Xylaria aethiopica sp. nov. – a new pod-inhabiting species of Xylaria (Xylariaceae) from Ethiopia

Jacques FOURNIER Abstract: A filiform and nodulose Xylaria repeatedly collected on woody pods of the endemic tree Milletia Yu-Ming JU ferruginea in Ethiopia is documented with macromorphological, micromorphological, culture, and DNA se- Huei-Mei HSIEH quence data. A comparison with known related species sharing a similar ecology and Xylaria taxa previously Uwe LINDEMANN reported from this region show its distinctiveness. the new species X. aethiopica is therefore proposed to accommodate it. Keywords: Ascomycota, Milletia ferruginea, taxonomy, Xylariales. Ascomycete.org, 10 (5) : 209–215 Mise en ligne le 04/11/2018 Résumé : une Xylaire à stromas filiformes et noduleux a été récoltée à plusieurs reprises sur gousses li- 10.25664/ART-244 gneuses de Milletia ferruginea, un arbre endémique d’Éthiopie. Des données concernant sa macromorpho- logie, sa micromorphologie, ses caractéristiques en culture et ses séquences ADN sont apportées. la comparaison avec les espèces connues ayant la même écologie et les taxons de Xylaria préalablement si- gnalés de cette région établissent sa singularité. Par conséquent la nouvelle espèce X. aethiopica est propo- sée. Mots-clés : Ascomycota, Milletia ferruginea, taxinomie, Xylariales.

Introduction Material and methods

Ethiopia is characterized by highly diverse ecosystems ranging morphological characterization follows fouRNiER et al. (2018a; from the deserts of the Afar Depression with the hottest places on 2018b). fungal collections were deposited in mStR, museum für Naturkunde (münster, Germany) and in HASt, Academia Sinica earth (year-round average temperatures) and the lowest point in (taipei, taiwan). Africa (at 155 meters below sea level) on the one hand to the moun- Cultures were obtained by scooping out perithecial contents and tains of Northern Ethiopia (Simen) and East Ethiopia (Bale) with el- placing them on SmE medium (KENERlEy & RoGERS, 1976). Resulting evations over 3000 meters and several peaks over 4000 meters on colonies were transferred to 9-cm plastic Petri dishes containing 2% the other hand. Active and extinct volcanoes characterize the zone Difco oatmeal agar (oA), from which the culture descriptions were along the Great Rift Valley, which separates Ethiopia from north to made, and incubated at 20° C under 12 h fluorescent light. the cul- south more than 600 kilometers. ture was deposited at BCRC (Bio-resource Collection and Research Center, Hsin-chu, taiwan). Due to the diverse ecological conditions, Ethiopia has a unique PCR amplifications of β-tub and α-act were described in HSiEH et flora and fauna with many endemic species, and one can assume al. (2005), whereas those of rpb2 and itS were in HSiEH et al. (2010) that this is no less true for fungi. While the flora and fauna of Ethiopia and HSiEH et al. (2009), respectively. these four sequences were sub- are well known (HEDBERG & EDWARDS, 1989; Puff & NEmomiSSA, 2005; jected to NCBi mEGABlASt queries. EtHioPiAN BioDiVERSity iNStitutE, 2014), the diversity of the Ethiopian Phylogenetic analyses were