assistance needed by the enterprises using modern technology. in this sector so they can meet the important function they fulfill 4) [n special cases land will be_ assigned to small la[";'ers, the national economy, increasing the number of employees and in of tenants, medium farmers and agncultural employees qualified the volume production in general. for agricultural and livestock work. Moreover, we will simplify the systems of patents, customs 5) Reorganization of minifundia property by means of progres­ taxes, rontributions and tributes for these industries and . will sively cooperative forms of agricllltural work. insure them an adequate and just market for their products. 6) Incorporation of small and medium-sized peasants lnto sales The rights of workers and employ""s to just salaries and worklng and service in the cooperatives that operate in their geographic­ conditions must be guaranteed in these industries. Respect for al area. these rights will be guarded by the state and the workers of the 7) Defense of the integrity, increase in and �rotection of den:o­ industry respectively. . cratic leadership, of the indigenous commurut1es threa\en!d with Mixed Area usurpation, and assur�ce that the Mapucbes 3:nd <>the� mdigenous peoples receive sufficient land i,nd technical assistance and appropriate credit. This sector will be mixed because it will be composed of indus­ tries that combine state and private capital. Polley of Economic Oevetopment The loans or credits granted by the organizations for aid to the industries of this sector can acquire the nature of aid in which the The economic policy of the state will be carried forward _througb. state is an associate.and not a creditor. The same will be true for a national economic planning system and by mechanisms of cases in which stfch industries obtain credit with the help or control credit orientation toward production, technical assistance, guarantee of the state or of these institutions. conlrib�lof¥ policy and foreign commerce as well as by means of tile growth of lhe state sector of the economy. It will have as places; sewage, potable water; pave<1. _ streets and si<1!!Walks; sOCJal ils objectives: _ services without privileges that . ue Just and acce1�1ble, w1tho!'t 1) Solving the immedi•te problems of the great majority. T'o do hunger pensions; telephones, poli_ce; nursery schools, sports factl- this we will tum the productive �apacity of the country away ities· tourism and people's vacation centets. . from superfluous and costly articles designed to satisfy the hi,ih­ The satisfaction of these just des�s of the people.- wh1� income groups, toward the production of articles for popular in reality constitute rights that the society must recogni,e - will consumption that are low in cost and of good quality. be a preferential preoccupation of the )'.eople'.s Go':"rnrnent . 2) Guaranteeing employment for aU Cnileans of work age,1 Basic points of this gov�ental action will be. . with an adequate level of remuneration. This means fonnu at­ a) Definition o1 a wage policy, growing out of_ �e unmed,ate in� poUcy that stimulates massive employment adequately a creation of organizations which, with the parUctpation of_ tlte utilizing all the resources of the country and the adaptation of workers, will determine 1he figures )hat. effect11,ely constitute (echnolofO' to the needs of national development Iivlng salaries and mmimum wages 1n different zones of tb.e 3) Freeing Chile from its subordination to foreign capital. This country. means expropriating imperialist capital for the achievement of While inflation persists, automatic adjustments will to a policy of growing financial autonomy for our activities study­ proceed take place by law, depending the inCTease the cost of hvt.ng. ing the �onditions in which foreign capital that is not ex­ on ill These will be efiective for six rnonths at a time or every time propriated functions to arrive at greater independence In tech­ I.he cost 5�. nology, foreign transport, etc. of living rises more than. In all state organs and first of all in the chief executiv� posts, 4) Assuring a rapid and decentralized economic growth which _ _ high salaries will be limited to a hgure compatible with the tends to develop productive forces to their maximum, making . optimum use of human, natural, financial and technical re­ situation in our country . Within a specified period of time there will be created a system sources available in order to increase work productivity and minimal pay and salaries at equal pay fo equal wo k, in satisfy both the demands of the economy's independent develop­ of � � whatever industry the work takes plate. This policy "ill be ment, and the needs and aspirations of the working people for started in the state area and will be extended from there a dignified and human life. throughout the entire economy, witho t rejudi to �e 5) Practi�ing a foreign policy and foreign trade that seeks to � p � different levels of productwity occur m different mdustr,es. develop and diversify our exports, open new markets, achieve that Similarly, all discrimination between ,nen and women or be­ a growing technological and financial independence and avoid of age wlU be eliminated witlt respect to pay and salartes. scandalous devaluations in our money. cause b) To unify, improve a � extend the system f al secur1_ty, 6) Take the measures that will lead to monetary stability. The l"! . � .� maintaining all the leg1t•mate gains w n. eh inat1ng abuSJ� struggle against inflation will be determined essentially by the � ff! privileges, inelfiriency and bureaucracy, tmprovmg a�d exped_J1- structural changes announced. It is also necessary to include the attention given those concerned, extend,ng social measures that adjust the flow of money to the real necessities ing security to these sectors of workers who ar not presently of the market. control and redistribute credit and avoid usury .e . _ rahon in money exchange. Rationalize distribution and oommerce. Set covered and handin� over to _asse�rs the _adm1�1st. of the norms prices. Prevent the structure of demand proceeding from high Department of Prov1Sion, whtch w1U function w1tb1n the profits to become an incentive for raising prices. of planning. . . The guarantee for fulfillment of these objectives rests in the c) Insure medical and dental care, preventallve and curative medicine to all Chileans, financed by the stat , the mployers, control of the people organized for political and economic power, 1; � be _ expressed in the state area of the economy and in general slate and the funding organizations. The population will in­ planning. It is this people' s power which will assure the fu!Cill­ corporated into the task of protecting public health •. 0!1 the of ment of these tasks, as pointed out. basis of strict control of laboratory costs and rationahzation production, medicine will be provide<:! in sufficient amounts and SOCIAL TASKS at low price. . . d) Adequate funds will be earmarked for an exte�ve building The social aspiratiqns of the Chilean people are legitimate and plan in housing. Industrialization of construction will be devel­ it is possible to satisfy them. For example, they want adequate oped with controlled prl�es and a limitation of the ':'ast �umber housing within their means; schools and universities for their of units �f private or mixed Industry that. opera\e in thts 8:f�­ children; stable work; available medical attention; lights in public ln emergency situat,nns, land will be assigned to the fam1hes th.1t need it, with technical and material educational system, as well as through the . establishment of a aid made available national system of people's culture. An extensive network of local to them to constrnct their houses. The people's governm.ent will centers of people's culture will stimulate the orgarutal1on of tM have as the objective of its housing policy to make every family masses to exercise their right to culture. the owner of its dwellinJ!. The system of readjustable . . . payments The people's cu11.ural system will stimulate art�tic nd llterar�· wlU be eliminated. Monthly payments or rents � for owners or t'reation and will multiply the cnannels for relattonsh1 between tenants respectively will generally not exceed 10% of the J>:l income. - family artists and writers and the public so that they are u1f1n1tel)I more extensive than they are now. To carry forward the remodeling of cities and nei�hborhoods on the basis of preventing humble people from being pushed one Single Planned, Democratic Educational System out, guaranteeing the interests of the inhabitants of the re­ modeled section, such as the small businessman who works there, assuring the occupants of their future dwelling. The action of the new government _will be orienle? tow::rd e) Full civil rights for married women and equality before the providing the broadest and best. educational opportunities. law of all children born within or outside of marriage wm be In fulfilling these proposal$ there will be a general 1mpro_veme�t established. as will be adequate divorce legislation with dis­ in the Jiving conditions of the wor_ke�s and the evaluations, at solution of marriage protecting the rights of the woman and the their various levels, of the respons1b1ht1es of the educators. More, children. f) over, there wiU be establishoo a suffici_ently extens1v1; national Legal division between laborers and employee, will be abol­ plan of scholarships to insure incorpora!Jon and educational con• ished, establishing for both the common description of workers tinuity for all Cllile's children, especially the children of the and extending the right of trade unionism to all those who do workmg class and the peasantry. not presently have it. On the other hand, the new �tate will_ ?evelop an extraoi:<1mai; CULTURE AND EDUCATION plan of construction of educational fac,ht1es, �upported with na­ A New Culture for the Society tional and local resources mobilized by_ the baste or11ans of power. Sumptuous buildings wiU ,be appropriated as required to create new educational and scholarsttip faciliti s. By th se measure. at 'fhe social process that the triumph of the people has initiated � � the very least, th�re wilJ be an extensive creation of a um fl ed. will conform to a new culture oriented toward the consideration . _ school (basic and 1ntermed1ary) m each r:,ral community, in eacb. of human work as the highest virtue. toward the expression of neighborhood and in every urban center lll Chlle. afficmative will and national independence and to present a critic­ To satisfy the needs o� the dev�lopment of preschool ch1ldr� al view of reality. and make possible the 1ncorp0ration of women into productive The profound transformations that will begin require a people work, the system of nurseries and kindergartens will be expanded who are socially conscious unified, educated exercise and _ and to rapidly giving priority to.the sectors of our society that have the defend their political power, scientifically and technically pre­ greatest needs. Through this policy, the working class and peasant pared to develop the economy of transition to socialism, and wide children wm be more apt to enter and remain to take advantage open to the creation and enjoyment of various manifestations of art of the regular educational system. . . and intellect. In order to make a new teaching system ef!ectiv ,-•t is necessary If today the majority of intellectuals and artists struggle against � to apply methods that place emphasis. on an ac!Jve and crtti7al the very cultural deformations of the capitalist society and try participation of students in their educ_a11o!1, rather than the passive to bring the fruits of their creation to the workers and ally and receptive position they must ma1ntam now. . .. themselves with their historic dest!ny, in the new society they In order to liquidate rapidly the cultural and edurat1onaJ. deft�1ts will have a vanguard position to continue their artion. Because inherited from the present system, a broad p.ular m�b1hzauon the new culture will not be created by dectee; it will arise out � will be undertaken to eliminate illiteracy within a brier period of the struggle for fraternity and against individualism; for the and to raise the educational levels of the adult op?Lation. appreciation of human work against scorn for it; for national � . . values against the cultural colonization; for :1ccess of the popular The education of adults will be organized prmc1pal�y ;v1thin work centers make possible the permanent