Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521671779 - Caesar’s Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire Josiah Osgood Index More information

Index

Note: Caesar’s Legacy refers to many individuals and places. This index is intended to guide readers only to the most important of these, or to help distinguish individuals with similar names. It may also be used to trace the careers of major historical figures and the histories of particular regions. To this end, some entries are arranged chronologically, as well as thematically. The index also makes clear a number of themes that emerge only gradually in the main text.

Aba, queen of Olba 106, 387 Antigonus, ruler of Judea 186 Achaea 88, 240–41, 340–41, 370–71, 385–86 Antistius Vetus, C. (cos. suff. 30 BC) 321 Actium Antonia, daughter of Antony and Octavia battle fought there 2 September 31 BC 374–75 1, 320 games held at 378 Antonius, C. (pr. 44 BC), brother of Antony 88 preliminaries of war there 372–74 Antonius, M. (cos. 44 BC), triumvir significance of war there 7, 347, 351, 375–84, after Caesar’s assassination 13–14, 20 387 at Caesar’s funeral 12–13 site of 372 policy of conciliation 15–16, 30 Aelius Tubero, Q., scholar 294 allegedly tampers with Caesar’s memoranda Aemilius Lepidus, Paullus (cos. suff. 34 BC) 330 and embezzles 30, 34, 148 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 78 BC), father of reassigns provinces in 44 BC 33–34, 38, 40, 48 triumvir 163–64 recruits among Caesar’s veterans 36–37 Aemilius Lepidus, M. (cos. 46 BC), triumvir relations with Octavian 40–41, 49 supports Antony after Ides 13 clashes with Cicero 41–42 negotiates peace with Sextus Pompey 32, 202 loss of Macedonian legions 48–49 assures Senate of his loyalty 57 during war at Mutina 50, 51–53, 56 joins Antony in Gaul 57–58, 104, 147 after Mutina 56–57, 58 joins triumvirate 59–60, 62–63 joins triumvirate 59–60, 62–63 controls Italy during war at Philippi 71–72 role in the proscriptions 64, 73, 79, 224, 265, 311 during war at Perusia 187 during war at Philippi 95–96, 100, 101, 103 governs Africa 188, 243, 299 in the east after Philippi 105–06, 184–85, his influence fades 230, 243 187, 341 in war against Sextus 299–300 attitude to war at Perusia 162 is forced into retirement 300, 325 meets Cleopatra on the Cydnus 182–83 Africa 110, 149–51, 188, 245, 329, 332, 358 winters in Alexandria and fathers Cleopatra’s Agrippa, see Vipsanius Agrippa, M. twins 184–85 Albius Tibullus, poet 4 returns to Syria 185 Alexander Helios (“Sun”), son of Antony and returns to Italy 187–88 Cleopatra 244, 338, 354, 385, 388 negotiates peace at Brundisium 188–89 Alexandria 183, 184, 295, 335, 336–39, 354, 384, 388 marries Octavia 188–89, 196 Alfenus Varus, P. (cos. suff. 39 BC) 133, 134, 259 negotiates pact with Sextus at Misenum Amyntas, king of Galatia 244, 373, 380, 387 205–06 Anaxenor, citharode from Magnesia 106 attempts to meet Octavian at Brundisium in Annaeus Seneca, L., writer on declamation 78 38 BC 232, 242

429

430 Index

Antonius, M. (cos. 44 BC), triumvir (cont.) on Octavian’s campaign in Illyricum 325 in Syria 242 general character of his Civil Wars 2, 9, 188, returns to Italy and renews triumvirate 242–43, 203, 237 248 Appuleii, family from Rome 269–72, 273 returns east and prepares for Parthia 243–45, Aquileia 325 303 Arausio 145, 324 with Cleopatra and fathers another son Archelaus, king of Cappadocia 244, 387 243–45 architecture, in the triumviral period 5, 400 fails in Parthian campaign 303–05, 325, 335 See also Rome, city of, its monuments. campaign against Armenia 336 Armenia 303–04, 336, 338 and “Donations of Alexandria” 338–39 armies in 33 BC 339, 352 composition of 46 prepares for war 353, 370–71 depiction in literature 44, 120–21, 131–32, stripped of consulship by Senate in Rome 371 136–37, 154, 162, 216, 308 on eve of Actium 372–74 funerary monuments of 48, 128, 280, 391 at battle of Actium 374–75 pay of 45, 48–49, 50, 56, 59, 140, 369, 391 attempts to join troops in Cyrene 385 question of their loyalty 42, 49, 57–58, 162, 188, last days 387–88 369, 387, 390–91 arrangements in the east 244, 340–44, 387 recruitment of 43–47 as Dionysus 240–41, 338, 341 rewards besides land and money 50, 118, 129, letter written to Octavian in 33 BC 345 359, 369 letters written after Philippi 21, 23, 105 size of 3, 46, 58, 94, 95, 162, 370, 371 neglect of Rome and Italy 328, 345–47, 349 See also veteran settlement. On his own Drunkenness 345 Arrianus, proscript 74 his propaganda 105, 232, 238, 240–41, 345 Arruntius, L. (cos. 22 BC) 208 his will 353–54 Artavasdes, king of Armenia 303, 336, 338 Antonius (Pietas), L. (cos. 41 BC), brother of Asia 89, 105, 225–31, 341, 386–87, 389 Antony Asinius Pollio, C. (cos. 40 BC) after the Ides of March 36, 55 in Spain after Ides 54–55, 130 quarrels with Octavian and rallies dispossessed comments on war at Mutina 54–55 154, 159–63, 344 joins Antony 58 during the war at Perusia 166, 172 during proscriptions 87 Antonius Theophilus, M., agent of Antony fundraising in Cisalpine Gaul 171 273, 340 possibly helps Horace 214 Antony, see Antonius, M. during war at Perusia 162, 166 Aphrodisias 7, 228–31, 274–76, 377 negotiates peace of Brundisium 188–89, 194, Apollonia 31, 47, 49 195, 248 Appian, historian 9, 92, 200, 337 triumphs over the Parthini 251, 279 on the aftermath of the Ides 12, 27 rebuilds Hall of Liberty 252–53, 294, 296, attitude to Cicero 59, 78 329, 335 attitude to Antony 49 withdrawal from political scene 254–55, on war at Mutina 53–54, 55, 164 296–97 on the Liberators 89, 91, 92 takes up writing of history 55, 254, 296 on proscriptions 63–64, 65–66, 72, 79, 171 on the eve of Actium 255, 296 on Hortensia’s protest 85–86 his background 281 on war at Philippi 95, 104 in Eclogues 109, 194, 197 on land confiscations 108–09, 110, 115, 121, desire for peace 55, 194, 296 131, 133 desire for liberty 55, 194, 296 on war at Perusia 160–61, 162, 172 Histories 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 30, 58, 161 on aftermath of peace of Brundisium 200 speech for Lamia 78, 87 attitude to Sextus Pompey 202 speeches against Munatius Plancus 77, 278 on Misenum pact 206 Asisium 135, 152, 156, 163 on Tarentum pact 242 Ateste 174, 391–93 on final campaign against Sextus Pompey 299, Athanadoros, sculptor from Rhodes 92 302, 335, 347 Athenodoros, philosopher from Tarsus 106, 189

