DOCSLIB.ORG

Vector Competence and Mosquito-Arbovirus Relationships Vector Competence in the Lab Vectorial Capacity in the Fields

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vector Competence and Mosquito-Arbovirus Relationships Vector Competence in the Lab Vectorial Capacity in the Fields Webinar July 07, 2021; 11:00 -12:30 MediLabSecure Entomo group vector competence and mosquito-arbovirus relationships vector competence in the lab vectorial capacity in the fields WNV CHIKV Aedes RVFV Culex DENV ZIKV YFV Examples of scientific questions: - What is the vector responsible of WNV transmission in my country? - What permit the persistence of dengue virus in inter-epizootic period? - Is Culex pipiens a secondary vector of WNV? - Between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which one is the major vector of dengue virus in my country? Bad example Entomologist Virologist Good example Entomologist Virologist Three speakers: Anna-Bella Failloux How to obtain vector status? the example of Zika virus Mawlouth Diallo Experimental infection of mosquito with arbovirus in order to evaluate the vector competence Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero Mosquito-borne epornitic flaviviruses emerging in the Mediterranean How to get the status of vector? the example of Zika vectors Anna-Bella FAILLOUX Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Department of Virology The most important arboviruses Dengue 1 Japan (1943) Zika Uganda (1947) Yellow fever Nigeria (1927) Chikungunya Tanzania (1952) Transmission cycles Non-human primates Bridge vectors? Arboreal canopy-dwelling Aedes spp. Anthropophilic mosquitoes Sylvatic cycle Zone of emergence Epidemic cycle The same epidemic vectors Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus Houé et al. Emerg. Microbes Infect. (2019) Aedes mosquitoes Main criteria to be a vector 1. Effective contacts between pathogen-infected host and the mosquito; the feeding behavior 2. Association in time and space of the vector and the pathogen-infected host 3. Repeated demonstration of natural infection of the vector 4. Experimental transmission of the pathogen by the vector Main criteria to be a vector 1. Effective contacts with pathogen’s host and feeding 2. Association in time and space of the vector and the pathogen infected host 3. Repeated demonstration of natural infection of the vector 4. Experimental transmission of the pathogen by the vector a Global Alliance For Zika Virus Control & Prevention (52 partners, coordination: Inserm) Mosquito sampling Epidemic Bridge vectors vectors and enzootic transmission Brazil x x French Guyana x x Guadeloupe x Gabon x x Cambodia x x Senegal x x Suriname x x Mass screening of arboviruses ▪ Develop a high-throughput real-time PCR chip (BioMarkTM dynamic arrays) 84 viral species / more than 150 genotypes Samples Targets ▪ Screen 17,958 mosquitoes from Africa, America, and Asia: 6 countries/territories Targeting known viruses Number of Number of Examples of Family Genus viral species genotypes viruses targeted targeted targeted Bunyavirus/ Bunyaviridae Orthobunyavirus/ 24 38 Rift Valley fever virus Phlébovirus Flaviviridae Flavivirus 18 42 West Nile Togaviridae Alphavirus 12 40 Ross River Seadornavirus / Reoviridae 2 2 Banna Orbivirus Mesoniviridae Mesonivirus 1 1 Nam Dinh Rhabdoviridae Vesiculovirus 1 1 Jurona BioMarkTM Dynamic Array Samples - Taqman probe (FAM – BHQ1): Tm 70°C - Primers: Tm 60°C - qPCR program: Pre-incubation 95°C 5 min Amplification 95°C 10 s Targets (45 cycles) 60°C 15 s 96x96 chip → 9216 reactions 48.48 chip → 2304 reactions Time cost: 30 min Financial cost : 4.5 à 9.11 centimes/reaction Development of the HT system 95 Assays (primers and probe targeted viral species) and one design for E. coli (internal control) 92 reference samples and 4 negative control Number of mosquitoes Period of collections Arbovirus identified examined French Guyana 3942 June – August 2016 ZIKV – Aedes aegypti ZIKV – Culex Guadeloupe 2173 May – June 2016 quinquefasciatus ZIKV – Aedes aegypti Suriname 2310 March – May 2017 No virus detected Moutailler et al. Viruses (2019) Number of mosquitoes Period of collections Arbovirus identified examined Senegal 