funct1onmg of masses to art, literature and means of communication aga;,,st their to commerc_iaJ;zation. general, technological and social education for the workers. The transformation of the educational system will not b� The new state will sponsor the incorporation of the masses . the •' into intellectual and artistic activity, through a radically changed work of technicians only but a task studied, discussed. dcterm,�en and carried out by teachers, workers, students parents and autho­ a new rulture and a new man For this reason an educatlonal orientation must be imposed on them and they must be freed or rized . organizations, within the . general fra�ework of national plannmg. lnt�rn �lly, the ed.ucat1onaJ system will be planned with their ccmmercial character, adoptinR the measures by which the re�pec_t for prmc1pl� of uruty, continuous correlation and diver­ social organizations control these means . or. communication, sification o( education. eliminating from them the ndar'ous mono�l1s11c presence. In the executive leadership of the educational apparatus there The national system of popuJar c,Llture will be espeoa�y con­ will �c effective repres�mt11tion of the social organization ;!ready cerned with the developrnellt o( tbe cinema industry and the mentioned, mtegrated mto local, regional and national councils preparation of special programs for mass means o( communication. of educallon . . With the objective of making educational planning and the THE INTERNATIONAL POLICY OF THE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT s11;1gle natio!'al and democratic school a reality, the new state ObjectlvH will Pl ace p�1vate e�ablishments under its responsibility beginning w1t_h those mshtut1ons that select their students on grounds of social class, na11onaJ o_r1gin or religious belief. This will be ac­ The international policy of llie People's Government will � . economic complished by 1nte !!rating mto the educational system the person­ directed lo the al(,rmation of Chile's lull political and nel and other fac1ht1es o( private education. autonomy. Relalions with all the coutltries o( the world, independently of Physical Education their po!Jtical and ideological position, will exist on thJes The People's U!'ity _Government will. extend broad support to will be stimulated by the new government as the basic condition the pr�ess o( un1vers1ty reform and will resolutely stimulate its of international coexistente. Consequently, its policy wilt be evolution. . The democratic culmination of this process will be vigilant and active in defense of the ri cip!es o( nonint�nt)on . _ ol l( � l�anslated mto important un1vers1ty support to Chilean revolu­ and rejection every attempt at dlscnminabon, pressure, 1nvas1on tionary development. On the other hand the reorientation of the or blockade attempted by the imperialist countries. acad_emic Cunc_tions or teaching and investigation, and their ex­ Relations, exchanges and friendship with the socialist countries tension according to the national problems will be encouraged by will be strenRthened. the work ol the People's Government. The state will assign the universities suf!icient resources to insure Mor• National Independence the arcomplishment ol their functions and statewide effectiveness and the!r democratizatio,:,. Consequently, the university govern­ The p_osition of active defense of Chile's independence implies ment w,ll be representative of its respective communities. denunciation or the present OAS as an instrument and agent of By eliminating class privileges throughout the educational US imperialism, and the struggle against e\lery form of pan-Amer• system, the integration or the children of workers into the Uni­ icanism implicit in this organization. The People's Govemment versity will be made possible, as will also be the case with adults will propose the creation of an organization truly representative whether through special scholarships or a combination of simul� of the Latin-American countries. taneous study and work. so they may enter advanced courses. It considers it indispensable lo revise, denounce and invalidate The Means of Mas.s Communlc•tlona - accordin,tto the case- the treaties and covenants that represent compromises that limit our sovereignty and concretely lreat1_es o( reciprocal assistance, mutual aid and other pacts UJat Chile The �eans of communication (radio, publishing, television, to has signed with the United States. . . , press, cinema) are basically designed aid in the formation of Foreign aid and loans based on political cons1derat1ons, or that imply the forced use of the investments derived ·from these loans in ways that violate our sovereignty and go counter to the interests Chilean international policy and its diplo�atic expression will of the people wi II be rejected and denounced by the government break with every form of bureaucracy or sllffness. [t must look just as it wi i I reject every kind of foreign control of the raw to the people with the double purpos� of taking Crom theu strug• materials of Latin America, such as copper. and the conditions le lessons for our socialistco":ltruct1on _ an� of offenng them _our imposed on free trade that. over a long period, have made it �xpe:-ience so that _the lnter!'attonal sohdar1ty for which we fight i111possible to establish collective commercial relations with all will be construc!cu 1r1 or:-c:t1ce. the rountries of the world. THE FIRST FORTY MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT lnternatlonal Solldarlty The struggles that the people undertake for their liberation and 1) LIMITATION OF !XC£SSIVE SAL-'RIES for the construction of socialism will receive the effective and mil;tant solidarity of the People's Government. We will limit high salaries of appointed funct!o!1aries. '!{e will Every form of colonialism and neocolonialism wlll be con­ end the accumulation of titles and sala�t� (m_imsters, directors, demned and the right to rebellion of the peoples subjected to these representatives). We will end the adm1n1strat1ve managers and systems will be recognized. Every form of economic, political political traders. and/or military aggression provoked by the imperialist powers will also be condemned. Chilean international policy must 2) MOllC ADlllSERS? NO! maintain a position of condemnation of North American aggres­ sion in Viet Nam and of active information about and solidarity Every functionary will be a part of the common. �e and non" with the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people. will be exempt from obligations. of the state adm1rustral:lon. In By the same token it will effectively strengthen solidarity with Chile there will be no more advisers. the Cuban Revolution, which is an advanced post of the revolu­ tion and the construction of socialism on the Latin-American 3) ADMINIS'JRATIVE . HON'FSTY continent. The people's anti-imperialist struggle in the Middle East will We will end favoritism and grade-jumping !n public administra­ have the solidarity of the People's Government which wiJI seek tion. There will be job free2ing. No_body will b� persecu_lA:d for a peaceful solution based on the interest of the Arab and Jewish his political or religious ideas; we will be attentive lo e111ciency, peoples. honesty and proper treatment of the pubhc by government All reactionary regimes that promote or practice racial segrega­ employees. tion and anti-Semitism will be condemned. 4) NO MOR& £1.ADORATt TllIPS ABROAD Letln•Amerlcan Potlc-y We will suspend foreign trips by the re/lime's employees except t�r those indispensable to the country's interests. In the area of Latin America, the People's Government will put forward an international policy of affirmation of the Latin­ 5) NO MORE STAT!: CAB$ 11'1 PRfVATg US& American personality in the world concert. Latin-American integration will be carried out on the basis of State cars cannot be used under any pretext, for private PU!­ economies that have liberated themselves from the imperialist poses. The vehicles that afe available will be used for public forms of dependency and exploitation. Nevertheless, an active service, sucb as for educa1,onal transport, the transfer of sick policy of bilateral accords will be maintained in matters of interest people or police guard to Chile's development. The People's Government will act to resolve pending frontier 6) THI: STATE Wti.L 'lor PRODUCE N'l:W RICH PEOPLE problems on the basis of negotiations that preclude the intrigues of imperialism and the reactionaries, making clear Chilean interests We will estabtish a rigid control over salaries and patrimony for and those of the peoples of the bordering �ountrles. high publk figures. The government will no longer be a factory for new rich people. •

7) JUST RETIR&MENTS, NOT MILLIONAIRES 16) MATERNAL-CIDLD CAR% FO!t THE POPOLAnON

We will end the millionaire retirements, whether parliarnent�ry We will institute maternal-child care for the whole population. or from any other public or private sector and we will use these resources to improve the lowest pensions. 17) RlAL VACATIONS roa AU, S71JOE.N'.l'S

8) JOST AND OPPORTUNJ! RES?' The best students in primary education, selected uom all ovet the country, will be invited to the Presidential Palace, Vina del We will give retirement rights to all people over 60 years of Mar. age who have not been able to retire because they had no pensions. 18) Col<'l'ROL OF ALCOtJOLlSM 9) $oCIAI, SECOIUTY FOR AU. We will fight alcoholism not by repressive methods but by a will We will incorporate into the social secu.rity system the small and better life, and we erradicate its secret existence. middle-sized merchants, industrialists, farmers, independent workers, artisans, fishermen, small miners, cab drivers and house­ 19) HOME, ucm, POTABL!: WATER FOi ALL wives. We will carry out a plan of emergency for the rapid construction 10) TOTAL AND IMMllDIATE PAY TO THOSE RETIRED AND PENSIONED of housing and we will guarantee the availability of pure watez and electric lights for every block. We will pay the readjustments of personnel in the retirement of the Armed Forces all at one time, and we will be just in the 20) No MOR£ R£Al>Jt1STAJIL£"CORVI'' QUOTAS payment of pensions and funds for widows and orphans through of the social security service. ro�vr•.We will end the readjustments dividends and debts under II) FAMILY PROTECTION 21) RENTS AT SET PRICF.S We will create the Ministry of Family Protection. We will fix 10% of family income as the maximum payment for 12) EQUALITY OP F'AMJLY PAYMENTS house and land rents. There will be an immediate end to special rights. We will level equally all family payments. 22) UN'COLTJVATED LAND, NO! TOWlfS, 'TES! 13) THE CHII..D IS BORN TO BE RAPPY We will earmark all uncultivated state sites, semistate or muni• We will provide completely free edu�ation - books, notebooks cipal sites for construction. and school equipment without cost - to all children in primary educatio,1. 2.3) TAXES Oll MANSJONS We will eliminate from the payment of taxes, dwellings up to 14) Bi:rn:R DfETF'OR THE CHILD a maximum of 80 m• where the owner lives permanently and which are not lwcury homes nor vacation homes. We will give breakfast to all students in primary school and lunch to those whose parents cannot provide it 24) TROE ACRARt"N REFORM 15) MfLK F'OR ALL THE CHILDREN OP ClllLE We will deepen agrarian reforms which will also benefit the medium-sized and small farmer. minifundists, part ownen.. We will guarantee a half liter of milk daily as a ration for every child in Chile. , Corpcrtd6n de Vivit-nd.u (Home--BY.tldin, CorporaUon). (Ed.. not.el •

33) AR END TO �II& TAX ON SAU: CONTIUCTS employees and suburoanites. We will extend agricultural credits. We wiJJ assure a market for all agricultural and livestock products. We will end ta,c on sale contracts and replace it with another 25) MEDICAL ASSlSTANCE WlTHOUT BUREAUCRACY more just and expeoitious system. all Wo will eliminate the bureaucratic and administrative ob­ 34) AN END TO SPECtJLA't!ON stacles that prevent or make difficult medical attention for tem­ porary and unemployed workers. We will drastically punish economic offenses. 26) FR&£ MEDICINE IN TH£ HOSPITALS 35) M END TO ONEMPI.OYMD

31) No MORE TIF.S WITH THE INTERNATIONAL MONtrARY FUND 39) JUDICIAL AOYlSEltS IN TOWNS

We will disavow the compromises with the International Mon­ We will establish judicial advisers in all towns. etary Fund and end the scandalous devaluation of the escudo. -40) CREATJON or TK& NATIONAL INSTnv?'E 32) NO MOR& TAXF.S ON FOOD OF ART AND CULTURE