Index 431

Athens 28, 35, 36, 88, 105, 212, 222, 336, 370, 385 on the proscriptions 65, 66, 79 Atia, mother of Octavian 31 on the war at Philippi 95 Atticus, see Pomponius Atticus, T. on land confiscations 109, 117 Augustales 150–51 on war at Perusia 160, 172 Autobiography of Augustus, 9, 161 on Parthian invasion of Syria 185 on his first years in public life 21, 31, 40, attitude to Sextus Pompey 204 58, 365 on Misenum pact 206 on the war at Philippi 96 on Tarentum pact 242 on the war at Perusia 160 on final campaign against Sextus Pompey on Sextus Pompey and war against him 203, 299, 302 300, 302 on Antony’s Parthian campaign 305 on Tarentum pact 243 on Octavian’s campaign in Illyricum 325 on the Illyrian campaign 325 on dismissal of Octavia 336 on Antony’s final years 338, 355 on Antony’s triumph and “Donations at on the war at Actium 373 Alexandria” 338 Avernus, Agrippa’s harbor at 298–99, 331, on Cleopatra and Egypt 355–56 366, 367 on war at Actium 373, 375 Avianius Evander, C., Antony’s sculptor 389 on cult established for Octavian 389 general character of his work 9–10, 192, banditry 169, 323–24 259, 369 Beneventum 108, 130, 135, 165, 278 Cassius Longinus, C. (pr. 44 BC) 86, 161 Bibulus, see Calpurnius Bibulus, L. after the Ides of March 13–14, 30, 40, 41 Billienus, M., veteran of Actium 391 leaves Italy 41 Blattius Vetus, L., veteran of Actium 391 in the east 58, 66, 82, 88–92, 105, 106, 182, Boethus, poet from Tarsus 106 184, 225 Bononia 359, 369 during war at Philippi 94–96, 101 Brundisium, 188, 247 letters of 41, 88 peace settled there in 40 BC, 154, 188–89, 206, Cato, see Porcius Cato, M. 229, 248 Chaeronea 370–71 Bruttedius Niger, historian 78 Cicero, see Tullius Cicero, M. Brutus, see Junius Brutus, M. Cincius, M., military tribune 273 Buthrotum 147–48 Cinna, see Helvius Cinna, C. civil war Caecilia Attica, Atticus’ daughter 231, 330 ending 65–66, 191, 199, 233, 298, 300–01, 314, Caelius Phileros, M., resourceful freedman 326, 347, 394, 401 149–51 political consequences of 155, 174–75, 241–42, Caesar, see Julius Caesar, C. 321 Caesarion (Ptolemy XV), son of Cleopatra 15, 29, for provincials 6–7, 92, 106, 144, 146–47, 148, 183, 338, 353, 370, 388 225–31, 274, 387, 403 Calidus, see Julius Calidus, L. as sin 194, 310–11, 321–22 Calii, family from Cremona 219–20 social consequences of 2–3, 81–82, 131, 148–51, Calpurnius Bibulus, L., son of Porcia 8, 41, 89, 155, 173–75, 273, 276, 357, 364 100 as subject for literature 1, 9, 16–17, 26, 43–44, Calvisius Sabinus, C. (cos. 39 BC) 228, 324, 354, 359 55, 75, 81, 170–71, 208, 267, 348–49 Canidius Crassus, P. (cos. suff. 40 BC) 192, 257, Claudius, the emperor 373, 387, 388 History, 1, 3, 403 Canuleius, C., veteran 129–30 Claudius Nero, Ti. (pr. 42 BC), husband of Livia Capua 108, 129, 174, 240, 324, 382 161, 172–73, 208, 231–32, 237 Carfulenus, D. (tr. pl. 44) 53 Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 38 BC) 329, 330 Carrinas, C. (cos. suff. 43 BC) 259 Cleon, brigand from Gordioucome 106 Carthage 150, 262, 306 Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt Cascellius, A., jurist 86–87 early life 15, 183 Casinum 193 after the Ides of March 29 Cassius Dio, historian 9–10, 159 returns to Egypt 42 on the aftermath of the Ides 12, 14, 27 meets Antony in her barge 182–83

