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Physical Planning of Wind Power Experiences from Denmark 2 Physical Planning of Wind Power

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Physical Planning of Wind Power Experiences from Denmark 2 Physical Planning of Wind Power Energy Policy Toolkit on Physical Planning of Wind Power Experiences from Denmark 2 Physical Planning of Wind Power The toolkits are drafted by the Danish Energy Agency Abbreviations (DEA) under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building. DEA will publish a series of toolkits pro- CHP Combined Heat and Power production viding specific, technical and concrete information on DC Direct Current Danish experiences and lessons learned on tools and DEA Danish Energy Agency measures in promoting renewable energy and energy EIA Environmental Impact Assessments efficiency, targeting practitioners, governmental GHG Greenhouse Gas energy experts and policy makers in growth econo- GW Giga Watt mies and developing countries. The aim is to give qual- kV Kilo Volt ified guidance to countries in their implementation of kW Kilo Watt Green House Gas (GHG) reduction measures and Low LEDS Low Emission Development Strategies Emission Development Strategies (LEDS). MW Mega Watt Power Electricity Comments to this policy toolkit as well as queries PSO Public Service Obligation on the Danish Energy Agency’s Global Assistance R&D Research and development are most welcome. The idea is to further refine rec- R, D & D Research, development and ommendations according to identified needs in demonstration growth economies and developing countries. For RE Renewable Energy comments and queries please contact: Mr. Kristian TSO Transmission System Operator Havskov Sørensen, Chief Advisor, e-mail: [email protected], phone +45 3392 6738. For more information on DEA’s Global Assistance and its policy toolkits please visit www.ens.dk/en/Global-assistance. Energy Policy Toolkit 3 Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Policies, targets and framework conditions ................................................................................................ 6 Status on wind power deployment in Denmark .......................................................................... 6 Further development of wind power towards 2020 .................................................................. 8 General framework conditions for wind power ........................................................................... 8 Wind resources mapping ....................................................................................................... 9 Natural Environment ................................................................................................................ 9 Noise and shadow effects .................................................................................................... 10 Other infrastructure and land use interests ................................................................... 11 General framework for grid planning ............................................................................................ 12 Public acceptance ................................................................................................................................. 14 Onshore wind turbines .................................................................................................................................... 16 Siting ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Consent procedure ............................................................................................................................... 18 Process for the Environmental Impact Assessment .................................................... 18 Appearance ............................................................................................................................... 20 Offshore wind turbines .................................................................................................................................... 22 Siting ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 Consent procedure ............................................................................................................................... 30 Offshore Tender ....................................................................................................................... 30 Near-shore Tender ................................................................................................................... 34 Turbines for test and demonstration ............................................................................... 35 Open door .................................................................................................................................. 35 Key Messages ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 Annex ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 4 Physical Planning of Wind Power Introduction Countries around the world face challenging energy the energy mix and on the timing and scope of invest- choices today that may have significant implications ments in energy production and grids etc. Making bad for many years to come. choices today may lock-in polluting and/or expensive energy infrastructure for several decades. Therefore Economic growth and future prosperity is confronted energy choices should be based on the best available by rapidly increasing energy needs worldwide. The guidance and experiences. bulk of today’s global energy production is based on unsustainable fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. This This policy toolkit presents and discusses Danish les- poses a serious climate threat as well as a threat to the sons learned on the physical planning of wind tur- livelihood of future generations and people living in bines and is the second of three Danish toolkits in adversely affected regions and countries. the area wind energy. The three wind policy toolkits all focus on key aspects and challenges and barriers Concrete actions by countries as well as international with regard to increasing the share of energy from efforts to find solutions to mitigate global warming are wind power. The first wind power toolkit addresses the needed. Strong national strategies to phase out fossil challenge of integrating increasing shares of fluctuat- fuels and in parallel increase the production of renew- ing wind power into the power grid. The Danish case able energy and use that energy much more efficiently proves that this challenge is manageable by applying than we do today are needed. the right set of policy tools and measures, notably with regard to system operation and market instruments2. Denmark has years of experience in sustainable energy The third wind toolkit will present and discuss Danish transition promoting energy efficiency and renewable lessons learned on financing and support schemes for energy that could be relevant to countries wishing to wind power. make their energy systems more sustainable and less dependent on fossil fuels. Denmark has over the years developed and improved the regulation on physical planning of wind power Wind power today amounts to approximately 30% reflecting the early and high deployment of wind of Danish electricity consumption. This achievement power. In looking for the best sites for wind turbines can be traced back to the energy crisis of the 1970s the concrete wind resources should always be an and has fostered a unique cluster of experiences and important driver as it improves the efficiency of wind expertise that may prove valuable to other countries. power. However, involvement and addressing possible concerns of local stakeholders might be less important Firmly rooted in measures adopted by a broad parlia- in some countries with less deployment of wind power mentary majority Denmark will by 2020 have: compared to the Danish case. Hence, the detailed description of the various regulations in Denmark › 35% renewable energy in final energy on physical planning will not be equally important consumption. across different countries, but hopefully some of the described regulation will be of relevance either now or › 50% of electricity consumption supplied by in a not so distant future. wind power. The toolkits are drafted by the Danish Energy Agency › 7.5% reduction in gross energy consumption in (DEA) under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy relation to 2010. and Building. DEA will publish a series of toolkits pro- viding specific, technical and concrete information on › 35% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Danish experiences and lessons learned on tools and relation to 19901. measures in promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency, targeting practitioners, governmental This is in line with Denmark’s long-term target of 100% energy experts and policy makers in growth econo- renewable energy by 2050. mies and developing countries. The aim is to give qualified guidance to countries in their implementa- Energy choices revolve around choosing appropriate tion of Green House Gas (GHG) reduction measures policies and measures, on decisions with regard
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