We will end the high taxes that affect articles of primary We will create the National Institute of Art and Culture and necessity. schools for artistic formation in all communities. THE TWENTY BASIC POINTS OF AGRARIAN REFORM OF THE but rathe, by zones, and in each one of these zones, productive PEOPLE'S UNITY GOVERNMENT work will be insured whether by direct exploitation of the land. PIRST Industrialization and distribuHon ot products, or in the general services necessary for production for all the peasants of the zone. Agrarian reform and agricultural-livestock development will not FlFTH be isolated acts but will be a part of the global plan for transfer. malion of the capitalist economy into an economy that si:rves the Through a new judicial concept we will see the integration and people. This means that agrarian reform implies not only tbe collaboration in united a

Each peasant will have a right to family property including his FIFTEENTH house and garden. Production wiU be or�anized preferentially under the cooperative The state will nationalize all lhe monopolies of agricultural system except in special cases when individual cultivation and distribution, manufacture, and iodtutrialization of agr•cultural­ ownership of land will be permitted. Lives1ock production, or the investments necessary for 1l>em. These industries will be managed directly by the slate, aided by peasant ELEVENTH councils, or will be turned over to peasant cooperatives. SIXTEENTH Production will be reoriented by means of credit, technical as­ sistance and regional and national planning toward products of A national insuranre system will be established for the entfre greatest value either for exportation or for the internal market. peasantry, covering especially the small farmers who are presen1ly Credits for certain types of intensive production, such as pigs outside of its provisions. Similarly lhe continuatioo of insurance and fowl, will be reserved only for small farmers and other for tenants will be guarante1ld. peasants, permitting them to increase their income and their economic and social situation. SE�'ENTEENTH

TWELFTH Special elans for the improvement and construction of peasant housing will be s1imulated, since up until now, this sec,tor, in all As a first stage, the People's Government will put into opera­ housing plans, has been outside the framework of the traditlonal tion, as a basis, the Law of Agrarian Reform, applying au those programs of housing improvement. facilities that the present government has been unwilling or in­ capable of applying, such as assigning land or cooperatives, ElGHTEENT'/1 defense of coowners and tenants, reorgauization of areas and ir• rigation systems, etc. Peasant. houses will be establis�d in the principal villages en The modi{ications necessary in the present Law of Agrarian the agricultural regions so that those traveling Crom afar or Reform will be discussed and approved before being sent to peasants who have business in the towns, have a place to stay and Parliament, by the national and regional peasant councils. a point of support and orientation in their bus1ness, especially with respect to public services, education, health, etc. THIRTEENTH NINETBENTH The state will guarantee the acquisition of all the peasants' production that is not commercialized, at official prices and by A general poliry will be developed for educational material, normal channels, and little by little will contract for aU the through literacy programs for adults, publication of books, news­ agricultural-livestock production planned according to the needs papers aod radio programs for peasants, technological agricultural­ of the country. livestock courses according to the region's productive plans. etc. Credit for the small peasants in advante of production wiJI be At the same time, theater, art and other cultural activities wiU be given only in money and not in documents, as is done today in encouraged, permitting the development of the personality of the most cases which represents a further exploitation of the peasants peasant communities. who have no one to �xplain the documents to them except under conditions of extraordinary gravity for them. TWENTIETH

FOURTE:ENTH Special encouragement will be given the policies of conservation of natural resources, forestation plans and others o1 special importance in irrigation areas. G Agricultural industry will preferably be located in the agri- fensil'e. Unfor1unately, illstead of have set up autonomous combat laking place on two separate oc­ groups that do oot have to seek sup. casions, tnis offeruil'e took place on port from thei:r neighbors or the one only. That is, we did not hal'e High Comma11d at every moment in the Center-East move, for 1easons order to carry 1hrough an action, lhal had nothing to do with our but only do so when it is a question desire to do so, but rather because of an operation planned .ahead of of the problem of supply and relat• lime which demands the coordina­ ed matters. In the North, the lion of two or three combat groups; operation went according to plans: but in other cases each combat we won all our objectins both in group is gi\'en a fairly broad the East, where the Ennedi detach­ autonomy to go ahead on its own ment destroyed the Fada post, and without getting into difficulties or in the Center, where the Borku being annihilated by an attack ;rom detachment carried out a raid that the enemy. This is a rather difficult changed the meaning of events in region, there are very f.ew mountains Ari mer1d1an Chad or at least in 'Pibesti. Finally, and moreover the few that exist 1he actions carried out against the are barren; there are few woods, l8 liberation lorts of Bardai and Zua In the but in any case there is refuge for Center, we undertook small actions us to hide from the bombings whieh that didn't correspand to what we do little damage unle5'1 we are taken wanted to undertake because it is by surprise in open country. Inside a Struggle in the Center that we have our most There are no mobile bases. At important forces. the beginning they existed but not FROLINA the regions that malle severely felt 500 000 km with a population of out of the minds of the people - the outskirts of Fort-Lamy. There is this loss of liberty, this lowering of JOO 000 inhabitants, a very moun­ the idea of a new era, that of rev­ an incredible delay in reacning it the standard of living, this tie to tainous region with old volcanoes olution in Chad. now, whereas if we had ra1io or any reasonable activity in our world like Michousi, that rise to 3414 m. The encounters at the end of 1970 wireless transmission, we would be of the 20th century. And among the There the army is divided into were the result of a plan elaborated able to reach it more easily and rural masses, lhis was translated three detachments, one for each of by the Political Bureau of FROLINA could coordinate our actions in a into a lowering of their standard of which, in the month of June, much more efficient manner. Given decided to undertake a general of- the difficulty of communications, we living, a much greater impoverish­ provide the correction necessary and ment than before. But we cannot provide it very weU, for example, say that these factors were the cause by preventing the prefects from of the beginning of armed struggle. being brutal, from robbing the peo­ The intellectuals, the workers com­ ple, preventing the gendarmes from plained of the loss of their purchas­ being repressive, the tax collectors ing power, the restriction o! their from collecting more taxes in a freedom, but they never decided to month or year - but the economic begin armed struggle. Armed strug­ conditions o! dependency will con­ gle broke out spontaneously in the tinue. As a peasant said to me: countryside because there was an "The colonial government is a com­ incompetent and greedy administra­ paratively just government.'' But tion which not only robbed the peo­ this does not change our condition. ple's wealth but also behaved in a I believe, then, that there are many hateful fashion. After the initiation revolutionary possibilities in Africa, of armed struggle, when an inquiry because the subjective conditions was made both among peasants and exist. The independent governments among the peasant soldiers, I real­ 1hat now exist in Africa are inferior ized that the principal motivation in quality to the colonial govern­ that pushed the people to take up ments and administrations. I believe arms to fight, was not that their this factor can serve to light the standard of living had dropped, not !ire, and it is up to the leaders to that their freedom had been restrict­ maintain this !ire by feeding the e

phase of the problem. of 1985, he wa.s tbe:re aga,nst the Al the beginning the hench ex­ gendarmes, ag.ainst the adminis­ peditionary corps embul!e:1 on ter­ trator, against the tax collector, rorist actions - tha1 is, the bomb­ against the members of the old ing of villages, the destn1ct1on of party, against all of this. palm groves, of cattle and came) This peasant came spontzneously herds - believing that by this and there ate thousands lllce him m measure they were gcing to tause Chad who help us by gjving us :food, the disintegration of the people's drink, supplying us with informa­ masses. But the opposite effect was tion. But we cannot let them cootin­ produced instead - that is, instead ue in the state they are in today. of disintegrating, the peasant rnas­ They must study, they musl become ses united strongly in fighting forces, like us. But how to do that• Ele an­ and we are currently having great swered me very J)O'!tically: dilf1culties rejecting those wno come H is necessary, it is ,he respon­ to enroll. The social categories that sibility of the government, but make up the lighting forces are not of just any government. A simple people, peasants, small (attle socialist regime is needed. There raisers, small merchants and some are countries where the people intellectuals, with an average a;ie don't learn to read or wr1te, and of between l5 and 25 sears. very when the revolution takes place young in order to be able. lo stand they all leam to :read and write, the difficulties. because if we don't know how we It is interesting to see an armed will never be able to transform struggle carried out by people who the country. we will ne,•er be able have never been to school, who do to exP.lain how ram is formed. not reason things out in an elaborate we will never be able to explain fashion classic The formed byof standards. how a human bemg is m majority the Chad peasants have his mother's womb; you ha\'e to never been in contact 'With books learn to be, able lo exploit the and it is only now when they have wealth and this only comes wHb �osed problems that they have felt education. And I believe it is only ffie need to verify in books what possible under socialism. they feel. We have good relations ,•1th the There are peasant soldiers who peasants. If we didn't we would have been at the front smce before have been destroyed long ago the struggle was organized in 1966. because we are only 10% armed. We Before that there were groups that have based all om action on the were spontaneously formed, es­ close collaboration between fight­ pecially in the Cent:ral area, that ing forces and those of the rural fought against the control or the masses, to the point 1ha1 we do not tax e:ollectors. One of them said: "I incorporate lhe pris<>ners we take am not (1ghting becausethe l robbed from the governmental forces, me, bul against the way Ive been because due to the little time we robbed, in the end they have always have, we don't succeeJ in ren of givmg despite the ethnic puzzle this pre­ motivated by good intentions. The French forces took the 11th parallel, some com bat groups the names of sents. There is ail interdepen:te.nce regular prisoners we send home in they began to encounter some re­ martyrs, o! heroes of tile revol_ution between the zones in Chad, �t:ween their underwear. We take tbeir sistance, since from the 11th parallel ouuide of the well-lrnow11 inter­ tbe North and the South whicl> guns and uniforms. there were organized states such as national heroes, it was accep,ed complement each other culturally Helations with the students are the Empire of Wadai, that of Raba that a detachment would receive the and economically. The North is the beginning to improve. We have which at that time covered almost name of a great Chad resistance livestock country, the South is the two categories