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Importancia Topológica De Especies Carismáticas Y Comerciales En Una Red Trófica Del Golfo De California

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Importancia Topológica De Especies Carismáticas Y Comerciales En Una Red Trófica Del Golfo De California INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS IMPORTANCIA TOPOLÓGICA DE ESPECIES CARISMÁTICAS Y COMERCIALES EN UNA RED TRÓFICA DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS PRESENTA RUBÉN OLMO GILABERT LA PAZ, B.C.S., DICIEMBRE DEL 2017 DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo a todas las personas inconformistas, rebeldes y críticas que hacen que la humanidad avance éticamente. Para que la ciencia y la filosofía nos guíen en el desarrollo social y económico y para que los adultos recuperemos la curiosidad y la creatividad de los niños. Dedicado especialmente a mi sobrina Inés, ya que esta maestría, aunque muy provechosa, me separó de ella en sus primeros pasos. Espero recuperar el tiempo “perdido”, ya que la vista y el pelo perdido en estos bonitos dos años ya no volverán. Deseando lo mejor para mi hermana en la víspera del nacimiento de Julia. Dedicado también a mi familia porque sienten cada decisión y confían en mi forma de ser un tanto peculiar, porque se emocionan con cada logro. Y para mi madre, porque crecemos juntos desde hace mucho tiempo, nunca olvido nuestra frase: “Ningún camino fácil te hará llegar a algún lugar que merezca la pena” Y para mis mejores amigos que ya saben ellos quienes son y los he hechado de menos en este tiempo. Con ganas de chelas y tapas. AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi director, el Dr. Navia, director, profesor y mentor. Gracias Andrés por tu exigencia porque me hizo crecer y sacar lo mejor. Exigencia justificada con tu ejemplo, tu crítica constructiva y respetuosa y tu paciencia. A mi director y profesor, el MC. Gustavo de La Cruz. Por su brillantez, su orden y su vocación para enseñar, con el que aprendí mucho de ecología y de tantas cosas más. Gracias por pláticas interesantes y por el apoyo. Al Dr. Scotti, por esos dos meses en el GEOMAR (Alemania) y por el curso intensivo de redes tróficas en Escocia. Gracias Marco por creer en mí y apoyarme, darme seguridad y entusiasmo. Me sentí casi en casa y a un alto nivel de trabajo, mejorándolo y abriéndome la mente. A mi comité, los doctores Andrés Abitia, Rodrigo Moncayo y Xchel Moreno por sus consejos y por mejorar mis seminarios y el manuscrito. También al Dr. Cruz-Escalona por recibirme en el CICIMAR y por su apoyo. Agradecimiento general a aquellos investigadores a los que consulté y a los compañeros y amigos que tuve la suerte de encontrar en La Paz. Y gracias México que a través del CONACyT, me diste la oportunidad por primera vez de dedicarme en exclusiva a mis estudios. Gracias al Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR-IPN), porque me ha sorprendido la calidad de la enseñanza. Orgulloso de ser egresado suyo. LISTA DE CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA AGRADECIMIENTOS LISTA DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................... i LISTA DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................... iii GLOSARIO .................................................................................................................. vi RESUMEN .................................................................................................................. ix ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. x 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... 1 2. ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................... 3 2.1. LA CIENCIA SISTÉMICA Y LAS REDES ......................................................... 3 2.1.1. LAS MATEMÁTICAS COMPLEJAS Y LA AUTOORGANIZACIÓN ............ 4 2.1.2. AUTOPOIESIS ........................................................................................... 4 2.1.3. LAS ESTRUCTURAS DISIPATIVAS DE PRIGOGINE, NOBEL EN 1977 . 5 2.2. LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA TEORÍA DE LAS REDES TRÓFICAS ........................ 5 2.2.1. ESTRUCTURA O DINÁMICA .................................................................... 5 2.2.2. LA BÚSQUEDA DE PATRONES TOPOLÓGICOS .................................... 6 2.2.3. DESARROLLO TECNOLÓGICO Y APROXIMACIONES MÁS PRECISAS 8 2.3. ANTECEDENTES DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................. 10 2.3.1. MODELOS DE BALANCE DE MASA ....................................................... 10 2.3.2. MODELOS TOPOLÓGICOS .................................................................... 13 3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................... 14 4. HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................................................... 16 5. OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................... 16 OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................................... 16 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES .............................................................................. 16 6. MÉTODOS ............................................................................................................ 17 6.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ....................................................................................... 17 6.2. CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL MODELO .................................................................. 19 6.3. PREPARACIÓN DE LA MATRIZ .................................................................... 20 6.4. NIVELES TRÓFICOS ..................................................................................... 22 6.5. CARACTERIZACIÓN Y ELECCIÓN DE ESPECIES CARISMÁTICAS .......... 23 6.6. ELECCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DE INTERÉS PESQUERO ......................... 25 6.7. ANÁLISIS TOPOLÓGICOS ............................................................................ 27 6.7.1. ÍNDICES DE ESCALA GLOBAL .............................................................. 27 6.7.2. ÍNDICES DE CENTRALIDAD .................................................................. 28 6.7.3. Escenarios sin especies carismáticas ni comerciales .............................. 36 7. RESULTADOS ...................................................................................................... 37 7.1. COMPOSICIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL MODELO TRÓFICO ........................... 37 7.2. GENERALIDADES DE LA RED ..................................................................... 37 7.3. ANÁLISIS TOPOLÓGICO DE LA RED TRÓFICA DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA ............................................................................................................................... 42 7.3.1. ÍNDICES GLOBALES ............................................................................... 42 7.3.2. ÍNDICES DE CENTRALIDAD .................................................................. 43 7.3.3. ÍNDICE DE IMPORTANCIA TOPOLÓGICA (K) ....................................... 46 7.3.4. ÍNDICE DEL CONJUNTO DE JUGADORES CLAVE (KPP-2) ................. 47 7.4. EFECTO DE LA ELIMINACIÓN DE ESPECIES CARISMÁTICAS Y COMERCIALES SOBRE LA RED TRÓFICA DEL GC .......................................... 48 7.4.1. ANÁLISIS DE LA CENTRALIDAD ............................................................ 50 7.4.2. IMPORTANCIA TOPOLÓGICA ................................................................ 57 7.4.3. ÍNDICE DEL CONJUNTO DE JUGADORES CLAVE .............................. 61 8. DISCUSIÓN .......................................................................................................... 62 9. CONCLUSIÓN ...................................................................................................... 71 9. RECOMENDACIONES ......................................................................................... 74 10. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ................................................................................................... 75 Anexo I ...................................................................................................................... 95 Interacciones eliminadas por canibalismo y ciclos ................................................. 95 Canibalismo y ciclos de alimentación .................................................................... 96 Equivalentes ecológicos ........................................................................................ 97 Anexo II. Lista de especies y referencias de dietas y atributos ................................. 99 Referencias de las dietas..................................................................................... 105 Bibliografía de los atributos .................................................................................. 116 Anexo III. Código en R ............................................................................................ 121 Construcción de la Edge list o lista de interacciones ........................................... 121 De una Lista de interacciones a una Matriz de adyacencia ................................. 121 Análisis con el paquete Igraph (Diversidad, conectancias, densidad, grados del nodo (promedio, máximo, mínimo), distancia media etc.) ............................................ 123 Análisis con el paquete Cheddar ......................................................................... 124 Cálculo de los niveles tróficos .............................................................................. 126 Índices de centralidad .........................................................................................
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