I. Methoden Und Zielsetzungen Siedlungsgenetischer

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I. Methoden Und Zielsetzungen Siedlungsgenetischer 10 Erdkunde Band 29/1975 SIEDLUNGSGENETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN IN FARS Ein Beitrag zum Wüstungsproblem im Orient Mit 3 Abbildungen, z. T. als Beilage I GERHARD KORTUM Summary: Studies in the genesis of settlement in Fars. A neuen Stadt "Marvdasht", der auch für den Distrikt contribution to the problern of Settlement desertion in the (Dehestan) und die gesamte Ebene herangezogen wird, Orient bedeutet "Ebene von Marv". Marv war ein zur sassa­ The development of settlement in the more densely nidischen Stadt Istakhr gehörender Bezirk in diesem settled central steppe and the nomadic areas of the south Iranian province of Fars has not been continuous between Teil der Ebene, der sprachlich auf die Wurzel "Marg-", its prehistoric origins and the modern phase of expansion. d. h. "Grasland, Weidegebiet" zurückzuführen ist. In many areas, periods of flourishing settlement were Nomadische Nutzung läßt sich, besonders in Perioden interspersed by periods of decline and settlement retreat. des Siedlungsrückgangs, für die Ebene bis in die Ge­ This often took on cyclical character. The numerous set­ genwart verfolgen. Marvdasht als Siedlungsname ist tlement traces of different epochs, for example in the Marv­ für das 11. und 18. Jahrhundert belegt. Die Reste die­ dasht Plain north of Shiraz, show that a number of systems ser literarisch überlieferten, später wieder aufgegebe­ overlay each other before the development of the recent nen Ortschaften müssen in den über 100 Siedlungs­ modern settlement structure. The main sources for recon­ struction of settlement development, apart from genetic spuren verschiedener Epochen in dem beschriebenen traces in the landscape, are archaeological maps, Persian Radius gesucht werden. Im Gegensatz zu der nahen, topographies and the accounts of European travellers. schon im Mittelalter verlassenen Stadt Istakhr war In contrast to Central Europe, many rural areas in Fars Persepolis selbst nie eine Ansiedlung, sondern ist nur and Iran have a high incidence of settlement desertion. The als jahreszeitlich benutzte rituelle Palastanlage der reasons include climatic anomalies, dependence on quanats Achämeniden zu deuten. and other delicate irrigation works, the phase-like devel­ In historischer Sicht hat sich der zentrale Ort der opment of nomadism and frequent polideal unrest. Ebene ständig verschoben: Im westlichen, teilweise vom Kor Rud bewässerten Neyriz-Becken war die "In Persia villages are easily ruined, and restored heutige Stadt Marvdasht Nachfolgeein des nunmehr with difficulty." sekundären Zentrums Zarqan und des safavidischen E. STACK in "Six Months in Persia", London 1882, Bazarortes Mirgascum. Dieser wurde von KÄMPFER Bd. I, S. 87. 1685, LE BRUYN 1737 und NIEBUHR 1778 beschrieben und konnte in der Nähe des heutigen Dorfes Firuzi lokalisiert werden. Noch ältere städtische Zentren mit I. Methoden und Zielsetzungen siedlungsgenetischer überregionalen Funktionen waren die bislang nur teil­ Untersuchungen in Südiran weise ausgegrabene Stadt Istakhr und die erst 1972 von HANSMAN bei dem Dorf Malyan (Dehestan In den folgenden Ausführungen sollen emtge in Beyza) in einem 300 ha großen Siedlungshügel (Tall) südiranischen Bewässerungslandschaften deutlich wer­ identifizierte elamitische Stadt Anshan des 3. und 4. dende Regelhaftigkeiten der siedlungshistorischen Ent­ Jahrtausends v. Chr. Diesen Zentren waren jeweils wick.lung von neolithischen Anfängen bis zum moder­ später überlagerte ländliche Siedlungssysteme zu~eor~­ nen Ausbau herausgestellt werden. Bis in die Gegen­ net. Heute macht die Umgebung von Persepohs mtt wart führten Wüstungsprozesse und neu entfaltete zunehmendem pumpbewässerten Zuckerrübenanbau, Siedlungssysteme zu einer oft zyklischen Umwertung der Verstädterung sowie Industrialisierung von Marv­ der Räume. dasht und Tourismus eine Sonderentwicklung durch. Ein Rundblick von der Terrasse von Persepolis über Diese wenigen Angaben über einen Raum in Mittelfars die 1600 m hoch gelegene Marvdasht-Ebene nördlich mögen vorerst ausreichen, um die Labilität, aber auch von Shirazl) läßt einen Großteil der heutigen 27 länd• Dynamik der Siedlungsstruktur sowie einige sich hier­ lichen Siedlungen in einem Umkreis von 10 km erken­ aus ergebende siedlungshistorische Ansätze zu kenn­ nen (vgl. Abb. 2, Beil. I). In südlicher Richtung liegt an zeichnen. Diese werden in Fars durch eine relativ gün• der Hauptstraße zur Provinzhauptstadt die junge, auf­ stige Quellenlage begünstigt. blühende Landstadt Marvdasht, die sich erst um eine So kann man zwei durch zeitgenössische historisch­ 1935 errichtete Zuckerfabrik entwickelte und 1966 topographische Werke belegte Zeitschnitte de~ heu­ schon 17 000 Einwohner zählte. Der Name dieser tigen