of students: those all of Chad, the Kanem Empire, the hero who was also a Sul tan - al­ agricultural country, two elements who study in Europe, who are Chad Baguirmi Empire, not to mention though it did cause considera­ that are indispensable for Lhe ec<>­ Government scholarship students, the religious sects such as the Smu­ ble discussion. Nevertheless, .,,,en .nomic hfe of a nation. and those who study in the Arab sia, which of!ered bitter resistance though he was a reactiooary, his Chad has an area of l �84 000 km' countries, who are not government to the French penetration from 1901 name was gjven t<> the detachment. and 4 500 00 ir>habitanu Feudal scholarship students, but are inde­ to 1913. The future is quite clear, though structures persisl in the North. They pendent. Because of this difference, The conquest of Chad never we have started with very Httle; are the tradllional great chiefs, it is easy for the students from the ended. Until independence, the wllen on June 22, 1956, we began feudal chiefs who own a grut ceaJ Arab universities to take positions North was a military region and the anned struggle, there were only of livestock and ne Jsla.m1c. In the since they do not depend for their consequently always had a national­ six young men who had returned South, the society is somewhat ar­ studies on the Chad Government, ist feeling which remained alive, from a course abroad, and "'ho fired chaic and its cllids have nooe o1 while tbose who study in Europe especially in the Central-Eastern the first shots of the freedom strug­ the initiative of those in 1he Norlh; depend on the government and can part and in the North where the gle. At that point we did not think they do not own propttty, and the have their scholarships lifted at any French never were at peace with it was going to spread Like a weed peasants cultivate only their own moment. There is a diUerence be­ the population. All the people lire or like an oil slick. We tho11ght piece of land. 'Die wot king clruu is tween the re; olutionary comm;t. were spied upon and watched from they had to be young and crazy to very small because of the economic ment of the students who study in the moment they travelled abroad. launch such an adventun, beca.11se underdevelopment of the coun­ Europe and those who study in the The old empires that formed part seven armed with two pistols co11Jd try, which has some 1 � 000 workers Arab countries. Those who study of the territory of Chad were the not go out and destrc,y a govern­ between those m the clty and the in the Arab countries commit them­ Wadni Empire, which covered al­ ment with an army sup-ported by countryside, but has a large rural selves immediately to the struggle most all of present-day Chad and F'rance. Clearly, the exploit, which mass. - the first who decided to carry out was the dominant empire with its was truly dangerous, was success­ We can divide Chad into 1wo armed action were students from capital in Abeche and was visited ful, since, after scarcely five years parts: the Chad of � North and the Arab universities. by the German explorer Nachtigal of struggle, we have succeeded in Center which is the 1 ,vestock 2one, Women have also played an active (there is presently a Nachtigal establishing, for example, more and th� Chad of the South, which part in our struggle. In each detach­ Institute in Chad); and the last em­ group, than ten combat groups in the Cen­ is the agricultural zone where thece ment, in each combat we now pire which covered part of Chad, tral-East and three in the North, is industrial farming - that iS, have women who participate in the part of the Central-African Repu� and we are overwhelmed with calls struggle monoculture, the cultivation of cot­ alongside the man. They lie, part of Cameroon, part of Ni­ from people who want to enroll in ton, which was imposed more than have refused to be in autonomous geria, which was the Empire of the fighting forces, w hicb. means 30 years ago to permit the popula­ units and prefer mixed units, a no­ Raba, overthrown on April 22, 1900, that the cause we defend, is not tion to pay its taxes. This form of table thing in a country that is very 1u Cusserie, a city that is opposite only ours but that it answers to cultivation continues up to the pres­ much tied to Moslem traditions. Fort-Lamy. the profound motivations of the ent despite the fact that Chad ob- All this shows that, contrary to people, who seek a change in the what is taught today, there is a archaic structure. • tamed its independence m 1960. We iL Outside these centers there is can .say that the 150 days out of two periods. The first at the end cruit some 800 me•<:enary so�dters. a national dialect which is under­ Asof now, there are no mercenary tbe yeaz that are given to the cul­ of the month of August 1968 - stood by the inhabitants m three S<>ldiers, and before there was only tivation of cotton provide the Chad which was when we openeJ the sec­ fourths of the Southern depart­ the so-called :National Army of peasant with only 10 000 old French ond front - and whid, consisted in ments - that is, in Middle Kiri Mid­ Chad, whose members are 80�'< of francs, that is. less th:m 20 dollars, freeing the posts we had closed in dle Chari, Tanjlle, Eastern Ugdn and Chad origin But now the '.l OAU is an organiza­ members, among them the ten ny a collegiate comm;ttee o1 four tion, and it is only alter having done tion that was created under the members of the Political Bureau cadre comrades, a commander-in• this that he is conditionally accepted auspices of the North Americans To be a mrPresident of lbc United State$-iht: lla.d wac< joined tile Communist e.ny iJI l!He. ot the of 16. Siu mo,ed to Call­ when we come to power because troops in our country, f.om.iaand conttnucd her octivlties in the mus fr�om and yo-u.tb D'lovemcn.t.a:, bases in our beeornin, Secret.an" ot tbe Youth Commission of the Co.0).in.WU.tt P1u:ty ot at present Chad is an area that country, and above all maintains Southern catlfornJa Slnoe J957 .aht bu been I member ot tbe :Natiooal C� France has completely closed off. special troop.s that are noted for mittfe ofthic CPUSA.. and LI a member alto of the Party•, poU1lcal -eommittH, Despite its important geographic their cruelty, that practice torture. of ib Defense Cornmlwoo. and MCret.ry o1 it, Commission Ol'l Blad Libtt­ so location, only one airlin� goes into Beyond this, we will try in far as •tion, •mong other postl. Chad; Chad has almost no diploma­ On ber tint visit to Cuba. Charlene Mitchell outlined the. recen.t bi.no.IT aad we are able, to better our relations the perspective, of the 1lu.rptl'U.JIC stru&a1e within the United Statel - •hlch tic relations with member countries with certain countr:es. aud also to we herewith prt.Hnt for our read.en. of the United Nations, and thus our improve the functio'ling of cerl1in first task is to break out of this international organizations such as «;oald yoa trace tile denlopmenl of mllltaDt black political orPJll� lD isolation; it is necessary that Chad the OAU and the Ullltecl Stal<$ o,er the J)Olst few 7earsf Wbat ha.s bteo ifs ldeoloc", the regional organi­ and Us c-oal,f be closed to no one, that it maintain zations in which Cliad part'cipates diplomatic relations with au states, whether it be OCAM (Africa-Mad� Up until very recently the black movement has had a vecy strong, especially with the so·cialist camp, agascar Joint Organizat;on) or any nonviolent character - best represented by the Student Nonviolent because we want a change, we want other, because we want to come out Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in its early days, and by MartJn of our isolation, this is one of the Luther King's Southern Cb.ristian Leadership Conference (SCLC) first conditions of our work. It sought, by pacifist demonstrations and verbal persuasion, to extend democratic rights ,to black people, mainly by registering them so they could vote m southern states. A,; you know there its democratic-humanitarian assumptions. For them, organi21ng wer� all kinds of violent reactions on the part of southern' white white people should have meant going into the racist heart of officials and pohce, as well as ordinary citizens, culminating in America- and that, of (Ourse, became a very difficult thing to do. the ";Urder of three >'oung �NCC organizers in Mississippi and [t must not be forgotten that the Students !or a Democrauc the killing of Viola L1uzzo, wile of a Detroit trade unionist who Society (SOS) came out of just such a liberal backgroW1d, tbe had come South for the Selma demonstration and to help the or­ of!spring of social-democratic organizational parentage. At its gani ers. Following these events, the southern movement began founding, SDS had taken the position that it would have nothing _z to to disperse and regroup and SNCC began a very hardcore southern do with Out it! same ends 1n areas where each was best equipped to work. By 1967 there was a political attempt to begin an independent Unfor_tunately, w�ite youth did not know how to organize in approach toward elecloral eolitics, with the Communist Party as­ the �h1te community. In the main, they did not belong to the suming much of the initiative in attempts to forge some kind of workmg class, but rather were from the liberal middle class with left unity among those people directly concerned with the results a of racism, those people 11ctive in 1he peace and student movemems, and those orgaruz«l elements within the working class who we re critical of the proesta blishment labor leadership. Thls grouping organized what was called the New Politics Convention held in Chicago in 1967. But the Convention got off on the wrong footing when it developed ii;$ program, selected its leadership, organited ilS participants and then, when the plans were complete, invited the blacks in to take part Many of us within the Communist Parl}· became aware of th.is but it was already too late to rev�e the situation. The blacks had been denied leadership within this Convention and, because they had not been �onsulted, it was necessary for them to form a caucus ,vithln the Convention. The black uucus became, for the next period of time, a political way of life and an institu­ tionalized procedure by which. blacks could make their presence felt. (Unfortunately, too many whit� have become comfortable with this situation.) Witnin this ConvenUon, ours became the only force capable of providing leadershiP., Black communists met with the black caucus, but we also met with our comrades - black and white - In the Communist Party caucus. We tried to reach conclusions that would enable that Convention topull together around a progressive elec­ toral campaign for 1967 and 1968, ana it was pretty much agreed that the .Communist Party saved what it was possible to save out of that Convention. There were comparatively few organized workers at that Con­ vention. This is impor1ant only in the sense that the Convention saw the beginninJt of the black caucu., concept which, from then on, meant that black people would not !"eel with white people without first meeting among themselves and forming a highly cen­ traliied monolithic black position, and appointing their own lead­ ership to slate that position to whites. Because of lack of trllSt of the white lefts and liberals and the failure of whites to struggle against thelr racism, it became literally impossible to have sny real black-white unity on how to confront the main enemy: capitalism. The outcome of that Convention was the agreement that there would be an attempt to mount a third party ticket. Some saw this as a necessity In opposing the policies of the Democratic and Repub- lican parties and representing the black liberation movement and the white progressive and radical movement in the 1963 pcesidential elections. Some saw it as a vehicle for essential community organizing, designed to raise political consciousness more than to win votes. And many of those who agreed to the first, minimized the importance of the second - and vice versa. This, along with many other problems, made it Impossible for the New Politic:s Convention to carry out its own decision to run a national third a party ticket. So the Freedom and Peace Party ran one slate of undidares, headed by Oick Gregory for President. Peace and Fzeedom chose Eldridge Cleaver. Here were two presidential candidates, both of whom were black and neither of whom was able to get on the ballot in every state. In California, the Peace and Freedom Party was on 1he bal­ lot as a result of a number of things: the young people, along with others, had worked -very hard to coUect signatures and had found · its efforts rewatded, in the midst of the signature campaign, by George Wallace's successful signature campaign to guarantee himself a place on the California ballot. Therefore, many well­ intentioned people who never really intended to vote for Peaee and Freedom Party candidates, who never agreed with its program, registered themselves as party members in order io guarantee the far left along with the far right a place on a ballot. It was at this time that the Communist Party decided It was absolutely necessary to run its own candidates for President and Vice-President: first, because there had been a failure to unite the left and progressive movements to the e:dent that a third party ticket could become a reality; and secondly, becau..mmunlst Party was on the ballot in only two state, - Washington and Minnesota - we took the positjoo that people should vote for Eldridge Clea,,er wherever he was on the ballot, and for Dick Ctegory wherever he was on the ballot, be­ cause ours was not simply a campaign for votes, but 10 raise issues anr,I the co�cl<>usness of the Americ�" people. Row would )'UU describe the ,ebtionship of the Commuaist Party W other aerments of the radical movement lJI the United States 1H.a,r, Because of the repr1essive years, the Communist Party was decimated and we were unable to recruit any substantial numbers a •

