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A New Pod-Inhabiting Species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae) from Ethiopia

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A New Pod-Inhabiting Species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae) from Ethiopia Xylaria aethiopica sp. nov. – a new pod-inhabiting species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae) from Ethiopia Jacques FOURNIER Abstract: A filiform and nodulose Xylaria repeatedly collected on woody pods of the endemic tree Milletia Yu-Ming JU ferruginea in Ethiopia is documented with macromorphological, micromorphological, culture, and DNA se- Huei-Mei HSIEH quence data. A comparison with known related species sharing a similar ecology and Xylaria taxa previously Uwe LINDEMANN reported from this region show its distinctiveness. the new species X. aethiopica is therefore proposed to accommodate it. Keywords: Ascomycota, Milletia ferruginea, taxonomy, Xylariales. Ascomycete.org, 10 (5) : 209–215 Mise en ligne le 04/11/2018 Résumé : une Xylaire à stromas filiformes et noduleux a été récoltée à plusieurs reprises sur gousses li- 10.25664/ART-244 gneuses de Milletia ferruginea, un arbre endémique d’Éthiopie. Des données concernant sa macromorpho- logie, sa micromorphologie, ses caractéristiques en culture et ses séquences ADN sont apportées. la comparaison avec les espèces connues ayant la même écologie et les taxons de Xylaria préalablement si- gnalés de cette région établissent sa singularité. Par conséquent la nouvelle espèce X. aethiopica est propo- sée. Mots-clés : Ascomycota, Milletia ferruginea, taxinomie, Xylariales. Introduction Material and methods Ethiopia is characterized by highly diverse ecosystems ranging morphological characterization follows fouRNiER et al. (2018a; from the deserts of the Afar Depression with the hottest places on 2018b). fungal collections were deposited in mStR, museum für Naturkunde (münster, Germany) and in HASt, Academia Sinica earth (year-round average temperatures) and the lowest point in (taipei, taiwan). Africa (at 155 meters below sea level) on the one hand to the moun- Cultures were obtained by scooping out perithecial contents and tains of Northern Ethiopia (Simen) and East Ethiopia (Bale) with el- placing them on SmE medium (KENERlEy & RoGERS, 1976). Resulting evations over 3000 meters and several peaks over 4000 meters on colonies were transferred to 9-cm plastic Petri dishes containing 2% the other hand. Active and extinct volcanoes characterize the zone Difco oatmeal agar (oA), from which the culture descriptions were along the Great Rift Valley, which separates Ethiopia from north to made, and incubated at 20° C under 12 h fluorescent light. the cul- south more than 600 kilometers. ture was deposited at BCRC (Bio-resource Collection and Research Center, Hsin-chu, taiwan). Due to the diverse ecological conditions, Ethiopia has a unique PCR amplifications of β-tub and α-act were described in HSiEH et flora and fauna with many endemic species, and one can assume al. (2005), whereas those of rpb2 and itS were in HSiEH et al. (2010) that this is no less true for fungi. While the flora and fauna of Ethiopia and HSiEH et al. (2009), respectively. these four sequences were sub- are well known (HEDBERG & EDWARDS, 1989; Puff & NEmomiSSA, 2005; jected to NCBi mEGABlASt queries. EtHioPiAN BioDiVERSity iNStitutE, 2014), the diversity of the Ethiopian Phylogenetic analyses were performed with mrBayes 3.0b4 fungi is barely explored, though fungi were included in a recent re- (HuElSENBECK & RoNquiSt, 2003) for Bayesian (BA) analyses and PAuP* search project of investigation of the biodiversity in the Kafa Bio- 4.0b10 (SWoffoRD, 2003) for maximum parsimony (mP) analyses based on combined sequences of rpb2, β-tub and α-act. Parameter sphere Reserve in southwestern Ethiopia (tHE NAtuRE AND BioDiVERSity settings for BA and mP followed HSiEH et al. (2010). Decision on com- CoNSERVAtioN uNioN (NABu), 2017). bining sequences of the three loci was based on statistical congru- the diversity of the Ascomycota in Ethiopia and especially of the ence suggested by a partition homogeneity test (fARRiS et al., 1994; Pyrenomycetes is nearly unknown. Apart from the few data in the HuElSENBECK et al., 1996). the combined sequences of rpb2, β-tub and two “checklists” of the fungal diversity of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti α-act of X. aethiopica were added to the RPB2-tuB-ACt dataset in and Somalia, the former “italian East Africa”, including 13 Xylaria taxa Ju et al. (2011), which consisted of those from HSiEH et al. (2010) and (CAStEllANi & CifERRi, 1938; 1950), there is no specific research which X. coprinicola. the resulting dataset contained 133 isolates of 116 taxa, where major genera of the subfamily Xylarioideae as well as deals with this large group of fungi. Recent contributions to the As- representatives of various groups and species aggregates of Xylaria comycota of Ethiopia are those by moRAVEC (1978; 1983; 1998), were included. three out-group taxa were Annulohypoxylon co- fouRNiER et al. (2010) and liNDEmANN (2009; 2012; 2013; 2017). this haerens (Pers.) y.