432 Index

Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt (cont.) his time in the east 48, 89, 91, 225, 342 with him in Alexandria and bears his twins defeated by Cassius 89 184–85 Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, P., Republican 91 with Antony in 37 BC 244, 305 Cornelius Nepos, scholar 4 and territories of Herod 244, 343 on Cicero’s letters 26 bears Antony another son 244 scholarship of 294, 295 meets Antony after Parthian campaign 305 on veterans 131–32 and “Donations of Alexandria” 338–39 Atticus war declared on 346, 364, 368, 383 biography of a contemporary 73, 84, 221 accompanies Antony on final campaign 370, contemporary account of proscriptions 63, 373, 374–75 67, 73–74, 79, 231 last days 385, 387–88 date of 221 achievements as ruler 183, 337, 339, 388 on fortuna and controlling it 126, 221–25, attacks against 82, 334, 336, 344, 354, 241, 293 356–57, 375 on private life of Atticus 319–20 effigy of at Octavian’s triumph 385 on relations of Atticus with triumvirs 250, ordinance granting tax exemption 373, 385 322, 346, 347 Cleopatra Selene (“Moon”), daughter of subjective style of 223 Antony and Cleopatra 244, 338, 354, Cornelius Severus, poet 78, 302 385, 388 Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. (cos. 88 BC), dictator 39, Cluvius, C., mentioned in Laudatio Turiae 70 163–64, 258, 308 Cocceius Nerva, L., diplomat 188, 189, 194, See also veteran settlement, by Sulla. 248–50 Cornelius Tacitus, historian 53, 80, 104 Cocceius Nerva, M. (cos. 36 BC) 227 Cornificius, L. (cos. 35 BC) 301, 329, 330 coinage Cornificius, Q., commander in Africa 150 of L. Antonius 161 Cos 341–42, 343, 370 of Antony 241, 338, 339, 352, 370, 371 Crassus, see Licinius Crassus, M. of Buthrotum 148 Cremona 133, 134–35, 219 celebrating peace of Brundisium 189–91 Crete 40, 324, 381 celebrating veteran settlement 137–38, 157 Crinagoras, poet of Mytilene 149 of Cleopatra 244 Cydnus 42, 182 of Corinth 273, 340, 343 Cyprus 273, 338 of Cos 342 Cyrene 40, 338, 381, 385, 387 of Ephesus 341 of Labienus 10 Decidius Saxa, L. (tr. pl. 44 BC) 257 of Liberators 89 Decimus Brutus, see Junius Brutus Albinus, D. of Lugdunum 147 Dellius, Q., Antonian 8, 183, 241, 264, 304, of Octavian 116, 117, 239, 300 305, 373 of Sex. Pompeius and his associates 202, Demetrius, see Julius Demetrius, C. 203, 204 Dio Cassius, see Cassius Dio of triumvirs 58, 60 Diodorus Siculus, historian 18, 294–96, 302, 337 colonization 7, 110, 134, 137–38, 144–51, 155, Dionysius of Halicarnassus 84–85 173–75, 364, 403 Dirae 4, 126, 153–54, 157–58 See also veteran settlement. discordia 119, 153–54, 162, 165 comet of 44 BC 21–22, 40, 135–36, 239 Dolabella, see Cornelius Dolabella, P. concordia (and Concordia) 153, 154, 189–91, 193, Domitius Ahenobarbus, Cn. (cos. 32 BC) 188, 330, 197 352–53, 373 Concordia, town in north Italy 219 Domitius Calvinus, Cn. (cos. 53 BC) 329 Corinth 18, 149, 273, 340–41, 343 Cornelius, critic of land confiscation 134 Egnatuleius, L., officer of Fourth Legion 49 Cornelius Balbus, L. (cos. suff. 40 BC) 31, 36, 37, Egypt 15, 29, 336–39, 354–56, 384–85, 388–89 192, 260, 321 Empylus, rhetorician from Rhodes 89 Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. suff. 44 BC) Epaphroditus, slave from Rome 327–28 after the Ides of March 20, 27, 34–35, 148 Ephesus 105, 230, 239, 341, 343, 376, 386, 389 seeks and gains command in Syria 35, 40 equestrians 63, 223, 267–73