o1 new members. And over that period, a liberal anticommun!sm, Other mmorrt:ies - Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, Indians,Asians - rswell as the repressive governmental actions, developed among are of course oppressed, discriminated against, denied equal t'igbts many sectors. And along with it, there developed the ideology and opportunities. Bu.I none of ihese groups is as large in numbe.rs • of nonpolitics - in the case of SOS the concept of participatory as are black Amerkans, nor as generally dispersed thioughout the democracy. What this meant was that you need have no politics, country. Chicanos are chiefly confined to the Southwest, Nor1hern no ideology, no leadership. Everybody did exactly as he pleased. California and a few in Chicago. Asians are in California and New It was sheer anarchy. But as people became more and more in­ York and are chiefly confined to the service industries - res­ volved in the struggle, they began to seethat somewhere you had to taurants, laundries, ett. - rather than being integrated into the have an ideology. By 1968 many of them had decided they would working class. Mexicans are chiefly in the Southwest and Cali­ become Communists - with a small c - not memliers of the "old" fornia. Puerto RicaJ1s have generally come Crom Puer10 Rico be­ Communist Party. They still sought to maintain an unguided cause of the conditions of poverty and colonialism undei which revolutionary approach, relying on slogans as the motivating force: they Jived there. They have citizens' rights in the United Suncs a quotation from Che or Fidel or Mao, or any of the worldwide but consider their real hometo be Puerto Rico and thetr real tight revolutionary leaders, would become today's slogan to move the to be the fighl for Puerto Rico's independence. And most of them masses.But Marxism-Leninism as a scientific guide still had - and are located along the Eastern seaboard. Black people, on the other has - little meaning for them. hand, live in every major urban area and, in the South. aie part The Black Panther Party, on the other hand, although rooted of the rural as well as the urban population. If the oppression of among young black people who, for the most part, had not been black people is removed, oppression of all other peo pie :"'.m e lso in the work force, came from a different background and heritage. be removed. A11y victory for blocks affects other mmonties, but Some were students like their white counterparts. Many had been it cannot be said that a token victory for other Third W�ld in jail and, although not completely lumpen, were not really part minorities necessarily affects blacks as well. of society. They considered themselves to be the heart of the This Is the di1ference. But this is nol to minimize the oppression movement, and the working class to be part of the middle class. of the other Third World minorities. It is simply to state the If you had a job you were already suspect, especially if you were situation realistically - and the reality is a growing consdous ness a member of organized labor.But by the time Huey Newton was of the imporlaJ1ce of Third World unity in the fight againsL oppres­ arrested, he bad begun very systematically to see the necessity for sion by capitalism. a revolutionary ideology. And it was within that context that the Is 1here a r1owl11c realhation tla.2t lle strurcte ap.inst i-'?'perla&--m.� • N� Black Panther Party began to move more and more to the left and a.nd. nd.sm at home 2.re ,art ol the same struigte :against the capihhst to consider Marxism-Leninism as its science, to be put into practice system'! by organizing black people. And as they realized that the struggle This realization is growing but it still has a long way to go. is a class struggle, they beganto find ways of having alliances with Wh�n Nixon made his speech on November 3, just prior to the whites - alliances which our comrades have, of course, facilitated. big antiwar demonstrations scheduled for November 15, 1969, he announced the Vietnamization withdrawal plan. Because tbe peace How do you vlew the reJatJon.shlp betwu.n oppression of blae.kS and op-, presslon of other Third World minorities In the Vnl� States, movement in the main is a stu.dent movement and a youth move• ment, jt is by definilion. young and inexperienced. Its s'C>gans may The sn·uggle against oppression is a common struggle to get rid be anti-imperialist and its anti-imperialist consciousness is grow­ of the oppressor, but historically, because of the_ oppresslon that ing. Bu.t Nixon's announced Vietnamization plan caught tbe peace comes from slavery, and the fact of an entire people being the movement completely off balance. 'They tended to accept 1he victims of capitalist oppression, it is different for blacks. It is dif­ concept of VietnarnJZation - and you can readily sc<> th.e role that ferent because blacks are the largest minority in the United States racism plays in thu - to believe that, as long as United States and the touchstone of capitalism's ability to • ule. A whole people soldiers were not doing the killing, it was all right for Vietnamese are oppressed, regardless of their class, because they cannot be in­ to kill Vietnamese. Even the moral character of the peace move­ tegrated into any level of the society that oppresses them a.nd ment was forgotten in the eagerness to accept an "a1d" to the war. because they are overwhelmingly - 95% - members of the work­ At the same time, It became clear that the peace movement had ing class. Blacks in the United States must be viewed as the central not concerned itself with the repression of black people within force around which the struggle against capitalism must move and the United States. Because il was at this time that the conspiracy the force that capitalism uses to keep the working class divided. trial was taking place in Chicago and Bobby Seale, after be.ng a I

gagged and bound in cour� for weeks, was severed from that trial. the link between the killing of members of the Black Panther Pacty There wa! not the same kmd of demonstration by the peace move­ me t against w�at happened to Bobby Seale as there bad been and the killing o[ their fou_r student colleagues. The role of the � left in linking these two questions, therefore, becomes extremely aga1!1St the war itself. And there. was even a slowness on the part of his codefendants to react to this open act of racism in a Federal important In fact, I would say that tb.e link has not been pro�rly made Court. There have been n_,urders of hosts of black people, without any demonstrations oppos10g them. And even with the murder of .for the international movement either. There was less publiCJ1y in the United States given to the killing of the black students :in the. two Black Panther leaders in Chicago, when it became very obvious that there was a conspi.racy on the part of the Federal Augusta and Jackson, Mississippi, than to the killing oi white students at Kent and the world press followed suit. So blaek Governm�nt - executive, judicial, and administrative - that all these bodies had come together to smash the Black Panther Party, killings have not received proper treatment in the p�ess of the yt.orld movement. We in the trnited Stales have to be very critical even then . there were not the same kinds of mobilizations and demonstrations as had occurre-· a real anti-,mpenahst consciousness in the peace movement there try can be bought 01£ by that ,imperialism, can collaborate "'-ith w?uld h�ve been an awareness that a United States atte.;,pt at . imperialism. They see 1heir interests as being more involved V1etnam1zahon was not Just to get troops out of Viet Nam but to with imperialism than with their own class. Such people have regau� control of all Asia. But if you have an anti-imperialist become the top leaders of the United States working class. They consc10usness based on morality rather than a fundamental un­ . are class collaborationists. Many of the skilled worke:rs have been derstanding of the role of Umted States imperialism then 'ou are J able to raise their standard of living far beyond the majority of unprepared to stop a Nixon from invading Cambodi�. An this is workers, because they enjoy the fruits of US imperial:ism. Cap1t.al­ what happened to the peace movement. 10 their benefit. As a result, they have played the role, not The students who began to demonstrate against the involvement ism is of raising the class consciousness of the working class, b'1t of delay­ f t�e Un.lted States in Cambodia, seldom carried signs connecting ? ing that process. 11 with Viet Nam. This was true at Kent, for instance. So you see The working class, then, has tended to be extremely militant the spo tan us c�ar cter of the protest, and the fact that the strug­ � � � around its fight for wages, but bas not had the same militancy agamst imper1al1sm is not automatically connected with the g!e even about worldng conditions. Because black worken; bad, in the right of people to have their national liberation. main, been kept at a relatively low wage, black workec,; at the So wh n the students w�re killed at Kent, the people's movement � present time tend to be more militant. They realize thal they can was agam taken by surprlSe. They did not connect the repression . no longer move into this preferential treatment that many other agamst blacks with the policy of moving the country more and members of the working class enjoy; that their wages tend to be more to the right. And so they did not assume that students who depressed; that the gap between the wages of black workers and demonst�ated against e inva�ion of Cambodia would be shot down � white workers is widening tothe temporary benefit - and I want oy •ctionary re ress,ve bodies. And even much later, at demon­ � p to underline the word temp0rary - of the white workert1. What strations 10 Washmgton, the Kent students still did not understand happens, for example in t'he automobile industry, is that black there can be no successful revolution in the United States. workers have the jobs at the point of production where exploita­ Tlus is proven by those le,aders of the black liberation movement tion is the greate_st. But of course there is also a natural develop­ who are coopted. by th.e bourgeoisie, and become bourgeois them­ ment of capitalism. Black workers are now becoming more selves. Their role is not to organize masses to resist the advances concentrated in automobile industries. And these industries are of capitalism, but to extend the benefits o! capitalism to a ,·ery ::_,ery necess�ry for the maximum profit. So that, in order to build minute segment of the black bourgeoisie, still keeping the wocldng an automobile you have an assembly line of frame builders. An class in. the position of greater and greater exploitation. And in automobile, of course, can never be complete without a frame. this case, the exploitation ts by blacks as well as bs whites. In many factories in Detroit, black workers are the majority of frame builders, and it is impossible now for a plant operate if To what extent