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An Analysis of Facebook Ads in European Election Campaigns
Are microtargeted campaign messages more negative and diverse? An analysis of Facebook ads in European election campaigns Alberto López Ortega University of Zurich Abstract Concerns about the use of online political microtargeting (OPM) by campaigners have arisen since Cambridge Analytica scandal hit the international political arena. In addition to providing conceptual clarity on OPM and explore the use of such technique in Europe, this paper seeks to empirically disentangle the differing behavior of campaigners when they message citizens through microtargeted rather than non-targeted campaigning. More precisely, I hypothesize that campaigners use negative campaigning and are more diverse in terms of topics when they use OPM. To investigate whether these expectations hold true, I use text-as-data techniques to analyze an original dataset of 4,091 political Facebook Ads during the last national elections in Austria, Italy, Germany and Sweden. Results show that while microtargeted ads might indeed be more thematically diverse, there does not seem to be a significant difference to non-microtargeted ads in terms of negativity. In conclusion, I discuss the implications of these findings for microtargeted campaigns and how future research could be conducted. Keywords: microtargeting, campaigns, negativity, topic diversity 1 1. Introduction In 2016, Alexander Nix, chief executive officer of Cambridge Analytica – a political consultancy firm – gave a presentation entitled “The Power of Big Data and Psychographics in the Electoral Process”. In his presentation, he explained how his firm allegedly turned Ted Cruz from being one of the less popular candidates in the Republican primaries to be the best competitor of Donald Trump. According to Nix’s words, they collected individuals’ personal data from a range of different sources, like land registries or online shopping data that allowed them to develop a psychographic profile of each citizen in the US. -
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Packaging Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3th639mx Author Galloway, Catherine Suzanne Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PACKAGING POLITICS by Catherine Suzanne Galloway A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California at Berkeley Committee in charge Professor Jack Citrin, Chair Professor Eric Schickler Professor Taeku Lee Professor Tom Goldstein Fall 2012 Abstract Packaging Politics by Catherine Suzanne Galloway Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Jack Citrin, Chair The United States, with its early consumerist orientation, has a lengthy history of drawing on similar techniques to influence popular opinion about political issues and candidates as are used by businesses to market their wares to consumers. Packaging Politics looks at how the rise of consumer culture over the past 60 years has influenced presidential campaigning and political culture more broadly. Drawing on interviews with political consultants, political reporters, marketing experts and communications scholars, Packaging Politics explores the formal and informal ways that commercial marketing methods – specifically emotional and open source branding and micro and behavioral targeting – have migrated to the -
Additional Submissions to Parliament in Support of Inquiries Regarding Brexit Damian Collins MP Dear Mr Collins, Over the Past M
Additional Submissions to Parliament in Support of Inquiries Regarding Brexit Damian Collins MP Dear Mr Collins, Over the past many months, I have been going through hundreds of thousands of emails and documents, and have come across a variety of communications that I believe are important in furthering your inquiry into what happened between Cambridge Analytica, UKIP and the Leave.EU campaign. As multiple enquiries found that no work was done, I would like to appeal those decisions with further evidence that should hopefully help you and your colleagues reach new conclusions. As you can see with the evidence outlined below and attached here, chargeable work was completed for UKIP and Leave.EU, and I have strong reasons to believe that those datasets and analysed data processed by Cambridge Analytica as part of a Phase 1 payable work engagement (see the proposal documents submitted last April), were later used by the Leave.EU campaign without Cambridge Analytica’s further assistance. The fact remains that chargeable work was done by Cambridge Analytica, at the direction of Leave.EU and UKIP executives, despite a contract never being signed. Despite having no signed contract, the invoice was still paid, not to Cambridge Analytica but instead paid by Arron Banks to UKIP directly. This payment was then not passed onto Cambridge Analytica for the work completed, as an internal decision in UKIP, as their party was not the beneficiary of the work, but Leave.EU was. I am submitting the following additional materials to supplement the testimony and documents I gave to the DCMS Committee last year as follows: 1) FW PRESS INVITATION HOW TO WIN THE EU REFERENDUM INVITE ONLY.pdf a. -
The Evolution of the Digital Political Advertising Network