934 August – Nov. 2017 YFV – Aedes furcifer May 2019 No virus detected Cambodia 492 Nov. 2018 YFV - Aedes scapularis YFV - Aedes taeniorhynchus YFV - Haemagogus leucocelaenus Brazil 7705 Jan. 2016 – May 2017 CHIKV - Culex erraticus CHIKV - Runchomyia humboldti Trivittatus virus - Culex nigripalpus Moutailler et al. Viruses (2019) Main criteria to be a vector 1. Effective contact with pathogen’s host and feeding 2. Association in time and space of the vector and the pathogen infected host 3. Repeated demonstration of natural infection of the vector 4. Experimental transmission of the pathogen by the vector Vector competence Bellone & Failloux. Front. Microbiol. (2020) May 15 2015: first cases in Brazil ➢ 1,5 million cases ➢ > 45 American countries E gene In Brazil 100 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 80 June 2015 – May 2016 60 1,683 mosquitoes captured (720 ♀ + 963 ♂) 40 Day 4 pi Day 7 pi Infectionrtae(%) 20 0 100 80 60 40 Day 4 pi Day 7 pi 20 0 Ferreira-de-Brito et al. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz (2016) (%) rate Disseminatedinfection Chouin-Carneiro et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016) Aedes aegypti and 100 80 Aedes albopictus 60 40 Infection rate (%) rateInfection 20 0 TUB VRB Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Brazil USA 100 80 60 USA (AL) 40 20 0 Dissemination efficiency (%) efficiency Dissemination TUB VRB Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Brazil USA 100 80 Brazil (AA) 60 2000 km 40 20 Transmission efficiency (%) efficiency Transmission 0 TUB VRB Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus Chouin-Carneiro et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016) Brazil USA Cx. pipiens complex and ZIKV Infection Dissemination Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 Infectionrate(%) 0 0 3 7 14 21 3 7 14 21 Days post-infection (%) efficiency Dissemination Days post-infection Transmission Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens 100 80 60 40 20 Transmission efficiency (%) efficiency Transmission 0 3 7 14 21 Days post-infection Credit: A. Vega-Rua (I. Pasteur) Amraoui et al. Eurosurveillance (2016) No transmission by Culex spp. Head (Replication) Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens 100 80 Intra-thoracic inoculation 60 40 20 Dissemination efficiencyDissemination 0 3 7 14 Days post-infection Saliva (Transmission) Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. pipiens ~2500 viral particles 100 80 60 40 20 Amraoui et al. Eurosurveillance (2016) 0 Transmission efficiency (%) efficiency Transmission 3 7 14 Days post-infection Induction of RNAi pathways? No difference in ZIKV-specific small RNAs Non-infected ZIKV-infected Day 3 pi Day 7 pi Lack of virus-derived siRNAs Lourenço-de-Oliveira et al. J Gen Virol (2017) Field-collected populations are not able to transmit ZIKV Fernandes et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016) Aedes albopictus in Europe 20 countries 64 departments Risk for Europe France French Overseas departments Guadeloupe Martinique French Guiana Jupille et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (2016) Ae. albopictus and other ZIKV genotypes Corsica Montpellier 100 100 80 80 60 60 ZIKV Cambodia ZIKV Cambodia 40 ZIKV Dakar 40 ZIKV Dakar ZIKV Martinique ZIKV Martinique 20 20 Transmission rate (%) rate Transmission Transmission rate (%) rate Transmission 0 0 7 14 21 7 14 21 Days post-infection Days post-infection Vazeille et al. Emerg. Microbes Infect. (2019) 2019: first local cases of Zika in Hyères (South of France) Brady OJ & SI Hay. The Lancet (2019) Arboviruses and Insect Vectors R. Bellone A. Blisnick M. Vazeille P.