performed with mrBayes 3.0b4 fungi is barely explored, though fungi were included in a recent re- (HuElSENBECK & RoNquiSt, 2003) for Bayesian (BA) analyses and PAuP* search project of investigation of the biodiversity in the Kafa Bio- 4.0b10 (SWoffoRD, 2003) for maximum parsimony (mP) analyses based on combined sequences of rpb2, β-tub and α-act. Parameter sphere Reserve in southwestern Ethiopia (tHE NAtuRE AND BioDiVERSity settings for BA and mP followed HSiEH et al. (2010). Decision on com- CoNSERVAtioN uNioN (NABu), 2017). bining sequences of the three loci was based on statistical congru- the diversity of the Ascomycota in Ethiopia and especially of the ence suggested by a partition homogeneity test (fARRiS et al., 1994; Pyrenomycetes is nearly unknown. Apart from the few data in the HuElSENBECK et al., 1996). the combined sequences of rpb2, β-tub and two “checklists” of the fungal diversity of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti α-act of X. aethiopica were added to the RPB2-tuB-ACt dataset in and Somalia, the former “italian East Africa”, including 13 Xylaria taxa Ju et al. (2011), which consisted of those from HSiEH et al. (2010) and (CAStEllANi & CifERRi, 1938; 1950), there is no specific research which X. coprinicola. the resulting dataset contained 133 isolates of 116 taxa, where major genera of the subfamily Xylarioideae as well as deals with this large group of fungi. Recent contributions to the As- representatives of various groups and species aggregates of Xylaria comycota of Ethiopia are those by moRAVEC (1978; 1983; 1998), were included. three out-group taxa were Annulohypoxylon co- fouRNiER et al. (2010) and liNDEmANN (2009; 2012; 2013; 2017). this haerens (Pers.) y.-m. Ju et al., Biscogniauxia arima San martín et al., paper is a modest contribution to the knowledge of Pyrenomycetes and B. mediterranea (De Not.) Kuntze of the subfamily Hypoxy- in Ethiopia by describing a new species of Xylaria which grows on loideae. the pods of an endemic tree of Ethiopia, Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker, a very common tree of the North Ethiopian uplands. Taxonomy the new species X. aethiopica is described and illustrated, based on six collections on the same substrate in similar environments; we Xylaria aethiopica J. fourn., y.-m. Ju, H.-m. Hsieh & u. lindem., sp. document it with macromorphological, micromorphological, cul- nov. – mycoBank mB 828260 – Plates 1–3, fig. 1. ture, and DNA sequence data and we compare it with known related Diagnosis: Differs from other species of Xylaria occurring on species sharing a similar ecology. woody fruits by the combination of glabrous filiform stromata with the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of the thirteen Xylaria conspicuously exposed perithecial contours under a narrowly taxa previously reported from this region by CAStEllANi & CifERRi striped outer layer, appendaged ascospores 11–13 × 3.8–4.5 µm (1938; 1950) are discussed, showing by comparison that with a straight germ slit and strongly suspected host-specificity for X. aethiopica represents an undescribed species. Milletia ferruginea pods in Ethiopia.