PLATFORMS AND OUTSIDERS IN PARTY NETWORKS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE DIGITAL POLITICAL ADVERTISING NETWORK Bridget Barrett A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the Hussman School of Journalism and Media. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Daniel Kreiss Adam Saffer Adam Sheingate © 2020 Bridget Barrett ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Bridget Barrett: Platforms and Outsiders in Party Networks: The Evolution of the Digital Political Advertising Network (Under the direction of Daniel Kreiss) Scholars seldom examine the companies that campaigns hire to run digital advertising. This thesis presents the first network analysis of relationships between federal political committees (n = 2,077) and the companies they hired for electoral digital political advertising services (n = 1,034) across 13 years (2003–2016) and three election cycles (2008, 2012, and 2016). The network expanded from 333 nodes in 2008 to 2,202 nodes in 2016. In 2012 and 2016, Facebook and Google had the highest normalized betweenness centrality (.34 and .27 in 2012 and .55 and .24 in 2016 respectively). Given their positions in the network, Facebook and Google should be considered consequential members of party networks. Of advertising agencies hired in the 2016 electoral cycle, 23% had no declared political specialization and were hired disproportionately by non-incumbents. The thesis argues their motivations may not be as well-aligned with party goals as those of established political professionals. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................... V POLITICAL CONSULTING AND PARTY NETWORKS ............................................................................... -
Breaking the Bank Primary Campaign Spending for Governor Since 1978
Breaking the Bank Primary Campaign Spending for Governor since 1978 California Fair Political Practices Commission • September 2010 Breaking the Bank a report by the California Fair Political Practices Commission September 2010 California Fair Political Practices Commission 428 J Street, Suite 620 Sacramento, CA 95814 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 Cost-per-Vote Chart 8 Primary Election Comparisons 10 1978 Gubernatorial Primary Election 11 1982 Gubernatorial Primary Election 13 1986 Gubernatorial Primary Election 15 1990 Gubernatorial Primary Election 16 1994 Gubernatorial Primary Election 18 1998 Gubernatorial Primary Election 20 2002 Gubernatorial Primary Election 22 2006 Gubernatorial Primary Election 24 2010 Gubernatorial Primary Election 26 Methodology 28 Appendix 29 Executive Summary s candidates prepare for the traditional general election campaign kickoff, it is clear Athat the 2010 campaign will shatter all previous records for political spending. While it is not possible to predict how much money will be spent between now and November 2, it may be useful to compare the levels of spending in this year’s primary campaign with that of previous election cycles. In this report, “Breaking the Bank,” staff of the Fair Political Practices Commission determined the spending of each candidate in every California gubernatorial primary since 1978 and calculated the actual spending per vote cast—in 2010 dollars—as candidates sought their party’s nomination. The conclusion: over time, gubernatorial primary elections have become more costly and fewer people turnout at the polls. But that only scratches the surface of what has happened since 19781. Other highlights of the report include: Since 1998, the rise of the self-funded candidate has dramatically increased the cost of running for governor in California. -
Safeguarding Digital Democracy Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative Roadmap
DIDI Roadmap March 2020 | No. 4 Safeguarding Digital Democracy Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative Roadmap Karen Kornbluh and Ellen P. Goodman with contributions by Eli Weiner Washington, DC Ankara Belgrade Berlin Brussels Bucharest Paris Warsaw DIDI Roadmap March 2020 | No. 4 The Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative The Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative works to foster innovation and ensure that technology strengthens Table of Contents democracy. DIDI leverages GMF’s transatlantic network and network of senior fellows to promote strategies for reforming policies for the digital age. 3 Executive summary Authors 8 Introduction Karen Kornbluh, former U.S. Ambassador to the Organiza- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development, is Senior 10 Politically motivated Fellow and Director of the Digital Innovation and Democracy disinformation campaigns Initiative at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Ellen P. Goodman is a professor at Rutgers Law School, where 27 After tech utopianism she is co-director and co-founder of the Rutgers Institute for Information Policy & Law at Rutgers Law School, and Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund. 30 Policy roadmap for safeguarding digital democracy Eli Weiner is a research assistant with the Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Karen Kornbluh & Ellen P. Goodman 2 DIDI Roadmap March 2020 | No. 4 Even before a global pandemic hit, the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists announced that the Doomsday Clock had advanced for the first time ever to 100 seconds before midnight. The Bulletin cited “information warfare” as a “threat multiplier” that is reducing trust and corrupting the information ecosystem needed for democratic debate. -
Conference Agenda