-S. Yen M. Hocine L. Mousson J. Alexandre C. Bohers JP Martinet G. Gabiane M. Viglietta AB. Failloux National International Barré H. (Université de Corse) Busquets N. (IRTA, Spain) Delaunay P. (CHU Nice) Boyer S. (IP Cambodia) David JP. (LECA-CNRS, Grenoble) Calvitti M. (ENEA, Italy) De Lamballerie X. (IRD-AMU-Inserm) Chen CH. (NHRI, Taiwan) Gustave J. (ARS Guadeloupe) Delang L. (Univ. Leuven, Belgium) Lagneau C./Lambert G. (EID Med.) Gasperi G./Malacrida A. (Univ. Pavia, Italy) Leparc-Goffart I. (Irba) Grandadam M./ Calvez E. (IP Laos) Mavingui P. (PIMIT, La Réunion) Haddad N. (Univ. libanaise, Lebanon) Moutailler S. (Anses) James A. (Univ. California, USA) Paupy C./Simard F. (IRD) Kohl A./ Pondeville E. (Univ. Glasgow, UK) Vega-Rua A. (IP Guadeloupe) Lourenço-de-Oliviera R. (Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil) Yébakima A. (Cedre, Martinique) Merits A. (Univ. Tartu, Estonia) Sinkins S. (Univ. Glasgow, UK) Schnettler E. (BNI, Germany) Sousa CA. (IHMT, Portugal) Takken W., Pijman G. (Univ. Wageningen, NL) Veronesi E. (Univ. Zurich, Switzerland) Experimental infection of mosquito with arbovirus in order to evaluate the vector competence Mawlouth Diallo Pôle de Zoologie Médicale Institut Pasteur de Dakar Transmission cycle of arboviruses Arthopods Insects (Mosquitoes, Ticks, Sand flies, biting midges Dynamic Inter-action : Triatomes etc… The pathogen (virus, parasites…) The vertebrate host (s) Vectors The Vector(s) The environment Pathogens Virus, Parasites Bacteria Rickettsia Mammals, Reptiles, Vertebrates Birds, Batrachians Vector competence Vector Competence : definition • Ability of a mosquito species to achieve the development cycle of a virus until been infecting. – Ability to acquire infection, – Ability to replicate the virus – Ability to transmit the virus Vector Competence : Sequential step Step 1 : Infection from a viremic vertebrate Midgut Pathogen hemocoel Viremic host Vector Competence : Sequential step Unique objective of the virus/pathogens Ovaries To reach the organ governing transmission: ==> Vertical Transmission Ovaries and Salivary glands. Midgut Pathogen Viremic host hemocoel Salivary glands ==> Horizontal transmission (When the mosquito will excrete saliva during its next blood meal) Vector Competence : Sequential step Step 2. The virus pass through
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MDHHS BOL Mosquito-Borne and Tick-Borne Disease Testing
    MDHHS BUREAU OF LABORATORIES MOSQUITO-BORNE AND TICK-BORNE DISEASE TESTING MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Bureau of Laboratories (MDHHS BOL) offers comprehensive testing on clinical specimens for the following viral mosquito-borne diseases (also known as arboviruses) of concern in Michigan: California Group encephalitis viruses including La Crosse encephalitis virus (LAC) and Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (EEE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE), and West Nile virus (WNV). Testing is available free of charge through Michigan healthcare providers for their patients. Testing for mosquito-borne viruses should be considered in patients presenting with meningitis, encephalitis, or other acute neurologic illness in which an infectious etiology is suspected during the summer months in Michigan. Methodologies include: • IgM detection for five arboviruses (LAC, JCV, EEE, SLE, WNV) • Molecular detection (PCR) for WNV only • Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) is also available and may be performed on select samples when indicated The preferred sample for arbovirus serology at MDHHS BOL is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), followed by paired serum samples (acute and convalescent). In cases where CSF volume may be small, it is recommended to also include an acute serum sample. Please see the following document for detailed instructions on specimen requirements, shipping and handling instructions: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/LSGArbovirus_IgM_Antibody_Panel_8347_7.doc Michigan residents may also be exposed to mosquito-borne viruses when traveling domestically or internationally. In recent years, the most common arboviruses impacting travelers include dengue, Zika and chikungunya virus. MDHHS has the capacity to perform PCR for dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus and IgM for dengue and Zika virus to confirm commercial laboratory arbovirus findings or for complicated medical investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow Fever, a Symposium in Commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay, 1955 Jefferson History and Publications
    Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Yellow fever, a symposium in commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay, 1955 Jefferson History and Publications 9-1955 Yellow Fever - The Saraswati of Virology J. Austin Kerr Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/yellow_fever_symposium Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Kerr, J. Austin, "Yellow Fever - The Saraswati of Virology" (1955). Yellow fever, a symposium in commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay, 1955. Paper 7. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/yellow_fever_symposium/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Yellow fever, a symposium in commemoration of Carlos Juan Finlay, 1955 by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. YELLOW FEVER-THE SARASWATI OF VIROLOGY DR. J. AUSTIN KERR Director, Virus Research Center, Poona, India; Member of the Staff, International Health Division, The Rockefeller Foundation (beginning 1926). Distinguished service in many parts of the world in investiga­ tions and in applications of public health measures for the control of infectious diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbovirus Discovery in Central African Republic (1973-1993): Zika, Bozo
    Research Article Annals of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Published: 13 Nov, 2017 Arbovirus Discovery in Central African Republic (1973- 1993): Zika, Bozo, Bouboui, and More Jean François Saluzzo1, Tom Vincent2, Jay Miller3, Francisco Veas4 and Jean-Paul Gonzalez5* 1Fab’entech, Lyon, France 2O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA 3Department of Infectious Disease, Health Security Partners, Washington, DC, USA 4Laboratoire d’Immunophysiopathologie Moléculaire Comparée-UMR- Ministère de la Défense3, Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France 5Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA Abstract The progressive research on yellow fever and the subsequent emergence of the field of arbovirology in the 1950s gave rise to the continued development of a global arbovirus surveillance network with a specific focus on human pathogenic arboviruses of the tropical zone. Though unknown at the time, some of the arboviruses studies would emerge within the temperate zone decades later (e.g.: West Nile, Zika, Chikungunya). However, initial research by the surveillance network was heavily focused on the discovery, isolation, and characterization of numerous arbovirus species. Global arboviral surveillance has revealed a cryptic circulation of several arboviruses, mainly in wild cycles of the tropical forest. Although there are more than 500 registered arbovirus species, a mere one third has proved to be pathogenic to humans (CDC, 2015). Indeed, most known arboviruses did not initially demonstrate a pathogenicity to humans or other vertebrates, and were considered “orphans” (i.e. without known of vertebrate hosts). As a part of this global surveillance network, the Institut Pasteur International Network has endeavored to understand the role played by arboviruses in the etiology of febrile syndromes of unknown origin as one of its research missions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sindbis Virus Infection in Resident Birds, Migratory Birds, and Humans, Finland Satu Kurkela,*† Osmo Rätti,‡ Eili Huhtamo,* Nathalie Y
    Sindbis Virus Infection in Resident Birds, Migratory Birds, and Humans, Finland Satu Kurkela,*† Osmo Rätti,‡ Eili Huhtamo,* Nathalie Y. Uzcátegui,* J. Pekka Nuorti,§ Juha Laakkonen,*¶ Tytti Manni,* Pekka Helle,# Antti Vaheri,*† and Olli Vapalahti*†** Sindbis virus (SINV), a mosquito-borne virus that (the Americas). SINV seropositivity in humans has been causes rash and arthritis, has been causing outbreaks in reported in various areas, and antibodies to SINV have also humans every seventh year in northern Europe. To gain a been found from various bird (3–5) and mammal (6,7) spe- better understanding of SINV epidemiology in Finland, we cies. The virus has been isolated from several mosquito searched for SINV antibodies in 621 resident grouse, whose species, frogs (8), reed warblers (9), bats (10), ticks (11), population declines have coincided with human SINV out- and humans (12–14). breaks, and