Index 433

Etna 21, 23, 24 Helenus, see Julius Helenus, C. Etruria 49, 163–65, 175–82, 323 Helvius Cinna, C. (tr. pl. 44 BC), “the poet” 13, 16, Eurycles, see Julius Eurycles, C. 211 Evander, see Avianius Evander, C. Hepni, Etruscan family 174 Herod (the Great) farmers 46, 83, 206, 397 his position under Hyrcanus 88, 186 idealized in triumviral literature 210–11, driven from Judea by Parthians 186 214–19, 312, 313–15, 316–18 helps Rhodians 92 See also veteran settlement. in Rome is named king 87, 192 Favonius, M. (pr. 49 BC) 99, 263, 320 gains throne 243–44 Fonteius Capito, C. (cos. 33 BC) 248–49 struggles in Judea afterwards 342, 343 food supply 18, 83, 154, 161, 236–37, before and after war at Actium 387, 332–33, 397 388, 389 Fortune (Fortuna) Hirtius, A. (cos. 43 BC) 32, 37, 50, 51–56 on coinage 137 Hispellum 135, 157, 163 vs. Fate 199, 347 hoarding of coins 19, 82–83, 107, 396 perceived in triumviral period 81, 260 Horace, see Horatius Flaccus, Q. in Roman culture 222 Horatius Flaccus, Q., poet 4, 143 in triumviral literature 5, 110, 121–22, 136, 207, biography of 88, 101–03, 212–14, 245, 269, 216–18, 220–25, 307 285–86 in years 44–43 BC 16, 33, 57 dates of his early collections 214, 357, 362 See also Cornelius Nepos, Atticus,onfortuna responds to Vergil 217–18, 233–36, 248, 250 and controlling it. Satires 208, 213, 218 Forum Gallorum, battle of 52–55, 57, 162 Satires 1: 102, 214, 316 freedom of speech 86–88, 250, 352 Satires 1.1: 316 freedpersons Satires 1.5: 247–50, 263 attacks against 258–60, 263–67, 283–88 Satires 1.6: 246–47, 269, 283–88, 316 children of 269–72, 283–88 Satires 1.7: 102 opportunities for in colonies 130, 144, Satires 2: 214, 220–21, 316 149–51 Satires 2.2: 126, 214–19, 220, 236, 317 opportunities for elsewhere 273–76, 328 Satires 2.3: 220, 333 in the proscriptions and at Philippi 64, Satires 2.5: 220 66, 99 Satires 2.6: 218, 247, 317–19, 322 taxation of 86, 369–70, 396 Satires 2.8: 220–21 See also Augustales; sculpture, of freedpersons. Epodes 208, 213, 351 Fufius Calenus, Q. (cos. 47 BC) 187, 209 Epode 1: 362–63 Fulvia, wife of Antony 189 Epode 2: 319 during the war at Mutina 224 Epode 4: 265–67, 268 during the proscriptions 84, 320 Epode 7: 201, 233 role in Perusine war 154, 160 Epode 9: 356–57, 374, 379–84 attacked by Octavian 160, 166, 334, 344 Epode 16: 233–36, 307–08, 326, 401 death of 188 Odes 4 Fundania, wife of Varro 210 Odes 1.37: 388 Furnius, C. (tr. pl. 50 BC) 87 Odes 2.7: 101–03, 104, 213, 223 Furnius, C. (cos. 17 BC), son of previous 87 Epistles 2.2: 102, 212–14 Hortensia, orator 84–86, 88, 161 Gallus, kinsman of Propertius 165, 168–71 Hortensius Hortalus, Q., brother of previous 85, games of Mother Venus (ludi Veneris Genetricis) 88, 96, 320 37, 40–41 Hybreas, orator from Mylasa 105, 226, 341 Gaul, Cisalpine 33, 37, 38, 40, 171, 365 Hyrcanus, leader of the Jews 21, 105, 106, 186 Gaul, Transalpine 14, 27, 33, 38, 40, 110, 147, 187, 245, 324, 330, 358 Illyricum 47, 109, 251, 255, 302, 325–26 Gellius, A., antiquarian 256 irony, in triumviral literature golden age 195–99, 211, 233, 313 examples of 97, 142, 171, 211–12, 236, 248, 311 Gyaros 3, 390 ironic mode 5, 81, 100

434 Index

Italy Junius Brutus Albinus, D. (pr. 45 BC) 33, 37, 40, loyalties of its townspeople 17, 42, 171–72, 347, 50, 51, 56–58, 209 357, 363–68, 368–69 source of recruits 46, 55, 366–67 Labienus, Q., Republican 10, 185, 207, 225–30, supplies writers 4 233, 273 its unity 154, 163–65, 173–82, 259, 364–65, 394 Lamprias, Plutarch’s grandfather 185, 337 See also Rome, city of, and Italy. Laudatio Turiae 67–74, 75–77, 79, 158, 200, 241, 397–98 Jews, see Rome, city of, Jewish population legions Josephus, historian 7, 64, 88–89, 185, 243–44, Second 50, 52 342–43 Fourth 47–61 Judea Fifth 50 secures privileges after the Ides of March 17, 29 Seventh 50, 53, 129 suffers under Cassius 66, 88–89 Eighth 50 embassies to Antony after Philippi 21, 105–06 Thirty-fifth 50, 52 Parthian invasion of 155, 185–86 Martian 47–59 regained by Herod 243–44, 342–43 Lentulus Spinther, see Cornelius Lentulus Julia, Antony’s mother 84, 189 Spinther Julius Caesar, C. (cos. 59 BC) Lepidus, see Aemilius Lepidus, M. birthday of 10, 192 lex Antonia 145 Civil War 43, 44, 55 lex Pedia 59 civil war with Pompeians 14–15, 69, 83, 91, 96, lex Titia 60, 63, 108, 128 269, 321 Licinius Crassus, M. (cos. 70 BC) 47, 184, 255, 303, his clementia 13, 18, 58, 70, 71, 208, 289 304 deification of 14, 34, 40–41, 117, 166, 239–40, Licinius Lucullus, M., Republican 100, 321 341, 389 Lisidius, C., veteran 130 as dictator 3, 15, 18, 60 Livia Drusilla, wife of Octavian 1, 386 funeral of 12–13, 14 flees Italy with Ti. Claudius Nero 172 portraits of 41, 137, 239 divorces Tiberius Nero and marries Octavian promotes men of talent 255, 258, 268, 278, 281 231–32, 237–38 soldiers of 14, 16, 30, 34, 36, 41, 46, 49, 58, invoked in war of propaganda 334, 345 108, 129 Livius, T., historian 1, 4, 8, 78, 84–85, 292, 305, will of 12, 31 388 See also veteran settlement, by Caesar. Livius Drusus Claudianus, M., father of Livia 99, Julius Calidus, L., poet 73 231 Julius Demetrius, C., agent of triumvirs 273 Livy, see Livius, T. Julius Eurycles, C., leading citizen of Sparta 378 Lucilius, friend of Brutus 101 Julius Helenus, C., agent of Octavian 200, 273 Lucretius Carus, T., poet 309–10 Julius Obsequens, compiler of prodigies 19–21 Lucretius Vespillo, Q., proscript of Sulla 76 Julius Zoilos, C., leading citizen of Aphrodisias Lucretius Vespillo, Q. (cos. 19 BC), son of previous 229, 274–76 75–77 Junius Brutus, M. (pr. 44 BC) 39, 73, 86 Lucullus, see Licinius Lucullus, M. after the Ides of March 13–14, 30, 35–36, 38 Lugdunum 147, 278 in summer 44 BC 40, 41 Lycia 89, 93–94 leaves Italy 41 in the east 58, 66, 82, 88–89, 93–94, 105, Macedonia 33, 41, 47, 255 225 Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, late antique during war at Philippi 94–96, 98–100, 101, writer 79, 171 103–04, 213 Maecenas, C., Octavian’s associate described by his friends 8, 89, 98–100, 202 background and early life 283–84 letters of 41, 88, 94, 286 negotiates peace of Brundisium 188, 197, 248 a Platonist 8, 35–36, 88, 98 mission to Antony 242, 248 respect for Roman past 35, 40, 88 and Tarentum pact 248 and virtus 102 entrusted with police power 323, 370 On Virtue 35 addressee of Augustus’ autobiography 9