Learning Begins at Birth: The Larger Education Conversation California Association for Family Child Care A WATER COOLER* CONFERENCE AGENDA Bringing the needs of California’s youngest children into the larger education conversation Welcoming preschool, zero to three, prenatal to five, birth to eight, K‐12, P‐16 and higher education teachers, providers, administrators, parents, activists, advocates, philanthropists, and policy‐makers and their staffs. March 24 and 25, 2009 Sheraton Grand Sacramento 1230 J Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Learn: How other states—and nations—are advancing early education, and the results they are seeing so far What some of California’s top political leaders are thinking about the future of early education here How changes at the federal level may impact early education policy opportunities How K‐12, preschool, childcare, and early education advocates, teachers, providers and administrators are narrowing their differences to envision a policy path for early education in California How California business and labor leaders see the issues to resolve and how to move forward How early education fits into the priorities of California voters and what political strategists see ahead * The Water Cooler is a collaborative effort by the Advancement Project, the California Community Foundation, Children Now, Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, First 5 California, Preschool California, and many other organizations including those shown here, to advance early care and learning for California’s children birth to five. DRAFT AGENDA **Yellow highlighting indicates that the speaker has been confirmed TUESDAY, MARCH 24, 2008 4:00 p.m. – 6:00 p.m. REGISTRATION 6:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. -
Super Pacs and 501(C) Groups in the 2016 Election
Super PACs and 501(c) Groups in the 2016 Election David B. Magleby* Brigham Young University Paper presented at the “State of the Parties: 2016 and Beyond”, Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics, University of Akron. November 9-10, 2017. *I would like to acknowledge the research assistance of Hyrum Clarke, Ben Forsgren, John Geilman, Jake Jensen, Jacob Nielson, Blake Ringer, Alena Smith, Wen Je (Fred) Tan, and Sam Williams all BYU undergraduates. Data made available by the Center for Responsive Politics was helpful as were two interviews with Robert Maguire, whose expertise in political nonprofits was informative. 1 Super PACs and 501(c) Groups in the 2067 Election David B. Magleby Brigham Young University In only a short period of time, Super PACs have come to be one of the most important parts of American electoral politics. They raise and spend large sums of money in competitive federal elections. They have become fully integrated teammates with candidates, party leaders, and interest groups. While initially they were most visible in paying for television advertising, by 2016 they expanded their scope by providing a wide variety of campaign services once thought to be funded by candidate campaign committees (campaign events) or party committees, (get-out-the-vote, voter registration, list development). Where does the money come from that funds Super PACs and other outside groups? While much of the attention on sources of funding for Super PACs was initially on corporations and unions, the reality has been that most of the funding for Super PACs has been individuals. Publicly traded corporations have been infrequent funders of Super PACs, while unions have been more active in using Super PACs. -
MICROTARGETING AS INFORMATION WARFARE Jessica
MICROTARGETING AS INFORMATION WARFARE Jessica Dawson, Ph.D. Army Cyber Institute ABSTRACT Foreign influence operations are an acknowledged threat to national security. Less understood is the data that enables that influence. This article argues that governments must recognize microtargeting—data informed individualized targeted advertising—and the current advertising economy as enabling and profiting from foreign and domestic information warfare being waged on its citizens. The Department of Defense must place greater emphasis on defending servicemembers’ digital privacy as a national security risk. Without the ability to defend this vulnerable attack space, our adversaries will continue to target it for exploitation. INTRODUCTION In September 2020, General Paul Nakasone, NSA Director and Commander of U.S. Cyber Command, called foreign influence operations “the next great disruptor.”1 Nearly every intelligence agency in the United States government has been sounding the alarm over targeted influence operations enabled by social media companies since at least 2016, even though some of these operations started earlier. What often goes unstated and even less understood is the digital surveillance economy underlying these platforms and how this economic structure of trading free access for data collection about individuals’ lives poses a national security threat. Harvard sociologist Shoshana Zuboff calls this phenomenon “surveillance capitalism [which] unilaterally claims human experience as free raw material for translation into behavioral data.”2 This behavioral data is transformed into increasingly accurate micro-targeted advertising.3 The new surveillance capitalism has enabled massive information warfare campaigns that can be aimed directly at target populations. The predictive power of surveillance capitalism is not only being leveraged for advertising success but increasingly harnessed for mass population control4 enabled by massive amounts of individually identifiable, commercially available data with virtually no oversight or regulation. -