in 836 migratory birds. We used hemagglutina- tion-inhibition and neutralization tests for the bird samples Despite the wide distribution of SINV, symptomatic and enzyme immunoassays and hemagglutination-inhibition infections in humans have been reported in only a few for the human samples. SINV antibodies were fi rst found in geographically restricted areas, such as northern Europe, 3 birds (red-backed shrike, robin, song thrush) during their and occasionally in South Africa (12), Australia (15–18), spring migration to northern Europe. Of the grouse, 27.4% and China (13). In the early 1980s in Finland, serologic were seropositive in 2003 (1 year after a human outbreak), evidence associated SINV with rash and arthritis, known but only 1.4% were seropositive in 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun*
    Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun* Arboviruses have evolved a number of strategies to Chikungunya virus and in the family Bunyaviridae, sand- survive environmental challenges. This review examines fly fever Naples virus (often referred to as Toscana virus), the factors that may determine arbovirus emergence, pro- sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic vides examples of arboviruses that have emerged into new fever virus (CCHFV), Inkoo virus, and Tahyna virus, habitats, reviews the arbovirus situation in western Europe which is widespread throughout Europe. Rift Valley fever in detail, discusses potential arthropod vectors, and attempts to predict the risk for arbovirus emergence in the virus (RVFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) United Kingdom. We conclude that climate change is prob- could be introduced to Europe from Africa through animal ably the most important requirement for the emergence of transportation. Finally, the family Reoviridae contains a arthropodborne diseases such as dengue fever, yellow variety of animal arbovirus pathogens, including blue- fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, Crimean- tongue virus and African horse sickness virus, both known Congo hemorrhagic fever, bluetongue, and African horse to be circulating in Europe. This review considers whether sickness in the United Kingdom. While other arboviruses, any of these pathogenic arboviruses are likely to emerge such as West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Tahyna virus, and and cause disease in the United Kingdom in the foresee- Louping ill virus, apparently circulate in the United able future. Kingdom, they do not appear to present an imminent threat to humans or animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021
    Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021 Arbovirus surveillance in Florida includes endemic mosquito-borne viruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), as well as exotic viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and California encephalitis group viruses (CEV). Malaria, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease is also included. During the period of March 28- April 3, 2021, the following arboviral activity was recorded in Florida. WNV activity: No human cases of WNV infection were reported this week. No horses with WNV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to WNV this week. In 2021, positive samples from two sentinel chickens has been reported from two counties. SLEV activity: No human cases of SLEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to SLEV this week. In 2021, no positive samples have been reported. EEEV activity: No human cases of EEEV infection were reported this week. No horses with EEEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to EEEV this week. In 2021, positive samples from one horse and 14 sentinel chickens have been reported from four counties. International Travel-Associated Dengue Fever Cases: No cases of dengue fever were reported this week in persons that had international travel. In 2021, one travel-associated dengue fever case has been reported. Dengue Fever Cases Acquired in Florida: No cases of locally acquired dengue fever were reported this week. In 2021, no cases of locally acquired dengue fever have been reported.