Strukturbild gegenüberstellen. Es handelt steh um das "Farsnama" (d. h. Buch von Fars) von IBN AL BALKHI 1116 (LESTRANGE 1912) und das alle Distrikte I) Im folgenden werden Ortsnamen größtenteils nach ~er englischen Transskription des Village Gazetteer umschne­ und seinerzeit bestehende Ortschaften beschreibende ben. "Farsnama-ye-Naseri" des HASAN-E-FASAI von 1895 Gerhard Kortum: Siedlungsgenetische Untersuchungen in Pars 11 (vgl. DEMORGNY 1913 und BussE 1972). Unzählige Restform oder etwa in Ramdjerd als variierte Neu­ weitere Hinweise ergeben sich bei den durch ScHwARZ auflage der safavidischen Siedlungsstruktur gedeutet 1896-1936 und LE STRANGE 1930 zusammengefaßten werden. In den Aufzeichnungen von ABBOTT 1857 Beschreibungen der arabisch-persischen Geographen über die Distrikte Farrashband, Afzar und Qir va und der reichen im 17. Jh. einsetzenden europäischen Karzin in dem unter 1200 m liegenden Garmsir-Gebiet Reiseliteratur. Wichtige Grundlagen siedlungsgeneti­ von Fars wird ebenfalls deutlich, daß dort innerhalb scher Untersuchungen sind der siedlungsarchäologische weniger Jahre Dörfer verlassen und wieder besiedelt Befund und eine genetische Interpretation der heutigen wurden. Möglicherweise verlief die tatsächliche Ent­ Strukturen, wie sie sich teilweise in den Viilage wicklung weitaus differenzierter, als sie in den weit­ Gazetteers niederschlagen. Ortliehe Befragungen kön• gehend materialmäßig bedingten Zeitschnitten deut­ nen nur für die Ermittlung von Flurnamen und lich werden kann. In Fars wird im historischen Sied­ die Rekonstruktion des modernen Ausbaus sichere Er­ lungsbefund eine ständige, oft zyklische Umwertung gebnisse bringen. Im Gelände und auf Luftbildern sind der Räume erkennbar. Dieses Merkmal läßt sich mit vielfach ältere Ortslagen, oft auf neolithischen TaUs der wiederholt vorgebrachten Hypothese verbinden, liegende alte Friedhöfe sowie verfallene Kanäle und daß ein regelhafter Wechsel von Besiedlungs- und Ver­ Qanate festzustellen. Bislang fehlen aber Hinweise auf fallsphasen seit vorgeschichtlicher Zeit ein allgemein flurgenetische Entwicklungen, die beispielsweise auf für viele orientalische Landschaften kennzeichnendes das Alter der iranischen Langstreifenflur deuten könn• Phänomen der Kulturlandschaftsgenese sei (vgl. HüT• ten. Altfluren sind, sofern noch vorhanden, in den TEROTH 1969 und EHLERS 1971). Nach den bisherigen Ebenen teilweise unter der heutigen Oberfläche zu Ergebnissen in Fars kann in modellhafter Vereinfa­ suchen. Die Wurzeln neolithischer TaUs liegen bis zu chung festgestellt werden, daß die Abfolge älterer Aus­ 40 cm tief in den Alluvionen (so Tall-e-Bakun). Zu bauphasen keine prinzipiellen Veränderungen ergab. einer Lösung dieser offenen Fragen könnten im Ge­ Seit etwa 1900 folgte dann die moderne Entwicklung, lände oder auf tuftbildern feststellbare Flurrelikte in die auf eine Optimierung der lnwertsetzung gerichtet eindeutig datierbaren, später nicht wieder besiedelten ist. Das Umschlagen der Wandlungen in Entwicklung Wüstungslandschaften beitragen. Derartige Räume wird dabei teilweise durch die Diffusion der von den sind durch siedlungsgenetische Untersuchungen etwa in Städten ausstrahlenden Innovationen im Zuge der einigen zentralen Teilen der Marvdasht-Ebene, im Verwestlichung des Agrarraumes ausgelöst. Als Bei­ Dehestan Sarvestan und einigen Hochtälern nachweis­ spiele seien hier nur die Verbreitung der Pumpbewäs• bar. serung, die Mechanisierung der Landwirtschaft sowie - Einige Hauptfragenkreise der meist aus reichlicheren in bestimmtem Umfang - die schubweise erfolgende Quellen schöpfenden historischen Siedlungsgeographie und irreversibel gewordene Seßhaftwerdung von No­ in Mitteleuropa lassen sich fruchtbar auf den Orient maden genannt. übertragen. Genannt seien in diesem Zusammenhang Vor diesem theoretischen Hintergrund und der nur das Altlandschaftsproblem und die Erfassung und Kenntnis verschiedener Wüstungsphasen erscheint eine Deutung von Wüstungsprozessen. Weniger erfolgreich Neubewertung der mittelalterlichen Quellen angebracht. aber lassen sich bislang die verfeinerten Methoden an­ Auch neuere historisch-topographische Arbeiten, wie wenden, insbesondere in Hinblick auf entwicklungs­ sie GAUBE 1973 für die nordwestlich an Fars grenzende geschichtliche Betrachtungen von Flur- und Orts­ Provinz Arragan/Kuh-Giluyeh vorlegte, verstärken formen. die Auffassung, daß die arabisch-persischen Geogra­ Die hier nur kurz entwickelten siedlungsgenetischen phen des Mittelalters keineswegs "unglaubliche Lügen" Betrachtungen müssen sich vorerst mit der Entstehung (so BRUGSCH 1862/63) verbreiteten. Die noch von und Verteilung sowie dem Verfall ländlicher Sied­ BoBEK 1955 vorgebrachte Warnung vor allzu wört• lungssysteme begnügen. Hierbei nimmt in einem inter­ licher Interpretation der oft überschwenglichen Be­ disziplinären Ansatz
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