209 Plate 1 – Xylaria aethiopica. Holotype (mStR P-20000). A: mature stromata on host surface; B: Close-up on stromatal surface showing free perithecia beneath the lacerated brown outer layer; C: immature stroma showing a hairy stipe and a grey stromatal surface; D: Stromatal surface in close-up showing absence of tomentum and slightly exposed perithecia piercing through a greyish brown outer layer, some showing a slightly papillate ostiole; E: fertile head of a mature stroma showing immersed perithecia, a spathulate sterile apex, remnants of brownish outer layer and ostioles with white discs; f: Apex of a filiform stroma showing free perithecia, remnants of a brownish outer layer and broken spathulate sterile apex; G: Stroma in longitudinal section showing immersed to slightly exposed perithecia beneath a thin black crust and a white solid interior; H: Close-up on two adjacent exposed perithecia showing their black roughened surface and a smooth, golden yellow os- tiolar area. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B, D, f-H = 0.5 mm; C = 5 mm; E = 1 mm.

210 Ascomycete.org Typification: EtHioPiA: Addis Ababa, in the park of the Ghion Hotel, tary island Kibran Gabriel near Bahir Dar, approx. 11°39’ N, 37°21’ E, 9°01’ N, 38°76’ E, 2300 m asl, on fallen dead woody pods of Millettia circa 1800 m asl, same host, 30 Dec. 2009, leg. uwe lindemann ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker (Fabaceae), 15 Sept. 2009, leg. uwe lin- (mStR P-19997); lake tana, ura Kidane mihret monastery near Zege, demann (holotype mStR P-20000; isotype HASt 143676) (cultured); approx. 11°41’ N, 37°20’ E, circa 1800 m asl, 30 Dec. 2009, same host, ex type culture: fu31033; GenBank sequences: itS = mH790445; β- leg. uwe lindemann (mStR P-19996). tubulin = mH785221; RPB2 = mH785222; α-actin = mH785223. Comments: We studied six collections of X. aethiopica, all occur- Etymology: the epithet refers to Ethiopia, the country where the ring on the woody pods of Millettia ferruginea, an endemic faba- fungus was repeatedly collected on fruits of a tree endemic to this ceous tree of Ethiopian highlands, which suggests a strong region. host-preference, if not host-specificity. Xylaria aethiopica grows in dense groups on more or less rotten, blackened, often curled pods Stromata filiform, upright, simple to rarely furcate, arising sepa- of M. ferruginea, both on the inner and outer side of the pods. the rately or in small bundles, 15–30 mm total height, the fertile heads pods lie for more than one year, often for several years, on the 5–12 mm high × 0.8–1.2(–1.7) mm diam, straight to curved, flat- ground before X. aethiopica fruits on it. tened in places, with pointed to most often flattened to spathulate Milletia ferruginea belongs to the family Fabaceae and can reach sterile apices; the stipes well-defined, 10–22 mm high, sinuous to 20 meters tall. its natural habitat is restricted to the Ethiopian up- strongly contorted, black, puckered, finely downy, tomentose and land (1000–2500 m asl), but it has also been planted in many cities slightly swollen at base. Stromatal surface strongly nodulose with and villages of Northern Ethiopia. it provides shade in coffee plan- perithecia partly immersed to nearly superficial, glabrous; outer tations. it flowers in the wet season between may and october (HED- crust black, slightly roughened, leathery, 20–30 µm thick, with grey BERG & EDWARDS, 1989; Puff & NEmomiSSA, 2005). to pale brown superficial layer splitting into elongated strips and Based on its filiform glabrous stromata with a grey to yellow forming a network around the exposed perithecial contours, grad- brown narrowly striped outer layer over conspicuously exposed ually worn off until full maturity; interior white, solid, pithy. Perithe- perithecial contours and navicular appendaged ascospores with cia subglobose 0.3–0.35 mm diam. Ostioles finely papillate, black, acute ends and a long germ slit, X. aethiopica appears close to with a fugacious yellowish grey halo, occasionally encircled with a X. alata f. San martín & J.D. Rogers, known only from one collection disc of white substance at maturity. in méxico on wood or woody fruits buried in the soil (SAN mARtíN & Asci cylindrical to narrowly fusiform, with 6–8 slightly overlapping RoGERS, 1989). the most salient feature of X. alata is the presence on uniseriately to partly biseriately arranged ascospores, 120–130 µm ascospores of bipolar cellular appendages that appear flattened in total length, the spore-bearing parts 76–87 µm long × 5.5–6.5 µm some orientations. Ascospore dimensions of X. alata are 8–10 × 3– wide, the stipes 38–50 µm long, with apical apparatus slightly tubu- 4 µm, including