    [Show full text]
  • William C. Gorgas- a Mini
    William C. Gorgas: A Mini DBQ Lesson Plan Grade Levels: Grades 11-12 Introduction: Mini DBQ on William C. Gorgas and his sanitation efforts when building the Panama Canal and the role the government played in slowing down the process in the beginning. Guiding Questions: Did the government slow down the sanitation process in the beginning? Did the government’s actions hamper Gorgas’ desire to eradicate malaria in Panama? How did most people in the U.S. feel about work being done in the Panama Canal originally and how did this change at the end of the work? Learning Objectives: Students will be able to analyze the documents provided and create a well developed essay stating whether or not the government hampered the sanitation efforts of Gorgas in the beginning and how public opinion changed about the project once it was completed. State COS objectives: 11.3-- Explain the impact of American imperialism, including the geographic changes due to the Open Door Policy and the Roosevelt Corollary, on the foreign policy of the United States between Reconstruction and World War I. 12.7-- Trace the development and impact of the media on the political process and public opinion in the United States. 12.13-- Explain the foreign policy of the United States and national security interests as they pertain to the role of the United States in the world community. Lesson Preparation Instructions: PBS has a website that has videos, timelines, photos, and other documents that could enhance the DBQ to make it a longer unit and give you additional background information if needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Competition Between Usutu Virus and West Nile Virus During Simultaneous and Sequential Infection of Culex Pipiens Mosquitoes
    Emerging Microbes & Infections ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/temi20 Competition between Usutu virus and West Nile virus during simultaneous and sequential infection of Culex pipiens mosquitoes Haidong Wang , Sandra R. Abbo , Tessa M. Visser , Marcel Westenberg , Corinne Geertsema , Jelke J. Fros , Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt & Gorben P. Pijlman To cite this article: Haidong Wang , Sandra R. Abbo , Tessa M. Visser , Marcel Westenberg , Corinne Geertsema , Jelke J. Fros , Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt & Gorben P. Pijlman (2020) Competition between Usutu virus and West Nile virus during simultaneous and sequential infection of Culexpipiens mosquitoes, Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9:1, 2642-2652, DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1854623 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1854623 © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa View supplementary material UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd Published online: 14 Dec 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 356 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=temi20 Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020, VOL. 9 https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1854623 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Competition between Usutu virus and West Nile virus during simultaneous and sequential infection of Culex pipiens mosquitoes Haidong Wanga, Sandra R. Abboa,
    [Show full text]
  • Usutu Virus: an Emerging Flavivirus in Europe
    Viruses 2015, 7, 219-238; doi:10.3390/v7010219 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Usutu Virus: An Emerging Flavivirus in Europe 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 Usama Ashraf , Jing Ye , Xindi Ruan , Shengfeng Wan , Bibo Zhu and Shengbo Cao 1,2,3,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (U.A.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (X.R.); [email protected] (S.W.); [email protected] (B.Z.) 2 Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China 3 Laboratory of development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-278-728-2608. Academic Editor: Karyn Johnson Received: 11 November 2014 / Accepted: 13 January 2015 / Published: 19 January 2015 Abstract: Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne flavivirus belonging to the Japanese encephalitis virus serocomplex. USUV is closely related to Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. USUV was discovered in South Africa in 1959. In Europe, the first true demonstration of circulation of USUV was reported in Austria in 2001 with a significant die-off of Eurasian blackbirds. In the subsequent years, USUV expanded to neighboring countries, including Italy, Germany, Spain, Hungary, Switzerland, Poland, England, Czech Republic, Greece, and Belgium, where it caused unusual mortality in birds.
