This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights and duplication or sale of all or part is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for research, private study, criticism/review or educational purposes. Electronic or print copies are for your own personal, non- commercial use and shall not be passed to any other individual. No quotation may be published without proper acknowledgement. For any other use, or to quote extensively from the work, permission must be obtained from the copyright holder/s. THE SCHOOLS OF THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH IN ENGLAND: A STUDY OF DIOCESAN INVOLVEMENT SINCE 1944 Thesis submitted to the University of Keele for the Degree of Doctor of. Philosophy by Sydney Edward Kelly JUNE 1978 '`._ i i f .s ýýýJ. ý. ý.\' ,.. r Text cut off in original PREFACE The Established Church, prominent in the field of voluntary school provision during the greater part of the nineteenth century, made a major contribution to the foundation of the maintained schools system in this country. In terms of the history of the dual system in England and Wales, the one hundred years or so from the early 1870s to the present day might conveniently be divided into three approximately equal periods punctuated by the Education Acts of 1902 and 1944. The first period was marked by competition between voluntary and board schools and was embittered both by interdenominational rivalry and by fierce political controversy. Although the Church of England emerged from that period with a coherent policy, that it should retain and enlarge its considerable influence within the public elementary schools sector, there were within its ranks those who sought facilities for denominational teaching in local authority provided schools as an alternative to expenditure by the Church of scarce resources. In the event the Church not only failed to extend its voluntary school provision in England during the second of the three periods but, since it was compelled for want of financial resources to resist educational reforms, it lost ground during the period. Dual system reform in 1944 offered to voluntary schools a choice of the alternatives of aided and controlled status. Whereas managers of the Roman Catholic voluntary schools in England sought and obtained aided status, managers of Church of England schools in about one half of the parishes in the English dioceses found it convenient to accept controlled status for their schools. Exercise of the option of controlled status was, throughout the third period, to be a cause of division among Anglican Churchmen in England in regard both to the desirability and the purpose of continued financial involvement in the maintained schools system. That division of opinion, at national and diocesan level, and the consequences to voluntary school provision within the Anglican dioceses in England of their adoption of a particular policy, are examined in this work. ................. 0.............................. The writer wishes to place on record his great indebtedness to all those who have given to him so generously both of their time and their experience: the many bishops, clergy, deaconesses, patrons of livings, headteachers and other lay people within the 43 Anglican dioceses in England, the archbishops and bishops of the Roman Catholic dioceses in England and the chairmen of education committees of the local education authorities in England who responded to questionnaires; Anglican diocesan secretaries; the General Secretary of the National Society; the Secretary of General Synod; the Financial Secretary to the Church Commissioners; the Assistant Secretary of the Central Board of Finance of the Church of England; the Secretary of the Catholic Education Council; the Secretary of the Division of Education and Youth of the Methodist Church; librarians and archivists, especially those of the Lambeth Palace Library and of Liverpool Central Library; members of the staff of the Statistics Branch of the Department of Education and Science and, in particular, his supervisor Dr. Marjorie Cruickshank of the University of Keele. C0NT ENT S page Abstract Chapter 1 An Outline of the Study 1 2 The Background to the Study 15 3 Anglican Debate on Education, post-1944: the National Debate 35 4 Anglican Debate on Education, post-1944: Diocesan Debates and Attitudes 61 5 The Church of England Voluntary Schools in the Anglican Dioceses in England, 1972-1975 106 6 Influences within the Anglican Dioceses on Church of England Voluntary School Provision in England, post-1944 138 7 Some Financial Aspects of Church of England School Provision in the Anglican Dioceses in England 192 8 Aided, Special Agreement and Controlled Status: Opinion and Practice in some Parishes and Schools in Anglican Dioceses in England 222 9 The Future of Anglican Voluntary Schools: Views from some English Dioceses c. 1975 257 10 Conclusions 307 Bibliography 320 Appendix The Questionnaires: Analysis of Numbers Sent and of Numbers Returned i Transcripts of the Ten Basic