appendages ca. 2 µm long (SAN mARtíN & RoGERS, lar with a faint upper rim, 2.3–2.9 × 1.7–2 µm (me = 2.6 × 1.9 µm, 1989), while those of X. aethiopica are 11–13 × 3.8–4.5 µm, excluding N = 25), bluing in melzer’s reagent. Paraphyses copious, thin- appendages which may be collapsed or inconspicuous and thus dif- walled, sparingly septate, up to 10 µm broad at base, tapering to 2– ficult to measure accurately. Besides this quantitative and significant 3 µm broad above asci, evanescent in herbarium material. difference, the appendages of X. aethiopica appear different from Ascospores (9.7–)11–13(–13.5) × (3.5–)3.8–4.5(–4.9) µm, q = (2.2–) those of X. alata in being consistently conical to cylindrical, regard- 2.7–3.3(–3.6), N = 120 (me = 11.9 × 4.1 µm, qe = 2.9), fusiform less of the orientation, and do not appear flattened like those in strongly inequilateral to navicular with narrowly rounded to acute X. alata. ends, brown to dark brown, smooth-walled, with a conspicuous When run through the key to fruit-inhabiting species of Xylaria straight germ slit 3/4 to almost spore-length, with hyaline, cylindri- (Ju et al., 2018), X. aethiopica falls in the X. carpophila (Pers.: fr.) fr. cal to slightly conical, bluntly rounded, persistent, bipolar secondary group because of its fertile surface lacking a tomentum and overlain appendages, 2–3 µm long at fresh state, 1.2–1.7 × 0.9–1.3 µm (me = with a narrowly striped outer layer. Based on ascospore morphology 1.5 × 1.1 µm, N = 30 from herbarium material), slightly refractive in and host association with a dicot host, it keys out to X. carpophila water and black Pelikan® ink, faintly stained by aqueous nigrosin or and X. oxyacanthae tul. & C. tul., two temperate species associated blue Pelikan® ink, strongly refractive in india ink; in the latter with Fagus fruits for the former and with Crateagus, Carpinus, Carya, medium, appendages appear coated with remnants of mucilagi- Cornus and Prunus fruits for the latter. Ascospores of both species nous material also present as traces around the ascospore body. un- lack the bipolar appendages encountered in X. aethiopica, support- ing the distinctiveness of this species. like in SAN mARtíN & RoGERS (1989), ascospore measurements do not include the appendages that may be collapsed, inconspicuous or absent. Molecular phylogeny Asexual morph on the natural substrate present on immature stromata appearing apically whitish and pruinose (Plate 3), com- NCBi mEGABlASt queries with sequences of itS, rpb2, β-tub, and prised of cylindric, simple, palisadic conidiogenous cells 10–13.5 × α-act from X. aethiopica did not show close matches with existing 2.8–3.5 µm bearing terminal and lateral denticulate conidial seces- sequences at GenBank. the species with which X. aethiopica shared sion scars; conidia produced holoblastically in sympodial sequence, the highest sequence similarities were X. culleniae Berk. & Broome narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, hyaline, smooth, 4.5–7.2 × 2.5–2.8 µm. at itS (98%), X. juruensis Henn. at rpb2 (93%), X. culleniae at β-tub Colonies on oA at 20° C reaching the edge of plate in 5 weeks, (94%), and X. culleniae at α-act (93%). white initially, blackened beyond 2–3 cm from the center, with the BA and mP analyses showed that X. aethiopica clustered with Xy- central stellate area remaining white, crenate at margins, appressed, laria species associated with some fruit-inhabiting species, which furrowed radiately near margins. Reverse uncolored. Stromata and constituted a subclade within Po in HSiEH et al. (2010). Because the asexual morph not produced. tree topologies were highly similar to those in HSiEH et al. (2010), we present only a part of the Po clade herein (fig. 1), where Other specimens examined (paratypes): EtHioPiA: Downtown X. aethiopica was sister to the subclade containing X. culleniae and Addis Ababa, Kazanchies district, 9°02’ N, 38°78’ E, 2300 m asl, on X. ianthinovelutina, two carpophilous Xylaria species, and X. juruensis fallen dead woody pods of Millettia ferruginea, 15 Sept. 2008, leg. and Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola, two monocot-inhabiting species. uwe lindemann (mStR P-19993); ibid., same host, 10 Sept. 2009, leg. Grouping of these species was strongly supported, with the poste- uwe lindemann (mStR P-19999; HASt 143677); Addis Ababa, in the rior probability value 1.00 and the bootstrap value 1.00. park of German Embassy, 9°04’ N, 38°78’ E, 2450 m asl, same host, 2 to ensure that X. aethiopica was not among the 13 Xylaria taxa oct. 2009, leg. uwe lindemann (mStR P-19998); lake tana, monas- listed by CAStElli & CifERRi (1938; 1950), these taxa are reevaluated