    [Show full text]
  • MI Weekly Arbovirus Summary, 2020
    Arbovirus* Activity, Including West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Weekly Summary, Michigan 2020 *Arboviruses are viruses transmitted by mosquitoes or other insects Updated: August 20, 2020 12Mosquito pools testing 2 Human1 cases of West Birds testing positive for positive for West Nile West Nile virus infection Nile virus or other virus infection arboviruses reported 2020 Michigan Arbovirus Surveillance (click links below to see map** of cases by county) Highlights West Nile virus Positive Mosquito Pools 12 • EEE has been reported in 2 horses, from Clare and Montcalm County. Total Number of Mosquito Pools Tested 272 • For 2020, West Nile Virus (WNV) has been reported in 2 birds from Lapeer County and Total Number of Mosquitoes Tested 5323 Oakland County, and mosquito pools in Kent, Human WNV cases 0 Oakland, and Saginaw Counties. • One human case of Jamestown Canyon Human California Group virus cases 1 virus(a California Group virus) has been reported in a resident of Ottawa County. WNV asymptomatic, viremic blood donor 0 • In 2019, Michigan experienced its largest ever Equine/Other Animal WNV cases reported 0 outbreak of Eastern Equine encephalitis (EEE). Ten Michigan residents (1 Barry, 2 Berrien, 1 Avian WNV cases reported 2 Calhoun, 2 Cass, 3 Kalamazoo, and 1 Van Buren) were infected, with 6 fatalities; 50 EEE Human Eastern Equine Encephalitis cases reported 0 positive animals were also reported. Animal Eastern Equine Encephalitis cases reported 2 **data in linked maps may lag behind this report by 1-2 business days.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 DSHS Arbovirus Activity
    Health and Human Texas Department of State Services Health Services Arbovirus Activity in Texas 2018 Surveillance Report August 2019 Texas Department of State Health Services Zoonosis Control Branch Overview Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are referred to as arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses. Arboviruses reported in Texas may include California (CAL) serogroup viruses, chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), many of which are endemic or enzootic in the state. In 2018, reported human arboviral disease cases were attributed to WNV (82%), DENV (11%), CHIKV (4%), ZIKV (2%), and CAL (1%) (Table 1). In addition, there were two cases reported as arbovirus disease cases which could not be diagnostically or epidemiologically differentiated between DENV and ZIKV. Animal infections or disease caused by WNV and SLEV were also reported during 2018. Local transmission of DENV, SLEV, and WNV was documented during 2018 (Figure 1). No reports of EEEV or WEEV were received during 2018. Table 1. Year-End Arbovirus Activity Summary, Texas, 2018 Positive Human* Arbovirus Mosquito Avian Equine TOTAL TOTAL Fever Neuroinvasive Severe Deaths PVD‡ Pools (Human) CAL 1 1 1 CHIK 7 7 7 DEN 20 20 20 SLE 2 0 2 WN 1,021 6 19 38 108 146 11 24 1,192 Zika** 4 4 TOTAL 1,023 6 19 65 109 0 178 11 24 1,226 CAL - California serogroup includes California encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, Keystone, La Crosse, Snowshoe hare and Trivittatus viruses CHIK - Chikungunya DEN - Dengue SLE - Saint Louis encephalitis WN - West Nile ‡PVD - Presumptive viremic blood donors are people who had no symptoms at the time of donating blood through a blood collection agency, but whose blood tested positive when screened for the presence of West Nile virus or Zika virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Vector Competence of UK Mosquitoes for Usutu Virus of African Origin Luis M
    Hernández-Triana et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:381 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2959-5 SHORTREPORT Open Access Assessment of vector competence of UK mosquitoes for Usutu virus of African origin Luis M. Hernández-Triana1*, Maria Fernández de Marco1, Karen L. Mansfield1, Leigh Thorne1, Sarah Lumley1,2,3, Denise Marston1, Anthony A. Fooks1,4 and Nick Johnson1,2 Abstract Background: Usutu virus (USUV) is an emerging zoonotic virus originally from sub-Saharan Africa. It has been introduced into Europe on multiple occasions, causing substantial mortality within the Eurasian blackbird (Turdus merula) population. It is transmitted by the mosquito species Culex pipiens in Europe and Africa. Vector competence studies indicate that European strains of USUV are readily transmitted by indigenous Cx. pipiens. However, there is limited information on the ability of an African strain to infect European mosquitoes. Methods: We evaluated the ability of African strain SAAR-1776 to infect two lines of Cx. pipiens colonised within the United Kingdom (UK). Mosquitoes were fed blood meals containing this virus and maintained at 25 °C for up to 21 days. Individual mosquitoes were tested for the presence of virus in the body, legs and an expectorate saliva sample. Changes to the consensus of the virus genome were monitored in samples derived from infected mosquitoes using amplicon based next generation sequencing. Results: Infection, dissemination and the presence of virus in saliva in one mosquito line was observed, but no evidence for dissemination in the second mosquito line. This suggests a strong barrier to infection in UK Cx. pipiens for this strain of USUV.
    [Show full text]