Index 435

in poetry of Horace 246–50, 283–84, 285–86, Norbanus Flaccus, C. (cos. 38 BC) 329 362–63, 382–83 novi homines 257–58, 259, 260, 262, 278, 281–83 in poetry of Vergil 109, 194, 348 Nursia 164, 172 and Sarmentus 263–64 supports poets 109, 143, 245–46, 285–86, 346, oath of 32 BC 357–64 379, 382 Obsequens, see Julius Obsequens wealth of 245–46, 264, 320, 330 Octavia, sister of Octavian manliness, ideas of, in the triumviral period 4, during the proscriptions 84 235, 307, 307–08, 345, 355, 356 marries Antony 188–89, 196, 244 See also women, manliness of during civil war. appears on coinage 189 Mantua 110, 113, 125, 127–43, 157, 220, honored with him in Athens 241 399–400 helps negotiate Tarentum pact 242 Marcius Censorinus, L. (cos. 39 BC) 228, 321 receives honors in 35 BC 334 Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. 56), stepfather of bringing aid to Antony, is sent back to Italy Octavian 31–32 335, 336 Marcius Philippus, L. (cos. suff. 38 BC) 329, 330 divorced by Antony 353 Marius, C. (cos. 107 BC) 39, 45, 258, 282, 367 Octavian, see Octavius, C. See also veteran settlement, by Marius. Octavius, C. (pr. 61 BC), father of Octavian 31 Marius, T., military tribune 272–73 Octavius C., later C. Julius Caesar (Octavianus) Matius, C., friend of Caesar 14, 16, 17, 21, 23, 37 (cos. suff. 43 BC), triumvir Media Atropatene 304, 336, 338, 339 background and early life 18, 31, 264 Misenum, pact of 119, 205–06 arrives in Italy, April 44 BC 16, 31–32 Mnaseas, demagogue from Rhodes 91 struggles to ratify adoption by Caesar 36 mobility, social, in the triumviral period 4, 150, strengthens his position in Rome 37–38, 40–41 251–88, 402 relations with Antony cool again 49 Mucia, wife of Pompey 190, 206 recruits among Caesar’s veterans and marches Munatius Plancus, L. (cos. 42 BC) on Rome 49 in Gaul, abandons Senate for Antony 57, 58, gains Macedonian legions 48, 49–50 278 promoted by Senate 50, 88 founds colony at Lugdunum 147, 278 during war at Mutina 51, 56 allegedly proscribes brother 77 marches on Rome and is made consul 58–59 triumphs and rebuilds Temple of Saturn 278, joins triumvirate 59–60, 62–63 329 role in the proscriptions 71–72, 79, 264 settles veterans at Beneventum 130, during war at Philippi 95–96, 99, 105 165, 278 presides over land confiscations 106, 108, 116, during war at Perusia 166 121, 140, 143, 159–60 in the east with Antony 278 during the war at Perusia 161–63, 172 deserts to Octavian 278, 353 alleged conduct afterwards 172 attacks against 278–79 in summer of 40 BC 187–88 epitaph of 277–79 and peace of Brundisium 188–89 mausoleum of 276–80 attacked by mob 205, 237 Mutina 50, 55 negotiates pact with Sextus at Misenum battle fought there 56 205–06 Mylasa 225–26, 229, 386 involved in eastern affairs 229, 377, 378 reaching out to Republicans, marries Livia Naulochus, battle of 299, 301 231–32, 237–38 new men, see novi homines relations with Sextus deteriorate 232 Nicias, tyrant of Cos 342 renews triumvirate 242–43 Nicolaus of Damascus, biographer of Augustus 7, final campaign against Sextus 298–300, 302 18, 89, 99, 244, 342–43, 389 celebrates in Rome 298, 303, 383 Nicopolis, Octavian’s victory city at Actium 148, changes image afterwards 312, 323–35 372, 377 gains tribunician sacrosanctity 334 campsite memorial 300, 377–78 campaigns in Illyricum 325–26 See also Actium, games held at. building campaign 328, 396 nobility 257–58, 262, 281–88 rallies opinion against Antony 352–56