Alert (ISSN 0882-0929) Is Published Weekly (916) 444-6240
VOLUME 36, NUMBER 8 ● MARCH 12, 2010 ® Lawmakers Voice CalChamber Fights to Preserve Support for Economic Open Primary Ballot Wording Analysis of Proposals A Sacramento the open primary, Proposition 14 on the Members of the Superior Court June ballot. Senate Rules Judge ruled on During a news conference on March 8, Committee March 9 that Zaremberg and other supporters an- expressed support Californians for nounced plans to intervene in the lawsuit this week for a an Open to protect the interests of California concept long Primary, a group voters. They highlighted the secretive advocated by the co-chaired by attempt by the California School Employ- California California ees Association (CSEA) to work through Support Chamber of Chamber of the courts to edit the ballot title and Commerce—sub- Commerce summary for Proposition 14 in a way that jecting proposed President and CEO Allan Zaremberg, will would bias voters against the measure. legislation to an economic impact be allowed to intervene in an important, The lawsuit names Debra Bowen in analysis. but quietly fi led, lawsuit that attempts to her offi cial capacity of Secretary of State The forum for the discussion was a subvert previously approved ballot as the defendant. The Offi ce of the hearing of the Senate Rules Committee language for Proposition 14. Legislative Counsel, which normally on SBX8 60 (Harman; R-Huntington Opponents of the open primary would be expected to defend the ballot Beach), which expands the assignment of measure apparently contrived the lawsuit title and summary as enacted, was an existing joint legislative committee to to undermine language previously resisting any effort to defend the law as include the economic review. -
2021.03.20 Steve Poizner Announcement
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Bethany Orozco, National Communications Director [email protected] | (310) 293-9220 encorps.org EnCorps Welcomes New Board Member Steve Poizner LOS ANGELES, CA – March 30, 2021 – The EnCorps STEM Teachers Program is proud to welcome Steve Poizner to the Board of Directors. Renowned Silicon Valley entrepreneur, venture capitalist, former California Insurance Commissioner and White House Fellow, as well as co-founder of the California Charter Schools Association, EdVoice, and founder of the Healthcare Consumer Rights Foundation brings a wealth of experience and vision to EnCorps. Steve holds a BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas and an MBA from Stanford University, where he graduated as an Arjay Miller Scholar. Steve’s deep understanding of the need to bridge the gap between the demand for a skilled STEM workforce and current inequities in STEM education will be a tremendous asset to EnCorps. Steve has first-hand knowledge of working in the classroom. In his book, Mount Pleasant: My Journey from Creating a Billion-Dollar Company to Teaching at a Struggling Public High School, Steve writes that the greatest challenge of his life was the year he spent teaching twelfth graders at San Jose's Mt. Pleasant High School. “I am delighted and honored that Steve has joined the EnCorps Board,” said Sherry Lansing, Founder and Chair of EnCorps. “Steve’s extraordinary accomplishments as a tech entrepreneur, elected official, and education thought leader are perfectly aligned with EnCorps’ mission.” EnCorps transitions skilled professionals in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) into public school teaching through professional development, early field experience, teacher credentialing support and connections to our network of schools, districts, and charter management organizations. -
California Governor's Race
Celinda Lake President Memorandum Alysia Snell Partner To: Interested Parties From: Lake Research Partners Michael Perry Subject: California Survey Results Partner Date: March 4, 2009 David Mermin Partner The new Lake Research Partners survey1 of likely 2010 California voters shows a deep dissatisfaction with the direction of the state and a real sense of crisis for voters about their Robert G. Meadow, Ph.D. Partner economic future. Our polling shows Attorney General Jerry Brown leading the pack among likely 2010 Democratic primary voters, followed by Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and San Daniel R. Gotoff Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, with over a quarter undecided. In hypothetical 2010 general Partner election matchups, California voters would choose Brown or Newsom over either potential Joshua E. Ulibarri Republican opponents, namely former Ebay CEO Meg Whitman and Insurance Commissioner Partner Steve Poizner, with a large number of undecided voters. Rick A. Johnson Vice President The Context Almost four in five (79%) California voters feel things are pretty seriously off on the wrong track, Tresa Undem Vice President with only 12% saying the state is headed in the right direction. By far the top issue driving this concern is jobs and the economy (38%), followed by balancing the state budget (15%), and Robert X. Hillman education (15%). Chief Financial Officer Alan C. Wolf California’s 2010 Democratic Primary For Governor Chief Operating Officer In a 2010 Democratic Primary for Governor of California including potential candidates John Garamendi, Gavin Newsom, Steve Westly, Jerry Brown, Jack O’Connell and Antonio Villaraigosa, Jerry Brown holds a small lead with just over a quarter of likely voters.