Ascomycete.org 211 herein on the basis of their ecology, recent taxonomic concepts, and Xylaria brevipes var. africana Sacc. is a synonym of X. bipindensis revisions of herbarium material. None of these were reported to C.G. lloyd, which is closely related to X. rhytidophloea mont. (Ju et occur on woody pods. al., 2016). Xylaria aspergilloides Elisei was reported as lignicolous by EliSEi Xylaria cudonia Berk. & m.A. Curtis is a synonym of Daldinia aspha- (1939). the description and illustration in the protologue indicate latum (link) Sacc. (StADlER et al., 2014). that this species is based on immature material that bears only an asexual morph, which has rounded conidia in chains. Xylaria fioriana Sacc. is a lignicolous species with hairy fertile head Xylaria beccariana Pass. is likely associated with termite nests; its 4–6 × 1.5 mm with small perithecia 0.2 mm diam and a stipe 2– minute ascospores 4–5 × 2 µm recall those of X. escharoidea (Berk.) 6 mm high with a swollen base. its was found on a dead trunk of Eu- fr. or X. nigripes (Klotsch) m.C. Cooke (Ju et al., 2016). phorbia abyssiniaca (SACCARDo, 1910). the holotype [EtHioPiA: mensa,

Plate 2 – Xylaria aethiopica. Holotype (mStR P-2000). A: mature stalked ascus in 1% SDS; B: two mature asci with broken stipes, in diluted black Pelikan® ink; C: Ascospores in 1% SDS, some in ventral view showing a germ slit; D: Ascal apical apparati, in melzer’s reagent; E: As- cospore in ventral view showing a long straight germ slit, in 1% SDS; f-H: Ascospores at fresh state showing bipolar appendages, in india ink, aqueous nigrosin and diluted blue Pelikan® ink respectively; i-K: Variously oriented ascospores from herbarium material showing rela- tively shorter bipolar appendages embedded in mucilaginous material, in india ink. Scale bars: A, B = 20 µm; C = 10 µm; D-K = 5 µm.

212 Ascomycete.org Plate 3 – Xylaria aethiopica and Millettia ferruginea. A, B: Holotype, (mStR P-20000). A: immature stromata overlain by the white pruinose asexual morph on a pod of Millettia ferruginea in situ; B: Close-up on fresh stromatal surface showing free perithecia within a network of the lacerated whitish outer layer (in situ); C: leaves and pods (left: immature pod; middle: mature pod; right: curled pod without seeds); D: Habit of the tree; E: immature pods attached to the tree.

Fig. 1 – Portion of the phylogenetic tree generated by BA analysis from the RPB2-tuB-ACt dataset in HSiEH et al. (2010) with X. aethiopica added. Numbers at internodes represent posterior probability values of a 50% majority rule consensus tree from a 1,000,000 generation markov chain monte Carlo analysis. these are immediately followed by the bootstrap values.