436 Index

Octavius C., later C. Julius Caesar (Octavianus) Perusia (cos. suff. 43 BC), triumvir (cont.) bullets from 166–67 and oath of 32 BC 357–64 location and early history 152, 159, 162, 163, declares war on Cleopatra 368 175–77 on eve of Actium 371, 372 war of 159–63, 166–67 at battle of Actium 374–75 war’s consequences 152, 172, 177–82 begins takeover of east 376, 385–87 Pharsalus 25, 95, 96, 97 conquest of Egypt 387–89 Philippi returns to Rome 395–96 colonized 145, 391 Triple Triumph and other honors 378, 384–85, double of Pharsalus 25, 97 393–95, 396 significance of war there 92, 96–106, 212–13 and Apollo, 116, 237, 239, 390 site of 94–95, 98 god-like 117, 137, 207, 238–39 war of 95–96, 376 house of 86, 320, 324–25 Philotas, friend of Plutarch’s grandfather 185, 337 letter to Antony 346 Phraaspa 304 letter to Ephesus 230 Phraates, king of Parthia 303, 335 letter to Mylasa 226 Plinius Secundus, C., encyclopedist 77, 79, 260 letters to Seleucus and Rhosus 376–77 Pliny the Elder, see Plinius Secundus, C. letter to Stephanus, Antony’s agent 229 Plotius Plancus, L. (pr. 43 BC) 77, 148 his names 4, 31, 64, 117, 166–67, 239, 278 Plutarch, biographer and essayist 8 and poets 143, 346 on Cinna the poet 211 portraits of 5, 116, 155, 171, 390, 396, 399 on death of Cicero 78 his propaganda through the war at Perusia 160, on the war at Philippi 95, 96, 98–99 166 on Porcia 100 his propaganda from 40 to 33 BC 203, 232, on Antony after Philippi 106 240–41, 300, 301, 305, 336, 338, on Hybreas of Mylasa 226 344–46 on meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on his propaganda after 33 BC 82, 353–56, 364, 368 Cydnus 182–83 See also Autobiography of Augustus; Res Gestae on Tarentum pact 242 Divi Augusti. on Antony’s Parthian campaign 304–05 Olympus, Cleopatra’s physician 8 on dismissal of Octavia 336 Ovidius Naso, P., poet 269 on Alexandria 185, 337 on Antony’s triumph and “Donations of Pacorus, Parthian prince 185, 225, 255 Alexandria” 338 Palmyra 184 on war at Actium 373 Panegyricus Messallae 4, 126, 363 general character of Brutus 8, 89, 101, 103–04 Pansa, see Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, C. general character of Antony 8, 189, 370–71 Papii, family from Narona 302 Po 20, 24 Papirius Paetus, L., Cicero’s friend 22, 35 Polemo, king of Pontus 244, 387 Parthia Pompeius, friend of Horace, see Horatius Flaccus, early history 184 Q., Odes 2.7 Caesar’s planned expedition against 31, 35, 47 Pompeius Magnus (“the Great”), Cn. (cos. 70 BC) invasion of Syria and Asia 155, 184–87, 201, 225, civil war with Caesar 14–15, 69, 83, 91, 96, 321 226, 233 estates confiscated 32, 45 war against Antony 303–05 posthumous reputation 203 during aftermath of war 335, 338, 339 settlement of the east 184, 185, 186, 377 party and Spain 145 term used by Romans 229, 359, 360 Pompeius (Magnus Pius), Sex., son of Pompey term used in modern historiography 2 the Great Patavium 171 in Spain fighting Caesarians 15, 32–33, 202 Paullus Aemilius Lepidus see Aemilius Lepidus, possible threat 27, 32, 34 Paullus negotiates peace with Lepidus 42, 202 pax 191 given naval command by Senate 202 Pedius, Q. (cos. suff. 43 BC) 59 condemned for Caesar’s murder and Pedius, Q., praised by Horace 87, 329 proscribed 59, 202

Index 437

strengthens his position further 96, 202 Elegies 1.22: 158–59, 165, 212 harbors proscripts and others 71, 119, 173, Elegies 4.1: 126, 156–58 203–04, 205, 208 proscription blockades Italy 154, 204, 332 like exile 119–20, 203 battle of Rhegium 204 as fund-raising 63, 70, 82, 104, 209, 320 negotiates with Antony 187–88, 205 procedure 63–64, 80, 83, 92, 125 angered by peace of Brundisium 200, 205 of Sulla 62, 63, 309 negotiates pact with triumvirs at Misenum 193, tales of 64–81, 125, 171, 208, 224, 260 205–06 of the triumvirs 62–63, 119–20, 206, 207–08, hostilities resume 242, 243 261, 402 final campaigns against Octavian 298–300 Ptolemy XIII, younger brother of Cleopatra 15 last days 301, 335 Ptolemy XIV, another younger brother of called a pirate 202–03, 266 Cleopatra 29, 42 god-like 204, 207, 238, 382 Ptolemy XV, see Caesarion his intentions 205 Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Antony and his loyalty to his father 202–03 Cleopatra 244, 338, 354, 388 See also slaves, of Sextus Pompey. Pompeius Menas, Sex., freedman admiral Raetia 278 264, 266 Raurica 145, 278 Pomponius Atticus, T., friend of Cicero Res Gestae Divi Augusti 104–05, 182, 203, 258, 325, background and early life 36 326, 357–58, 391, 394 asked to help fund Liberators 27, 223 Rhegium 204 shares views with Cicero after the Ides 28, Rhodes 66, 89–92, 106, 387 36, 41 Rhosus 7, 376–77, 386 and Buthrotum 147–48 Rome, city of during the proscriptions 73–74 its inhabitants after the Ides 12, 14, 17, 30, 35, betroths daughter to Agrippa 231 37, 40 relations with triumvirs 223–24, 231, 322, its inhabitants in the triumviral period 144, 161, 346, 347 200, 205, 219, 236–38, 326–35 ability to forecast 14, 15 and Italy 118, 163–65, 210–11, 312–16 his backstairs politics 27 Jewish population 14, 197 scholarship of 293 its monuments See also Cornelius Nepos, Atticus; Tullius amphitheater of Statilius Taurus 329, 395 Cicero, M., Letters to Atticus. aqueducts 331 Popillius, alleged assassin of Cicero 78 Basilica Paulli 330 Porcia, wife of Brutus 41, 99–100 Circus 332, 369 Porcius Cato, M. (pr. 54 BC) 99 column of Octavian 300–01, 329 Porcius Cato, M., son of previous 96, 99, 100 Hall of Liberty 252–53, 329 pottery, Arretine 364, 397 Porticus Octavia 328 prodigies 19–25, 324 Regia 329 and civil unrest 19, 121, 256, 369 Senate house (Curia Julia) 328, 395 in literature 22, 23, 121, 197 sewers 331 propaganda, in the triumviral period Temple of Apollo on the Palatine 325, 328, form and nature of 166–67, 189, 245–46, 320, 389, 400 332, 353–57, 383–84 Temple of Apollo Sosianus 329, 330, 400 instances of 99, 202–03, 232, 237–38, 264 Temple of Bellona 329, 330, 368 See also Antonius, M., his propaganda and Temple of Ceres 369 Octavius, C., his propaganda. Temple of Diana 329, 330 Propertius, Sex., poet 4, 143, 155, 397, 401 Temple of the Divine Julius 117, 239, 328, early life of 135, 156–58, 175, 180 343, 395, 400 date of his first collection 170 Temple of Hercules Musarum 329, 330 hometown of 156 Temple of Hope 370 obsession with death 168 Temple of Janus 394–95 Elegies 1: 170, 171, 182 Temple of Juno Lucina 329 Elegies 1.21: 153, 165, 168–71 Temple of Jupiter Feretrius 322, 328