mar the resumption of Us -van.rua.rd r� e •1 th• AmerXan to work.inf c1ass be reiated tci the arned strqgle for natio•U lJbf:ra1ioa wllcb the black workers of that plant should go on strike. u belnf waged 111 tbe 'flurd World at prestnt - sp«IJlcall, In Africa, And because black workers see the political ramifications of this, Asia 1.nd Latl.n Amtricaf they te0:d to challenge those who collaborate with the ruling class, and �heir consciousness as workers is considerably raised. But it "To the extent that this nnk and file that I spoke of challenges reqwres the efforts of the whole working class, black and white the politics of the leadership of the trade union movement, �d UJ'!ited in opposition to the bosses, to raise the total level of con'. to the extent that it begins to recognize the US as truly an imperial­ sc1ousness to any large degree. In many industries, rank and file ist oountry, and to realiie that it has an a(finity with the whole caucuses are now developing with certain advanced forces in their of the working class. throughout the world, it will assumi> its vanguard role. This level of understanding is still in infancy ranks_, forces outside the leadership, outside the categories of paid its functionaries. These are black and white. There are also black Most workers are still concerned with their immediate conditions caucuses within the trade union movement. And they are now in in the United States. the process of challenging the do-nothing approach of George For example, when the postal workers went on strike, although Meany's AFL-CIO leadership, and the rest of the hierarchy of labor it was a most militant strike, they were afraid of linking their leaders. condltions with the war in Viet Nam because they felt that would weaken their bargaining power. So that there is still a hesitanc>" In recent times the strugg-les of the peoples of the Third World :llld the oo the part of the working class to linl< the struggles of the work• skurrle of the student movement, parUcularly in the most developed coun• tries, have led .some theoreUelans to the conclusion that the workln1 class ing class with the world movement or the movement for national is oo loqer playJnc a vanruard role in the struggle for the constr-11.ctlon of liberation. a new society. The question is whether your analysts .of the situation There has been some ·attempt to organize the workers 1o oppose •f the working class In the Unlled States today lmplle• this conclusion or the war in Viet Nam. Little by little, it is taking place but i: is whether you $Imply consider t�I the American working class Is now mill pa9Slng lhrourh • stare whlc11 ml&ht be overcome In the future. very very minor. For example, one of the ways in which ihis can be achieved is in construction. One of the first things that Nixon did before his V1etnamization speech was to announce a cut . First of all, to imply that the working class is not carrying out its vanguard role is not the same as saying that it does not liave back in housing construction ID the United States. Naturally, the that role to play. I don't feel that the student movement will ever working dass sees that there is a connection between the war carry through a revolution, for practical reasons if for no others. and between what is possible in a peace-lime economy. But at For example, the students in New York University went on strike the same time, unlike other countries, the United States econcmy against the war in Cambodia. The bosses were able to organize just booms during a war, b«ause of the exploitation o( other p<:<>· a number of construction workers to oppose the studen ts, and pies. So there is, again, a temporary benefit. But because that these workers beat the students up. Now, the working class, if benefit is so temporary, the workers begin to feel it in a number not organized against the ruling class, can become a force for of ways. In the main, in taxation, lack of housing, lack of med1cel reaction and can be made a fascist working class. This is par­ care. ticulaily true in an advanced country, a developed country. The 1n New York City, to take an important example, refo1m ls no working class, if organized, will and can lead the rest of the popula­ longer possible. You can no longer build enough hosp1t•l• •nough tion. This does not mean that the consciousness of the student housing, enough schools without at the same time endinr. the war movement agai.nst oppression does not play an important role in But if you end the war, there will be more unemp'oyml"'ll. ln other raising the consciousness of the working class; but the working words, if there are houses, people can't afford thP.m So th� 111u1- _-. 111;1 II.a class must assume its role as vanguard. Otherwise, in my opinion, lion in New York can no longer be viewed as a situation in which important. limited reforms will work. Radical changes have to take place. The resistance to the slogan of "Black Power" came fcom these And unless there are radical changes, the city will continue losing forces in the general st�dent and liberal movement who felt that its ability to take care of its population. black peopl_e were asklng for too much too fast. Rather than For the working class to assume this vanguard role, means agreeing tllat the slogan was splitting, I would sa�· that 1t show� placing the blame for the plight of the people of the United States that, even wilbin the progressive movement, whiteswere not ready squarely on capitalism, and identifying its own struggle wilh that to grapple w1th their own racism. And that they were really afraid of other peoples. to attempt to organize whites, and that they really gave in to the capitalists on this whole question of racism. 1n reference to the st.ru,gles or peoples of the. Third World, how does The charge of violence has also been made by such people, par­ ih• Commu.nlst P•rty view lheD· ticularly against the Black Panther Party. Now with respect to Unents of Africa. As.la and Latin America ac:ainst lm--pe.rillli.!t domlnation! the Black Panther Parly, the position that any thinking radical Many understood the correct policies of peaceful coexistence would take is that, in the United States, seli-defense is a constitu­ between di.Uerent social systems to mean also coexistence between tional right, and to deny self-defense to black people is ridiculous. oppressor and oppressed. This Jack o, ideological clarity led in But you cannot very well defend yourself \\•ithout guns. And in some instances to a de facto suggestion· that the national libera­ the beginning, the Black Panther Party made the gun the organiz­ tion movements should not necessarily utilize armed struggle to ing issue and the manifestation of militancy. So instead of having achieve their freedom. And In addition to .that, this incorrect un­ an ideology on which to base a demonstration, or instead of going derstanding of the theory made it possible to underestimate the out to organize around a specific need of black people, they spent importance of the national liberation struggles throughout the a great deal of time talking about the necessity to arm. But in Third World, ·which are absolutely necessary to the defeat of my opinion there were never any appeals for violence on the part imperialism. I think the world communist movement, including of the :lllack Panther Party. Stokely Carmichael did, however, our own Commi.,1ist Party, has begun to correct its understanding make such appeals, specifically around the time of the upsurge of the theory of peaceful coexistence, I think the Communist Party in Washington, DC. But even this was never really an app-.,al to in the United States understands that the forces for national libera­ take to tne streets in armed warfare. tion have the right and the necessity to struggle with arms - and The resolution of tne Communist Party In 1969 took the position that their continuing struggle has, in itself, i.ncreased our under­ that black people have not only the right but the duty to defend standing of that necessity. themselves, their homes and their property by whatever means, The repercussions of that on our own _party policy raise new including arms; but that the best defense is the organi:tation oE questions as to what our international responsibility is, and how masses of black people, specifically the working class, in etio1ts we explain it to our own working class. Withln this context, any to resist the advances and the repressive measures of capitalism. opportunlsm on the part of our Party serves to hold back the And that the role of whites - the white working class and es­ understanding of our own working class. So that the whole ques­ pecially the Communist Party - ls to be at the side of black tion of armed struggle becomes not only il)'lportant for an inter­ people in whatever method of struggle. national understanding, but for the raising of consciousness in N'o appeals to violence as the answer to the problems of oppressed our own country. people can organize these people. It is necessary to arousethe total .Refenlnr aialn to the bl.t.c.k mo»-t.ment and to the slotan ••otack Power," black community to make their voices and demands known, to which was used by tht moSt radical organi.iatioos. such :IS the Btnck indicate forcefully that lhey will not tolerate the repress:on and Pa.nthtr Party, wbo were the:n accused or spUttin.i the movement with murder of the Black Panther Party and its leadership, or any other thls storan of us1'lek Power" and their continuous exbortatfon.s to 'Y'loltnce leaders of organizations opposed to racist oppression and genocide or riPts, sloran raet to dividefor the ratherachleven1e.nt than unHe their the black.bu.man movement! dJd the in ttnd under US capitalism. While we view the struggle for black liberation as an absolute The cry for "Black Power" did two things: it raised the level necessity for the defeat of US imperialism, we do not $ee that of consciousness of black people because it meant, in the first struggle as one to be conducted by black people alone. Race \'1!-C· place, that unity of black people was an absolute prerequisite for fare is not only not the answer but is an empty, defeatist gesture. winning any meaningful changes. But it also meant that all black It means suicide for masses ol blacks and temporary victory for people had to be organized, and in that sense it was extremely capitalism. �ncepts concerning the govnnrnenI Imperialism need there is one road of Pe.,ple's Unity arose, as ,vas to that guaranteesthat triumph: u-med be expected, in the form of opinions struggle. We are absolutely con• tbat were sometimes contradictory vinced that it is ne>t possible to have and ofteJ> tlivergent. a people's triumph wilhout the The situation which this electoral mobilization of the masses, without triumph presents is cerUlio.ly 11• tneir par1icipatioo. in the s11uggle nique, since the very pariiet and against imperialism, agamst the movemen1s tliat make up People's oligarchies, and that thar partici­ Unity and the government itseU pation is going to be expre53ed in will have to continue spelling out diiferent form.s, depending on the hs tactical movements as it goes particular con di t le>ns of each along in order to construct what it country. The parlles that make up proposes, which is a people's govern­ People's Unity aod the government ment, a state of workers, peasants, itself know and they �:terate in­ and middle sectors of the citi� and sistently that the govermneni- but countryside. These, in fact, were not power- ha.