-m. Ju et al., Biscogniauxia arima San martín et al., paper is a modest contribution to the knowledge of Pyrenomycetes and B. mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze of the subfamily Hypoxy- in Ethiopia by describing a new species of Xylaria which grows on loideae. the pods of an endemic tree of Ethiopia, Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker, a very common tree of the North Ethiopian uplands. Taxonomy the new species X. aethiopica is described and illustrated, based on six collections on the same substrate in similar environments; we Xylaria aethiopica J. fourn., y.-m. Ju, H.-m. Hsieh & u. lindem., sp. document it with macromorphological, micromorphological, cul- nov. – mycoBank mB 828260 – Plates 1–3, fig. 1. ture, and DNA sequence data and we compare it with known related Diagnosis: Differs from other species of Xylaria occurring on species sharing a similar ecology. woody fruits by the combination of glabrous filiform stromata with the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of the thirteen Xylaria conspicuously exposed perithecial contours under a narrowly taxa previously reported from this region by CAStEllANi & CifERRi striped outer layer, appendaged ascospores 11–13 × 3.8–4.5 µm (1938; 1950) are discussed, showing by comparison that with a straight germ slit and strongly suspected host-specificity for X. aethiopica represents an undescribed species. Milletia ferruginea pods in Ethiopia. 209 Plate 1 – Xylaria aethiopica. Holotype (mStR P-20000). A: mature stromata on host surface; B: Close-up on stromatal surface showing free perithecia beneath the lacerated brown outer layer; C: immature stroma showing a hairy stipe and a grey stromatal surface; D: Stromatal surface in close-up showing absence of tomentum and slightly exposed perithecia piercing through a greyish brown outer layer, some showing a slightly papillate ostiole; E: fertile head of a mature stroma showing immersed perithecia, a spathulate sterile apex, remnants of brownish outer layer and ostioles with white discs; f: Apex of a filiform stroma showing free perithecia, remnants of a brownish outer layer and broken spathulate sterile apex; G: Stroma in longitudinal section showing immersed to slightly exposed perithecia beneath a thin black crust and a white solid interior; H: Close-up on two adjacent exposed perithecia showing their black roughened surface and a smooth, golden yellow os- tiolar area. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B, D, f-H = 0.5 mm; C = 5 mm; E = 1 mm. 210 Ascomycete.org Typification: EtHioPiA: Addis Ababa, in the park of the Ghion Hotel, tary island Kibran Gabriel near Bahir Dar, approx. 11°39’ N, 37°21’ E, 9°01’ N, 38°76’ E, 2300 m asl, on fallen dead woody pods of Millettia circa 1800 m asl, same host, 30 Dec. 2009, leg. uwe lindemann ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker (Fabaceae), 15 Sept. 2009, leg. uwe lin- (mStR P-19997); lake tana, ura Kidane mihret monastery near Zege, demann (holotype mStR P-20000; isotype HASt 143676) (cultured); approx. 11°41’ N, 37°20’ E, circa 1800 m asl, 30 Dec. 2009, same host, ex type culture: fu31033; GenBank sequences: itS = mH790445; β- leg. uwe lindemann (mStR P-19996). tubulin = mH785221; RPB2 = mH785222; α-actin = mH785223. Comments: We studied six collections of X. aethiopica, all occur- Etymology: the epithet refers to Ethiopia, the country where the ring on the woody pods of Millettia ferruginea, an endemic faba- fungus was repeatedly collected on fruits of a tree endemic to this ceous tree of Ethiopian highlands, which suggests a strong region. host-preference, if not host-specificity. Xylaria aethiopica grows in dense groups on more or less rotten, blackened, often curled pods Stromata filiform, upright, simple to rarely furcate, arising sepa- of M. ferruginea, both on the inner and outer side of the pods. the rately or in small bundles, 15–30 mm total height, the fertile heads pods lie for more than one year, often for several years, on the 5–12 mm high × 0.8–1.2(–1.7) mm diam, straight to curved, flat- ground before X. aethiopica fruits on it. tened in places, with pointed to most often flattened to spathulate Milletia ferruginea belongs to the family Fabaceae and can reach sterile apices; the stipes well-defined, 10–22 mm high, sinuous to 20 meters tall. its natural habitat is restricted to the Ethiopian up- strongly contorted, black, puckered, finely downy, tomentose and land (1000–2500 m asl), but it has also been planted in many cities slightly swollen at base. Stromatal surface strongly nodulose with and villages of Northern Ethiopia. it provides shade in coffee plan- perithecia partly immersed to nearly superficial, glabrous; outer tations. it flowers in the wet season between may and october (HED- crust black, slightly roughened, leathery, 20–30 µm thick, with grey BERG & EDWARDS, 1989; Puff & NEmomiSSA, 2005). to pale brown superficial layer splitting into elongated strips and Based on its filiform glabrous stromata with a grey to yellow forming a network around the exposed perithecial contours, grad- brown narrowly striped outer layer over conspicuously exposed ually worn off until full maturity; interior white, solid, pithy. Perithe- perithecial contours and navicular appendaged ascospores with cia subglobose 0.3–0.35 mm diam.
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