438 Index

Rome, city of (cont.) slaves Temple of Mother Venus 41 allegedly serving in office 260 Temple of Neptune 330 as equestrians 263–67 Temple of Saturn 329 in the proscriptions and at Philippi 64, 66, Theater of Pompey 253, 328 74–75, 80, 99 Rubicon 9, 15, 39, 54–55, 59 of Sextus Pompey 203, 206, 300, 323, ruler cult 5, 116–17, 157, 344, 389, 400 382, 402 rumors 18, 59, 238, 265, 354, 402 suffering of during civil war 105, 166, 171, 229–30, 327–28 Sallustius Crispus, C., historian 4, 346 used in military campaigns 203, 299 career of 255, 260–61, 290, 296–97 in veteran settlement 114–15 and Cicero 290–92 See also freedpersons. dates of his early works 55, 162 Solon, ambassador from Aphrodisias 228, and discordia 154, 162 229, 230 and Thucydides 294, 307, 348 Sosius, C. (cos. 32 BC) 244, 329, 330, War with Catiline 38, 55, 290–91, 352–53, 400 306–10, 326 Spain 32, 110, 145–47, 245, 329, 358 War with Jugurtha 162, 257, 260–63, 281–83, Spanish War 43–44, 46, 53, 145–46 284, 287, 288, 291–92 Sparta 378, 385 Histories 164, 186–87, 203, 205, 235–36, 237 Sperlonga, sculptures found at 92 Salvidienus Rufus, Q., Octavian’s general 162, Spurinna, soothsayer 22 166, 172, 192, 204 Statilius Taurus, T. (cos. suff. 37 BC) 329, 332, Samos 386 359, 395 Sardinia 200, 273, 358 Stephanos, sculptor in Rome 253 Sardis 17 Stephanus, agent of Antony 229–30 Sarmentus, one-time slave 263–64, 268, Strabo, historian and geographer 7, 244, 390 272, 273 on Alexandria 337 Saufeius, L., Epicurean philosopher 38, 73 on Corinth 149 Scribonia, wife of Octavian 187 Geography as source for triumviral period 3, Scribonius Libo, L. (cos. 34 BC), father-in-law of 106, 184, 226, 305, 378, 390 Sextus Pompey 42–43, 187, 206 historical writings of 8 sculpture on Media Atropatene 303 collection of Asinius Pollio 252–53 on Tyre 185 of freedpersons 269–72, 274–76, 333 Stratonicea 225, 226–28 stolen during civil war 91–92, 230, 386, 389 Suetonius Tranquillus, C., biographer 140, 359 See also armies, funerary monuments of; Julius Sulla, see Cornelius Sulla Felix, L. Caesar, C., portraits of; Octavius, C., Sulpicius Galba, Ser. (pr. 54) 52–53, 54 portraits of. Sulpicius Rufus, Ser., orator 87 Seleucus, sea captain from Rhosus 7, 376–77, 386 Syria 35, 40, 41, 88–89, 155, 182, 183–87, 242, Selurus, "son of Etna" 301 257, 338 Sempronius Atratinus, L. (cos. suff. 34 BC) 10, 87, 192, 193 Tacitus, see Cornelius Tacitus Senate Tarentum pact 242–43 composition of 258, 267–68, 353, 371 Tarsus 89, 106, 182, 343, 376 role of in triumviral period 63, 161, 192, 228–30, Tauromenium 302 276–88, 358 taxation Seneca the Elder, see Annaeus Seneca, L. of Italians 3, 82–86, 200, 205, 323, 369–70, Sentinum 164–65, 172 396, 402 Septimius, proscript 64–65, 66, 79, 80 of provincials 3, 82, 88–89, 91–92, 94, 105, 184, Servilia, mother of Brutus 40, 84, 96, 224 187, 225, 341, 370 Sextius, T., Caesarian in Africa 150 temples, restoration of 322, 329–30, 396 Sextus Pompey, see Pompeius (Magnus Pius), Sex. See also Rome, city of, its monuments. Sibylline oracles 195, 197, 198, 308, 340 Terentius Varro, M., scholar 4, 208–09, 210, 252, Sicily 30, 299–300, 301–02, 358 288–90 Sittius, proscript 171 Disciplinae 210