$ been won as a the social bases that made possible product of this eleetoral victory. the ele, over a long Some who have been unable to nation. t.bc l)O:litlon of re;ictlonuy forces that the Allende a:ovemment faces, and period of tim.e, have detennined evaluate with profundit>· the elec­ the p0Ullcal pro.cram ot People"• Unity, the situat1on 1hat made possible thls toral triumph of People's Unity At the whose tulllllment wUl repre,ent a demoli.th• iriumph of people's forces in elec­ seem to forget that in just one mas­ tni blow to the economic Jnterat.t of the tions. The reformists, the pseudo­ sacre, thssible what has happened. since as it materialized, as the ideas argued that, to accomplish the 111 were put down in black and white, changes that peoples oppressed by II A Chilean verse asks: the countryside will have in their through theLondon stock exchange; army, air force and navy on.cl.splay , Where are tbe assassins hands the powers necessary to apply only 15',;I, of Chile's topper produc­ exhibiting their modern arma:inents, That killed to kill? the People's Unity program. With tion is sold on the United Slates their methods of transpor1ation, ln We sweai by the earth the present laws and Constitution market. and the other 15% g<>Es to efficient mititary preparation The That we shall find them. this program cannot be imple• Latin America anpular song up or down at their whim and We believe that the 51eps the agrarian reform law put into prac­ s r Santa �lana of lquique answer to their interes1S. The People' U,iity go"e nm.ent . takes tice by the previous government, e e by the young Chilean musician Chil ans are aware that modem, will b very certain and will be the Frei government, because this s Luis Advis industry needs copper as a fish aimed at mashing the Slructure of law has good provisions which, needs water, that without copper imperialism and the oligarch)' and The People's Unity program when applied with fidelity to its the industry of the developed above all the North American im­ proposes a transformation of the concepts and utilizing the instru­ countries cannot move. The mon­ perialist monopolies and the !eudal Chilean State and of Chilean society ment s it creates, can be deepened opolies appropriated not only coppe� elements. Ch, le has a very nearby as well as the necessity for trans­ by means of frank and radical ex­ but also iron, uranium, coal enemy, an enemy that is working ferring the power that has been in propriation. Moreover, the creation and sat ,peter. Tbe North American intensively to overturn tbe People's the !land s of imperialism, the mon­ of slate farms or ranches is pro­ monopolies, which aJter the Firsl Unity government if it is penni.tted opolists, •latifundists and oligarch­ posed, the authorization of arable World War generally replaced theiz to do s1>.This enemy is Argentine ists, to transfer this power into the land, small extensions !or the peas· English competitors in Chile and reaction, located on th e 01hec side hands of the workers, the peasants, ants, just as is cooperativization, South America, were the owners of of the border. The reactionary Ar• the middle classes. For such large­ the joining together of peasants to the country. gentine militarists serve the . n• scale transformation, it is necessary eliminate the unproductive mini­ At the time of the so-called Pa• terests of YanJcee imper.alil;m and to break the straitjacket of the fundia. cific war of 1he second half of tbe the Chilean oligarchy. structure that has been established As for the monopolies-basically 19th cen1ury, the vast oorthern In order to prevent Allende from in Chile by those sectors of power the monopolies that control copper, extension where the copper and taking power. the ultraright, nat:,. which still maintain intact their coal, iron and saltpeter-nationaliza­ saltpeter mines are ,located passed urally with the assistance of the ability to apply pressure and black­ tion wih be prxlaimed. Neither in into Chilean hand$. This is an area sadly notorious CIA, prepared a mail, and who aren't off on a cloud the People's Unity program nor in of app roximately three times the sinister plan aecnrding to wnich but are very much aware that the conversations with leaders have we territorial limits of Cuba, a vast Argentina would provide arms a_nd People's Unity government ser­ read or heard anything about pay­ desert where the daytime temper­ the military uniforms o1 recrwts. iously menaces their interests and ment or how it will work, whether atures are extremt>ly high and at Dressed as soldiers, the conspirator-. privileges. some payment will be made to these nlgnl the thermometer dropsbelow would attack the poor peo[)le of But to break out of this strait· monopolies, these latifundists. The zero. Santiago and the suburbs of tn e jacket that impedes the implemen­ program wisely establishes that, If the People's Unity government capital thus launching an apparent "All these expropriations will tation of the People's Unity program, intends, as it inevitably must,. to people's struggle wit� the arJl!ed the devil's tail has to be �ut off, the always be made with full regard seize the financial mteres1s of tm· forces. It was a diabohcaJ plan like vital interests of imperialism and· for the interests of the small stock­ perialism, of the monopolists and aII CIA plans. lt was 1101 carried the oligarchies that have dominated holder." Chi-le is one of the chief the Cnilean oligarchy, immediately out b�cause of the assassination of Chile thrl>ughout its existence have producers of copper in the world; there will be an organized resistance General Rene Schneider, Com­ to be affected. It has been suggested with Zambia, the Congo and Peru, that will make tb.e situation dif­ mander in Chief of the Army. that' there is a need to approve a these are the four most impJrtant ficu-lt but with the support of the W)jo participated in this as.sao­ new Constitution or substantially copper exporters in the world. peapl� and the working masses it sination but the clemems en amend the present one to reflect Contrary to the prognostications will come out of this confrontation tbe ultraright who carried out the the country's new situation in which of those who seek to paralyze the with ease. crime without even using a third the workers, the peasants and those PeJple's Unity government with We were pr

� oF toda� tolerance which, on the other hand, makes those African w?rkers them­ selves pay dearly. In other words, they pay to enter the country, a country which on the other hand now says: "But these people have come w:ithout being invited; we don't know them; we have no responsibility for them. The Internal Colony Their dwelJings are uninhabitable! But there are too many oi them.'' Jean-Paul Sartre There are too many of them, but not so many that they don� all serve the French E<:onomy. What it allows equally - for one yes, for one no - is to have the threat of expulsion hanging over them, precis1>ly becallSe they have not been invited! You see, to begin with, that it is necessary to "iew this famous facce qf the underground as the type of immigration the owners, in fact, want. In effect, the metropolis used to import r,rw material from the colony. It still does so, although now under a form of neocolonialism. This is what 1>xplains, as has been said very well, the destruction of the structures of the African countries for the bene1it of the former me­ tropolls. And it is a-lso what explains (it is a circle) that the immigrant workers are more numerous than before, be<:a\lSe, clearly, in their country the situation is becoming more and more di11icult. Wbat is imported today with these men? They want to import them as what one might call "human raw ma­ terial"; that is, they want them to be unskilled workers: unskilled precisely because skilled work will be reserved for the French workers; moreover they are systematically denied the possibilities for appren­ ticeship when they are working. One of them - all of this is in the book - who, for e,cample, asked permission to study in order to hold \ a skilled job, was told: "We have no need here for skilled workers nor .Je.an-P-au\ :-J.artre. tne mucn-discwsed French philosopher who P*ttett3tH 10 �ply into even specialized workers, we need manual labor.'' Kuropeo_.-, potJUcal think.In., and, CTom this perapeeUve viitws the sltu;it.Jon ol the 'Third It is therefore clear that they want to reduce the worker to ibe limit World'� makes this commentary on Le llvre cl.es tra.vaUleu.r1 al'r-tu.b,1 ea f'ru.te (The Book of his most elemental possibilities. And when skilled worker,; appear ot African Workeri l.n France). published br the General Union ot Senqi:;alese Workers among the Senegalese and the Africans in general, they make them in Fntrice (VGTSF). In Ma�pero 8diUons, The commentary le: $art.re's denunciation of the tttatmeot ,i,en A!rlcan workers in work in jobs very inferior to their skill (there are cooks in Le Havre Frar.ce- not only the Senegalese - end how the1 a.re used !or an i.ndclinite prolonga;tion who have worked for 30 years in a hotel as dishwashers, although th1>y ot the French oolonlal systt-m, and It w:u released durlna the debate over the book'• know their trade perfectly) or, then, if they give them their correct publJcaUon organirect by UGTSF. position, they pay them much less than the work demands. Sucll is the TrtoonUnental ccnsidet.1 it neces.,ary to pubUsll &rtn'& words on the work whJch i• protu1e1Y and met..iculou.sly documented. case with a truck driver, for example, who is presently working - I don't remember in which town - as a truck driver and ls paid as WHAT one understands when one reads this book, is that the situation a peon. to which the African workers are subjected - and many other im­ So it is a general policy. This policy has great advantages for the migrant workers along with them - is not due to negligence, nor solely owner: first, those imported are "formed" men; that is, the owner and, to racism: the superexploitation of the African worker is necessary to in iieneral, the French economy, do not have to support the legitimate the French capitalist economy. weight of a childhood in which they would have to invesL One has It is often said of the North Americans that they have their colonies to be at least 14 or 15 years old to work, which means that from birth "at home," in their own country; and what France is doing is trying up to the moment a person enters a plant, an industry or any work, he to reconstruct internally .the colonies she has lost. We see, in particular, has 15 nonproductive years. These 15 years are si.nply wiped out in the the meaning of the system that integrates the African workers into our case of the formed man who is imported, one who will be inc0l'pora1ed economy. into the work force immediately, after three days of apprenticeship, for First of all, the book is very clear on one thing: the underground. example. Thus, these men, and there are a million suctt men - I do The underground is a farce: it is in .fact a policy of immigration. As one not speak of the Senegalese alone - a million men, which allows of the Africans questioned states very well: "You don't walk from the French owner a considerable saving. Moreover, they perform tasb Senegal, you come by boat; consequently, this boat arrives at a port, that the French workers !ind more and more repugnant, and so, as has 11£arsei1Jes for example, and how can the 30 or 50 African workers peen said very well, they are not integrated into the French working aboard disembark without the tolerance of the police!" Tolerance which, class but are left on the side line. They are subworkers. Thus a racism one the one hand, is evidently dictated by the needs of the patrons; develops that is very useful to capital. Then they do everything possiblea D Ounsi Hajj, editor in charge of the Lebanese newspaper Al Nahor, one of whose owners is 10 prevent them from entering French life and progressing like any of other Frenchman. They do everything possible to make them keep their the present Minister Infor­ native tongue, and not learn any other language that would allow them mation and EducaUon, the jow-­ to read and write. Whenever it is necessary to teach them, volunteers, nalist Chassan Tueni, has been and usually French revolutionaries, undertake the task. But there is arrested and tried before a mili­ nothing that permits literacy education. Why? Because "where there tary instruction judge for lhe Is no elite there are no problems," is what they said in the Belgian "publication of information ccm­ Congo (and on the other hand this later caused many problems). sidered defamahry to the aJ"my, Finally, they only allow them to associate with each other; the Gener?! and particularly the Second Bu­ Union of Senegalese Workers in France (UGTSF) is a so-called "foreign" reau [security];• the local press association; now it takes only a decree of the Ministry of the Interior reports. to dissolve a foreign association, without motive; consequently, any pos• Such an "offense" ls covered. in sibility of a union is highly precarious. Finally, on the question of Article 157 of the MilitaJ"y Cod<> social welfare, for example, which in principle they must receive, there which still remains in opere1ion are significant benefits as follows: only if their families are with them despite the law recently p=ed do they receive any family subsidy; of course ii is quite evident that by the legislature but still not the mgjority of African workers do not bring their families out of operative, which transfers to the their country because they are living here precisely to send whatever exclusive jurisdiction of th� civil money they can to support their families. Consequently, either they courts "ofienses by the p7ess" are not paid these benefits or if they sometimes receive some, they are whatever their nature may be. at a much lower rate. Nevertheless, they say to the African workers: In its Christmas edition, Al "But ;vou have not been robbed. because all this reverts to the social Nalta.