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Universidad Nacional Del Altiplano De Puno Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Escuela Profesional De Biología UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO DE PUNO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA BIOGEOGRAFÍA, PERCEPCIÓN LOCAL ACERCA DE SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS DE LOS BOSQUES DE Polylepis spp. Y USOS QUE IMPACTAN SU ÁREA EN EL DISTRITO DE NUÑOA. TESIS PRESENTADO POR: Bach. DENISON RUSINOW CHOQUE LLACSA PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA PUNO – PERÚ 2019 2 DEDICATORIA A Dios por haberme dado fuerzas, salud, bienestar para seguir adelante, y lograr mis objetivos, además de no apartarse de mí; en ningún momento. A mis padres: Clímaco y Fidela. Por ser el pilar fundamental en todo lo que soy, en toda mi educación, tanto académica, como de la vida, por su apoyo incondicional a través del tiempo. A mi tesoro más grande en esta vida: Jacob Alessandro, gracias por iluminarme con la paz de tu sonrisa, por motivarme, por enseñarme a tener paciencia y disfrutar de la vida. Fuiste mi motivo más grande para concluir con este proyecto. Al amor de mi vida: Yenny Ccota, por ser una persona maravillosa, por todo el amor y bondad que me ofrece y por haber estado a mi lado en esta etapa de mi vida. De: Denison R. Choque 3 AGRADECIMIENTO A la primera casa de estudios Universidad Nacional del Altiplano y a la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, por acogerme y brindarme la oportunidad de formarme profesionalmente. A los docentes de la Escuela Profesional de Biología, que con sus conocimientos y enseñanzas contribuyeron en mi formación académica. Al Dr. Ángel Canales Gutiérrez por todas las observaciones, crítica y sugerencias para la encaminación de esta investigación y su culminación exitosa. A la Ph.D. Robeen Sears y a la Dra. Meagan Massarino, por su apoyo, asesoría en la ejecución de este proyecto. A la ONG Ceda Apacheta; presidido por el MVZ. Alex Montufar Condorena y a la Blga. Ruth León Banegas, por todo el apoyo en la ejecución de este proyecto de investigación. A la Mg. Ivon Rocio Gutierrez, por el apoyo y las recomendaciones para la encaminación de esta investigación. Al Blgo. Wilman Mendoza, por el apoyo en el procesamiento de mis mapas. Agradezco de manera muy especial a mi director de tesis, M.Sc. Alfredo Ludwig Loza del Carpio, quien dirigió e hizo posible su culminación, por su apoyo en la finalización de mi tesis. A los miembros de jurado, Dr. Dante Choquehuanca Panclas, M.Sc. Gilmar Gamaliel Goysueta Camacho y al Mg. Alberto Choquecota Riva, por todos los consejos y sugerencias, para culminar mi trabajo de investigación. Finalmente, a las personas que contribuyeron de alguna manera, a quienes me brindaron ideas y consejos para que se culmine mi proyecto de investigación. 4 ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................... 8 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ............................................................................... 12 ÍNDICE DE ACRÓNIMOS ..................................................................... 14 RESUMEN ................................................................................................. 16 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... 17 I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. Hipótesis ..................................................................................... 19 1.1.1. Hipótesis general ..................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Hipótesis específica ................................................................. 19 1.2. Objetivo ...................................................................................... 20 1.2.1. Objetivo general ...................................................................... 20 1.2.2. Objetivos específicos ............................................................... 20 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 2.1. Antecedentes .............................................................................. 21 2.2. Marco teórico ............................................................................. 26 2.2.1. El género Polylepis .................................................................. 26 2.2.2. Los bosques andinos en un contexto internacional.............. 29 5 2.2.3. Los bosques en un contexto nacional .................................... 29 2.2.4. Los bosques y el cambio climático ......................................... 31 2.2.5. Deforestación en bosques andinos ......................................... 33 2.2.6. Los bosques como proveedores de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos ............................................................................ 33 2.2.7. Biogeografía ............................................................................. 