Ascomycete.org 213 lungo il torrente messeb, on rotten trunk, 29 mar 1909, leg. fiori, fARRiS J. S., KällERSJö m., KluGE A. G. & Bult C. 1994. — testing signifi- A. 36 (PAD)] is unfortunately sterile. cance of incongruence. Cladistics, 10: 315–319. doi: 10.1111/j.1096- Xylaria glaucescens Sacc. is synonym of X. escharoidea (RoGERS et 0031.1994.tb00181.x al., 2005). fouRNiER J., KöPCKE B. & StADlER m. 2010. — New species of Hypoxylon Xylaria hypoxylon var. erythraea Bacc. was collected on dead from western Europe and Ethiopia. Mycotaxon, 113: 209–235. doi: wood. it is externally similar to X. hypoxylon (l.) Grev. with as- 10.5248/113.209 cospores 10–12 × 4 µm, but with barely prominent perithecia fouRNiER J., lECHAt C. & CouRtECuiSSE R. 2018a. — the genera 720 µm diam (BACCARiNi, 1917), distinguishing it from X. aethiopica. Kretzschmariella and Nemania (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Xylaria marasmoides Berk. & m.A. Curtis was recorded on rotting martinique (fWi). Ascomycete.org, 10 (1): 1–47. doi: 10.25664/art-0226 grass roots in Erythrea. the protologue gives it as corticolous, re- fouRNiER J., lECHAt C. & CouRtECuiSSE R. 2018b. — the genus Xylaria sembling a small form of X. aristata mont. with a rounded fertile sensu lato (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and martinique (fWi). i. head ca. 1 mm diam, white, with ostioles not prominent, penetrated taxa with penzigioid stromata. Ascomycete.org, 10 (4): 131–176. doi: 10.25664/art-0239 by a filiform stipe, eventually splitting up (BERKElEy & CooKE, 1876). HEDBERG i., EDWARDS S., tADESSE m., DEmiSSEW S., NEmomiSSA S., KElBESSA DENNiS (1957) synonymized X. marasmoides with Thamnomyces an- E., PERSSoN E. 1989. — Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. the National nulipes mont. despite that he suspected that the former represented Herbarium, Addis Ababa university, Addis Ababa and uppsala. a distinct species because it lacks annular thickenings on the stro- HSiEH H.-m., Ju y.-m. & RoGERS J.D. 2005. — molecular phylogeny of matal stipes and has slightly larger ascospores. SAmuElS & RoDRiGuES Hypoxylon and closely related genera. Mycologia, 97 (4): 844–865. (1989) proved that T. annulipes is not a xylariaceous fungus and ac- doi: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832776 cept it as Batistia annulipes (mont.) Ciferri. Xylaria marasmoides will HSiEH H.-m., Ju y.-m., HSuEH P.-R., liN H.-y., Hu f.-R. & CHEN W.-l. 2009. be recombined with Batistia if it is eventually proven to be distinct — fungal keratitis caused by a new filamentous hyphomycete from B. annulipes. Sagenomella keratitidis. Botanical Studies, 50 (3): 331–335. Xylaria melanaxis Ces. is a synonym of X. escharoidea (RoGERS et al., HSiEH H.-m., liN C.-R., fANG m.-J., RoGERS J.D., fouRNiER J., lECHAt C. & Ju 2005). y.-m. 2010. — Phylogenetic status of Xylaria subgen. Pseudoxy- Xylaria pistillariaeformis Bacc. is a synonym of X. escharoidea. As- laria among taxa of the subfamily Xylarioideae (Xylariaceae) and cospores are small, 4–4.5 × 3–3.5 × 2.5 ×m, much as given in DENNiS phylogeny of the taxa involved in the subfamily. Molecular Phylo- (1958), and possess a germ pore [ERitREA: Beni Amer, mansura, on genetics and Evolution, 54: 957–969. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.015 clayey soil, 20 Aug 1907, leg. Pappi 7399 (K[m] 169687)]. HuElSENBECK J.P., Bull J.J. & CuNNiNGHAm C.V. 1996. — Combining data Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. is mainly a temperate species fea- in phylogenetic analysis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11: 152– turing robust stromata with a corky cracked surface and large fu- 158. doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10006-9 soid-inequilateral ascospores with a short germ slit (RoGERS & CAllAN, Ju y.-m., HSiEH H.-m. & HE X.-S. 2011. — Xylaria coprinicola, a new 1986), quite unlike those of X. aethiopica. species that antagonizes cultivation of Coprinus comatus in China. Xylaria sp. in EliSEi (1939) is devoid of the sexual and asexual Mycologia, 103 (2): 424–430. doi: 10.3852/10-215 morphs altogether. Ju y.-m., HSiEH H.-m. & SHANNoN D. 2016. — the Xylaria names pro- Xylaria tischeri mattir. was reported as growing on dead tree posed by C.G. lloyd. 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1: J. Fournier – Las Muros, 09420 Rimont, France – [email protected] 2:Y.-M. Ju – Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115 29, Taiwan – [email protected] 3: H.-M. Hsieh – Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115 29, Taiwan 4: U. Lindemann – Pflügerstr. 62, 12047 Berlin, Germany – [email protected]

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