-, according to the English action fund which, for example, must construct homes with this money." language bulleti11 Aral> World But do you know how deceitful that is? Because, finally, they ask these of December 24, gave its readers African workers themselves, with the money to which they have a right, DIWB bB�lftd to build houses that later belong to the state and which they never "a list of Lebantse leaders, for­ eign ambassadors, military as­ enjoy for very long because, in general, there is this famous rotation Ue nBIIIB . movement which permits the replacement of men worn out by fatigue sistants, journalists and offices I of and illness; they would never have more than two or three years in the Palestine rnmmando or- a house they had paid for. As you see, this is both a'cheat and a major beneUt for French industry. Consequently the African worker is super­ exploited and he is superexploited because it is not possible for the French economy to maintain a competitive comer in Europe if it does not, precisely, use men that are poorly paid, who receive salaries inferior to the salaries of French workers. As you know, there is a whole horrible process that follows from this - that is to say, the places where they actually live - because the housing that should be constructed for them has not been built. There is discrimination and the constant possibility of being expelled and then the actual expulsions (all those that have taken place since 1968 are cited in the work). But in a more general manner, tens of thousands of men are destroyed; they send them back to their country without a skilled job, having contracted illnesses due to the change of climate �ut above all, because of the unhealthy conditions in which they live; they have been constantly exploited and superexploited. And all this solely and consciously because this labor force - this truly colonial labor force - is necessary. For these reasons I believe that everyone must read this book because they must be aware through deeds, not theories, only through deeds, of the mechanism of superexploitation; and recognize that we really have our colonies in the interior, as the North Americans do, with the difference that the situation of the North American blacks ls a little less bad than the situation of the Africans who work in our country. I the Prime l'liniS1er and an llon­ ganiz.ations whose telephone con­ propriation of funds, etc." the ea..­ The newspapers published il, orable deputy. The Second llu­ the .progr�.riLJe fmces of versations had been systematical: tiTe wo,lt will stngqle to keep Jy recorded by said Burtau." Arabic, and reau, In searcb of spies, began Al Hayai Al BayToq, recording the telephone conversa the ="Y politica.i prisonera "This list [the information con­ were quoted by Ara!, World on ­ tions of the PrimE> Minister." o?'rested by the J"unto fr01r>. ben.g tinues) was found by Prime December 9 as follows: "The high liguide110ed. ofCicials of the special Lebanese physically Minister Saeb Salam during hls the from surprise investigation (November services, generally known as the D Alekos Panago111is was the 1 would hope th.at cry author, in November of 1968, of an <>i Gree!c from o 14) into the department of audH Second Bureau, have been re­ the depths a ceU, attempt on the I ife of the Greek pri.soner u,Jto sujJers olo,ig wi.th control of Lebanese security, moved from their positions and Prime Minister Georges Papa­ toil! Ile rouiu! housed on the fourth floor of the named to Lebanese embassY posts many others, heard dopoulos. Later condemned to W01'l1t ,... in these On November 16, according to briel Lahhoud, assigned to Czech­ terrible moments. the information !rom oslovakia; Colonel Ahmed Al Hajj preventing his immediate exect1- Al Nahar tion. FO'T yta,s "!lOU> l !ired the Prime Minister decided t� to Argentina; Lieutenant Colonel two h11ve Below is the text of a let­ tn. total i.solotion 411.d lwve ;,,f­ close the department of audit Michel Saad to Senegal; Captain ter written by Panagoulis from fered numerous tortu.reJ� flagella.- control of the Central Post Office George Horouk to Guinea, and prison. 1 Ion -witli cable 4rtd >Ton co rdz "wh.ich, up until then, bad as its Commander Sarni Al Khatib to I write thu letter It.ope over the whole body; bl01<>s ,nf!ic­ object recording private conver­ Liberia." with the the cf rh4.t The purge in the security ap­ that .It$ co,u.mu cari reach ell ted on bottom the jeer sations . ., me11 foot; The "listening bureau" was paratus by the Prime Minister those who struggle against hav, fractured my right cTime and fight jar its di.soppeor­ chest arid rib blows (1h1ee established in 1939 during the and Minister of the Interior, Saeb 1'ibs brokt11); cig,nette buntS on Salam, has been brusquely spread ance. l write with the hope that French occupation, for the pur­ it -will world harits and genitd orpo11$; pose of hunting down spies. around by ex-Prime Minister give strength to the At opinion's commi1me"t to introducticm of 4 catheter hect­ the end of the war and after Rashid Karami. the ed OM end; iiitroduct:ion struggle of our people for liberty, at of independence was obtained in Arab World itself, on Decem­ stoppers in.to the rupiTatory pcz­ ber 9, reported that Karam! ac­ democracy. jtL.ttice ond progress. r 1943, it continued to function write with the ce,tairtty i.:cie1tiolt; during the Chehab government. cused Salam of "obscenity" and also that sage nlmost causi11.g a,ph The bureau passed into the hands "cowardice" and that the weight of the "special services." On No­ of his verbal barrage was con­ vember 9, Arab World puf>­ centrated on "the decision of the lished an extractfrom an editorial Prilne Minister to end the control that appea�ed In the newspaper of the telephone calls " arguing Al Amoe, organ of the Progres­ that "such a measure' will have sive Socialist Party, written by as its effect weakening the per­ the ex-Minister of the Interior secution of spies in Lebanon," and directo: of said political or­ alleging that the country "has _ ganization, Kamal Jumblatt ex­ various spy centers" In reply horting the "new governme�t to Salam challenged hi� "to give a try before a special tribunal, a single example of a spy intrigue group of army officers enlisted that had been discovered here by in the tspet:ial services',n whom means of recording telephone 0 be accused of "taking advantage conversations. of positions held during the re­ Reporting . on a fiery parlia­ gimes of Fuad Chenah and Char­ mentary session on November 27, les Ha!ou to extort money from the loeal press described the the state, the Lebanese casino, the Prime Minister fighting hls op­ banks (INTRA and Al Ahli); ponents to a standstill: "Some control of telephone conversa­ �elieve the telephonic recording tions; interception of personal is necessary to keep any possible messa ges, cables, letters; imposi­ Israeli espionage under surveil­ tion of protective fines against lance, but the first to fall under merchants, financiers, illicit ap- this surveillance turn out to be Iii interrogation for the military l refustd all food until September pulling out locks of hair; p,event­ policl' fESA). A subordinate told S ( 47 day•), they then promised ceive newtpape,s. l die1d de111. e vi.tit from reprue1tta1itles ol tAe nakos and Inspector1 Malios and and added that they were now net.0spoper$ ,ind food from my lniernational Red C,oss (lRC), Babalis. going to be able to interrog�e me family. I agreed to eat, but on to whom I desc1ibeox made of u1M11t 3 by l.50 to a lawyer and then l was only arrived." They led me to th.e wh.en l fi,ully recei-•ed the pClCk­ meters the minimal dime...siom able to ,ee him in the presence Boyati prison and put me in ages st11t by my motlier. allowed by the Intentational Red. bf a representative of the Junta. a cell without a bed, with wall$ On October B, 1969, they SU1'• Cross. Theofil.os Yannalcos threatened that were damp and green from inised me in the middle of an The most tragic e,,eitt for me, me throughout the entire pro­ the humidity. In order to have attempted e$COpe. They put me and the most characteristic of �he ceedings. Before the Military Tri­ them take off the handcuffs that beck in hcndcujfs, tied my feet, criminal a.cts on the pan of ihe bunal I complained against him I wore permanently, I began a took atoay the bed, the papers, Junta' occurred °"April 9, .J970, and against Malios and Babalis hunger strike. This hunger $trike cigarettes, pacl«igu. In spite of when they tried to auasnMte because of their falsifications. lasted until December 21, 1968, my state of e:rhe1urtion I began a me. The operati()TI. failed. a11d the They added to my record a sup­ the day they all.owed me to see new hunger strike. Begin?ling on Junta pre$entecl it a, a suim -..a­ stlf from the criminal actions of Mario Alves, and describes her btcause one': own sorrou, is al­ terial and h11.ma117t1ouues of o-.it the f"8cist Junta, which hCl8 not suffering and her angujsh to the way: greater than that of other,. country, B102il, cou 1d l>e ued for given it. l)TO­ fr,r one minute up wife of the kidnapped consul: But I hope you un der1to11d that 1he benef1t of all. recido ;tcts, I have no other Tecourse S�a Apa Gomide: the co-nditio-n., that determined I hope for a h4pp-,1 e.n(Ung for than thil denunciation, aware your •uf­ public Everyone is of the kid1tapph1g of your hw1ian4 you an,d yo-v.rs. uiith the hope that the membeTS fering, your anxiety. The spoken o,id the to death of mine torture Ditmo Bo-,�� Viei.-a of the commission that are con. and written preu is conceTned a.re the same. lt ls important 1D ctTned about wm bear wit­ with your drama every doy: your me lcnaw what ,s t>io!ence-h,.nger, The body of Marlo Alves c!Js­ ness. I also hope that my effort husband, o goveTnment official violence-muery, violence-oppre,­ will protect other l)Tisoners that serving outside the country, was appeared. Everything pomts to non, violt:nct-oackward11et,, v!o- U,e belief that, 011 orders o1 Ma.jar are also held in secret. kidnapped, involved in on event 1.Tturers of the now become a popular figure, First Army and the DOPS [De­ "like a face with many heads partment of Political and Social presented in an exposition," says Order). the man in the street. But they Some pri,oners who were taken haven't told all there is to tell to the torture chamber to cleon about her. They haven't written the blood and e:rCTement of the a single line about a letter she dirty floor saw my husband dying, received from another woman, the with blood streaming out of hil wile of a journalist and polit,. mouth and nose, naked, thrown !cal prisoner assassinated In the on the fwor, panting, and begging Army police barracks In Rio de for water. And meanwhile, the Janeiro more than a year ago. military torturers laughed while The letter was sent to her by they refused to o!low him to be DUma Borges Vieira, wife of the given an11 help. II r.------,u TION OUPON C �:: 1����! : c�: I ��!����l! i I I covering a year's subscription to Tricontinental (six issues) I Name ______I Address______, I I City______Country______Mail to: P.O. Box 4224, Havana, Cuba. I Subscription rates: $3.60; · F 20; L 3000 or its equivalent in Swiss francs, pounds sterling, or Canadian dollars. '------'I Please send no checks or money orders for US dollars. I T RICO NT I N ENT AL, theoretical organ of the Executive Secretariat of OSPAAAL: information • theoretical articles • contributions by outstanding leaders from·the three continents. activities and development of the OSPMAL member organizations • books frot'll the Third World and on the Third World: the national liberation movements presented through previously­ uopubhshed texts and photographs - documents and speeches in 10 sections alternativelv published. 81monthly. Publfahed In tour languege•: Spanlah, Engllah, French, and ltall■n. Distributed by: OSPAAAL, Llnee y o, Vedado, Havana, Cub■; Mupero Edlllona, 1 Place P■ut Palnlev,. Paris a. Franc•i Fettrlnelll Bookahop, MIian. ttaly. � 111 a Ill®> Ill � Ill • Ill � Ill � 1/1IDI Ill Q Ill I 1/1