35 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 3.1. Área de estudio .......................................................................... 38 3.2. Tipo de estudio ........................................................................... 41 3.3. Población y muestra .................................................................. 41 3.4. Para el primer objetivo: Estimar la biogeografía de los bosques ubicados en el distrito de Nuñoa. ............................ 41 3.4.1. Método especifico de la investigación ................................... 41 3.4.1.1. Trabajo de campo ............................................................ 43 3.4.2. Trabajo de gabinete ................................................................ 44 3.4.2.1. Análisis estadístico ........................................................... 44 3.6.1. Método especifico de la investigación ................................... 46 3.6.1.1. Población y muestra......................................................... 47 3.5.1.2. Trabajo de campo ............................................................ 48 6 3.6.1.2. Trabajo de gabinete ......................................................... 48 3.6.1.2.1. Análisis estadístico .................................................... 48 3.6. Para el tercer objetivo: Identificar los usos e impactos de las comunidades a los bosques. ......................................... 49 3.6.1. Método especifico de la investigación ................................... 49 3.6.1.1. Población y muestra......................................................... 50 3.6.1.2. Trabajo de gabinete ......................................................... 50 3.6.1.2.1. Análisis estadístico .................................................... 50 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 4.1 Estimación de la biogeografía de los bosques ubicados en el distrito de Nuñoa. .................................................................... 51 4.2. Percepción de los pobladores acerca de servicios ecosistémicos en el distrito de Nuñoa a través de encuestas y reuniones focales. ................................................ 61 4.3. Identificación de los usos e impactos de las comunidades a los bosques. ........................................................................... 66 V. CONCLUSIONES VI. RECOMENDACIONES VII. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ANEXOS 7 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Tipos de bosques en el Perú. Fuente: Unidad de Mapeo de Bosques y Monitoreo de su Conservación - PNCBMCC, 2015 (MINAM, 2016). .............................................................. 30 Figura 2. Mapa de ubicación del distrito de Nuñoa, junio a diciembre del 2018. .................................................................................... 39 Figura 3. Dominancia de los pajonales (A y B) en el distrito de Nuñoa - 2018. .......................................................................................... 40 Figura 4. Imagen satelital de los parches identificados, extraído del programa de libre acceso Google Earth. ................................... 42 Figura 5. Área de las parcelas instaladas en los bosques evaluados (40 x 10)400m², en el distrito de Nuñoa – 2018. ...................... 43 Figura 6. Mapa con ubicación de los bosques de Queñua identificados en el distrito de Nuñoa - 2018. .................................................. 52 Figura 7. Imagen satelital del sector Sachapata (A), sector Caccili (B), sector Huancho (C) y Sector Anansaya (D), con la ubicación de las parcelas instaladas; del distrito de Nuñoa, realizado durante los meses de junio a diciembre del 2018. .................... 55 Figura 8. Gráfico de cajas de diámetro (A), altura (B) y comparación de tocones y rebrotes, mostrado en gráfico de puntos (C); 8 obtenido de los bosques evaluados del distrito de Nuñoa, junio a diciembre del 2018........................................................ 58 Figura 9. Gráfico de barras, para cada pregunta, obtenido de la percepción de la población de las comunidades involucradas al ámbito de estudio de los bosques de Queñua en el distrito de Nuñoa realizado entre junio a diciembre del 2018. ............. 65 Figura 10. Gráfico de barras de las principales actividades y usos de las comunidades involucradas al ámbito de estudio, del distrito de Nuñoa; realizado durante los meses de junio a diciembre del 2018. ................................................................... 68 Figura 11. Ficha de encuesta, tomada para la evaluación de la percepción de las comunidades de Nuñoa, junio a diciembre del 2018, parte uno. ................................................................... 81 Figura 12. Ficha de encuesta, tomada para la evaluación de la percepción de las comunidades de Nuñoa, junio a diciembre del 2018, parte dos. ................................................................... 82 Figura 13. Diferencia por clase altimétrica y diamétrica de los
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