Index 439

De vita populi Romani 262 For Marcellus 321–22 Imagines 209–10, 252, 293, 294 Philippics 42, 87, 117, 345 De re rustica 210–12, 217, 234, 366 Second Philippic 42, 209 Terentius Varro Gibba, M. (tr. pl. 43 BC), Fifth Philippic 50, 51 Republican at Philippi 99 Fourteenth Philippic 54, 56 Tergeste 325, 326 Secret History 38 Thrace 94 Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. suff. 30 BC) son of Tiberius, the emperor 232 previous 28–29, 35, 88, 96, 212 Tibullus, see Albius Tibullus Tullius Tiro, M., Cicero’s secretary 42, 78 Tiro, see Tullius Tiro, M. Tullus, see Volcacius Tullus, L. Titius, M. (cos. suff. 31 BC) 208, 335, 353, 359 Turia, wife of Lucretius 75–76 tribunes, military 213, 266, 268–86 Turullius, D., prefect of Antony 342 triumphs 251–52, 255, 279, 298, 329–30, 378, 383, Tyre 105, 185 384–85, 399–400 “triumviral literature” Urbinus Panapio, proscript 74 definition of 4–5 Urso 145–47, 149 lacks outspokenness 87, 250 moralizing in 246, 310–11, 319, 320, 346 Valerius Maximus 74–77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86–87, some preoccupations of 126–27, 143, 207, 214, 99–100, 272–73 221, 282, 312 Valerius Messalla Corvinus, M. (cos. suff. 31 BC) utopias in 198, 201, 235–36 joins the Liberators 89 See also civil war, as subject for literature. during and after war at Philippi 101, 103–04 triumvirate possibly helps Horace 214 its first expiration and renewal 161, 242–43, on eve of Actium 363, 371 303, 323 memoirs of 89, 95, 96, 97, 99, 103–04, its final expiration 339, 352 105, 302 formation of 59–60, 62–63, 108 as orator 87, 192 its nature 3–4, 59–60, 188, 192–93, 228–30, 259, wealth of 321 323, 353 Varius Rufus, L., poet 143, 245, 246, 247–49, triumvirate, so-called “first” 3, 59 311–12, 395 Tullius Cicero, M. (cos. 63 BC) Varro, see Terentius Varro background and early life 28, 258 Velitrae 31 during civil war between Caesar and Pompey Velleius, C., officer of Ti. Claudius Nero 173 288–90 Velleius Paterculus, C., historian and grandson of and Cleopatra 29 previous leaves Rome worried after Ides of March 13–14, on statue of Octavian 117 15–16 on proscriptions and their aftermath 77, concerned about his son 28, 35 79–80, 207 suspicious of Antony 30, 33–34, 36–37 on Philippi 99 meets Octavian 31–32 on war at Perusia 172, 173 uncertain what move to make 32–33, on Sextus Pompey 302 35–36, 41 on Antony in Alexandria 338 and Dolabella 34–35 on war at Actium 360, 397 and Buthrotum 147–48 on Munatius Plancus 278 leaves Italy but returns and clashes with Ventidius Bassus, P. (cos. suff. 43 BC) 255, Antony 41–42 259, 370 and statue of Minerva 20 after the Ides 56, 256 jokes with Papirius Paetus 22 made consul 256, 259 comes to support Octavian 49, 50, 51 during war at Perusia 162, 166 after war at Mutina 54, 56 campaign against the Parthians and triumph is betrayed by Octavian and flees Rome 59 226, 233, 255, 279 last days 4, 61, 78, 87, 257, 401 attacked 256, 257, 264, 265, 280–81 On Duties 290, 291 and Sallust 282 Letters to Atticus 14, 25–27, 43, 147–48 Venusia 108, 213 letters to Varro 288–90 Vergil, see Vergilius Maro, P.

440 Index

Vergilius Maro, P., poet 4, 109, 112–13, 245, 246, after Actium 385, 390–93, 396 247–49 procedure of 108, 114–15, 117–18, 124, 131–35, Eclogues 170, 218 137–38, 215, 217 allegorical interpretation of 112–13, Vettius, C., veteran 149 125–26, 142 Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, C. (cos. 43 BC) 32, 50, audience 125, 126–27 51–56 date 109, 201 Vipsanius Agrippa, M. (cos. 37 BC) 147, 359 mysteriousness of 10 with Octavian in Apollonia 231 and Octavian 109, 116–18 during war at Perusia 162, 165 originality 111–12, 113, 125, 127, 141–42, betrothed to Caecilia Attica 231, 330 193, 198 in Gaul 245, 298 Eclogue 1: 1, 110–27, 153, 165, 166, 167, 201, campaigns against Sextus Pompey 298–300 215, 235 his resplendent aedileship 330–33 Eclogue 4: 154, 155, 193–200, 201, 234 during Actium campaign 341, 371, 372, 374 Eclogue 9: 1, 127–43, 153, 157, 199, 215, 218, 235 addressee of Augustus’ autobiography 9 Georgics 351 autobiography of 302, 331, 332 date of 311, 398 suppresses name Vipsanius 231 and Octavian 367, 399–401 Volcacius Tullus, L., friend of Propertius response to all of triumviral period 311, 348 159, 170 subject of 218, 314–16 Volumnii, family from Perusia 175–82 Georgics 1: 22–25, 97–98, 348–49, 401 Volumnius, biographer of Brutus 89, 98–99, Georgics 2: 142, 311–16, 365–68 101, 103 Georgics 3: 143, 399–401 Volumnius, friend of the younger Lucullus Georgics 4: 317, 348 100–01 Aeneid Vulcanius, soothsayer 21, 23, 195 Aeneid 1: 395, 401 Aeneid 6: 199 women Aeneid 8: 371 manliness of, during civil war 72–73, 82, veteran settlement 44–45, 174, 359, 402 84–86, 158, 160, 334, 344–45 by Marius 44 as political negotiators 84, 189, 206, 242, 336 by Sulla 44, 144 in the proscriptions 64–65, 66, 67–73, 75–77, by Caesar 14, 44–45, 108, 110 80, 84 after Philippi 45, 82, 108–51, 153, 157, 159–60, taxation of 3, 83–86 172, 213, 214–20 after Naulochus 324 Xanthus 94