Questionnaires iii The Anglican Dioceses in England: Foundation Dates xxx Map: The Anglican Dioceses in the Provinces of York, Canterbury and Wales xxxi The Anglican Dioceses in England: Some Geographical Details xxxii The Anglican Dioceses in England: Numbers and Sizes of Parishes xxxv The Anglican Dioceses in England: Populations, Electoral Rolls and Annual Incomes of Parochial Church Councils xxxvii The Anglican Dioceses in England: Confirmations, 1968, compared with Infant Baptisms, 1953 xxxix The Diocesan Directors of Education in the English Dioceses, 1945-1976: Number of Years Tenure of Office xli The Maintained Schools in England and Wales, 1947-1975 xliii The Maintained Schools in England and Wales, 1947-1975: Percentage Distribution by Denomination xliv The Church of England Voluntary Primary Schools in England and Wales, 1955-1975: An Analysis by Status xlv The Church of England Voluntary Secondary Schools in England and Wales, 1955-1975: An Analysis by Status xlvi Church of England Voluntary Primary Schools in the English Dioceses, c. 1972: An Analysis by Status and Size of Parish xlvii Church of England Aided and Controlled Primary (including First) Schools in the English Dioceses, c. 1972: An Analysis by the Proportion of Aided Schools in a Diocese xlix Church of England Voluntary Primary Schools in the English Dioceses, c. 1972: Aided and Controfed Schools in each Diocese as a Percentage of the number of Large and Small Parishes in the Dioceses 1 Church of England Voluntary Middle and Secondary Schools in the English Dioceses, c. 1975: Analysis by Status Iii Church of England Voluntary Secondary Schools in the English Dioceses, c. 1975: An Analysis by Rank Order of Numbers of Aided and Special Agreement and of Controlled Schools in a Diocese liii Primary Schools in the English Dioceses established jointly by. the Church of England 1977 lv and the Methodist Church: the position in Methodist Voluntary Primary Schools in the Areas lvi of the Anglican Dioceses Memorandum concerning the Involvement of the Methodist Church in Maintained Primary School Provision in England, 1977 lvii Grants and Loans to Dioceses from the Church Schools Fund of the General Synod Board of Finance, 1958-1977 lix Analysis, by size of Loan and of Grant, of Monies received by the English Dioceses from the General Synod Board of Finance, 1958-1977 lxi The Barchester Scheme: An Example of its Implementation lxiii Transcript: Preamble to the Statutes of the Woodard Corporation lxviii ABSTRACT Analysis of figures relating to the numbers and the status of Church of England schools in the 43 Anglican dioceses in England within the period 1972-1975 and of questionnaire responses from some 2,000 bishops, clergy, headteachers and other lay people in those dioceses, tögether with examination of post-1944 Church Assembly, General Synod and diocesan documents, reveal wide variety in individual diocesan policies concerning voluntary school provision and in the nature and extent of that provision, but little diocesan involvement with the Anglican independent schools. In the absence both of national direction and of diocesan authority the pattern of Anglican voluntary aided and controlled school provision which has developed in England since 1944 owes more to parochial decision than to diocesan policy and administration. The extent of that provision has declined markedly since 1944 and conditions exist for continued decline. A national Church of England policy for the future of its schools is unlikely to emerge but continued financial stringency has in recent years led to a movement within the dioceses towards acceptance of the concept of the selective retention of aided schools so as to perpetuate a Church presence at strategic points within the maintained schools system. A presence in terms only of aided schools raises the question of the future of the controlled school. There is considerable evidence within the dioceses of misinterpretation, whether or not intentional, of the responsibilities and limitations imposed by controlled status and it is suggested that, if the rate of grant aid to managers and governors of aided schools were again to be increased, controlled status be withdrawn, with appropriate safeguards, and the acquisition of aided status then be seen, in retrospect, to have been a process of selection leading towards a permanent solution to the problem of dual system reform. -1- CHAPTER ONE AN OUTLINE'OF'THE STUDY- "The Church of England is a very loose-knit form of episcopal congregationalism. It is quite innocent of any coherent system of personnel administration. All shades of theological belief are tolerated, from near traditionalist Roman Catholicism at the one extreme to near secular humanism at the other. It is exceedingly difficult to see how so diverse an organisation could have a generally acceptable policy on any topic of major controversy, or how its mission to society could be stated in any simple or direct form. " Durham Report on Religious Education, The Fourth R, (London, 1970), pp.