Drinking Water Source Protection in the Okanagan Valley
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Environmental Health Review Spring 2009 DrinKinG WATer SOURCE PROTECTION IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY J. Ivor Norlin, Interior Health – Health Protection* Mike Adams, Interior Health - Health Protection ABSTRACT to characterize health risks and support a comprehensive approach to drinking Safe, clean, and reliable tap water is water management efforts to protect essential for the prosperity and health of drinking water sources in the Okanagan all communities in the Okanagan Valley. will undoubtedly fall short. Only with a firm understanding of A multiple-barrier approach is the best all components of the water system means of addressing the numerous INTRODUCTION (including water source, treatment, challenges to supplying safe drinking financial capacity, and governance) water in this fast growing, water limited Located in the southern interior of can all options for improving and region of British Columbia. A multiple- British Columbia (Figure 1), the protecting source water quality and barrier approach recognizes and applies Okanagan Valley is home to over public health be given adequate efforts at all points where risks to 325,000 people (BC Stats, 2008) and consideration. drinking water and public health can with its lakes, ski hills, and warm be reduced. Source protection is a climate is a world-class, year-round core element of the multiple-barrier tourist destination. It is also one of the approach. driest watersheds in Canada (Stats Can, 2003). As such, water has traditionally As is the case for most regions in British been a critical factor for the valley’s Columbia, the needs of Okanagan communities and ecosystems. But communities make exclusion of even in the Okanagan drinking water is human activity and dedication of often taken for granted; when turning entire watersheds for the sole purpose on the tap we expect safe, pleasant of providing drinking water typically tasting water. Tap water delivers * (corresponding author), jivor. unfeasible. Thus, successful source public health, fire protection, and [email protected] protection for most hinges on integrated economic development and is an watershed management to control essential element to overall quality of An earlier version of this paper potential threats to drinking water and life. Safe, clean, and reliable tap water was published in the proceedings public health. The ultimate vision is valuable; considering the critical tap for the Canadian Water Resource is that everyone (including water water addresses some might consider Association’s “One Watershed, One suppliers, industry, land-use agencies, it a bargain! Water” conference held in Kelowna, and the public) has the information and BC, October 2008. opportunity they need to be empowered To have an adequate supply of safe water stakeholders in management of drinking for everyday drinking, cooking, and all The views expressed in this document water sources. Collaborative efforts of other domestic uses, it is essential to are those of the authors and not water suppliers, government, and other ensure it is properly protected. The necessarily of Interior Health. Any watershed stakeholders have resulted link between water supply and disease, errors are the sole responsibility of the in improvements. However, without particularly from microbial pathogens, authors. source-to-tap water system assessments is well recognized (CCME, 2004; 6 Environmental Health Review Spring 2009 universal standard for drinking water protection, the multiple-barrier approach is an effective way to reduce the risk of illness from drinking water contamination to acceptable levels (Figure 3) (NHMRC/NRMMC, 2004; CCME, 2004). Multiple barriers compensate for short term reductions in performance of any individual barrier, thus providing a greater assurance that the water will be safe to drink over the long term (CCME, 2004; Hrudey & Hrudey, 2004). The components of a multiple-barrier approach differ slightly between jurisdictions, but always include the following key elements: Figure 1: The Okanagan Valley • Source selection and protection NHMRC/NRMMC, 2004). At greatest relying heavily on surface water sources (high-quality and protected water risk are the immunocompromised, from upland community watersheds source) young children and the elderly (BC- (Figure 2). Using observations from • Appropriate water treatment PHO, 2001). The first responsibility other regions of British Columbia and (as determined by source of all water suppliers must be the North America this paper seeks to characteristics and risks) provision of continual access to clean, identify the key elements for defining • Water distribution system safe and reliable tap water. and over-coming obstacles to protecting protection (secure with appropriate these sources. monitoring) Within the Okanagan Valley there • Water quality monitoring are 220 identified water suppliers of M U L T IPLE- BA R R I E R (including timely, appropriate various sizes, from those that serve a APPROACH TO PROTECTING response to adverse results) few homes to large municipal scale DRINKING WATER • Financing and governance systems. Approximately 70% of the (engaged, supportive management core population in the Okanagan is No single barrier can be 100% and regulatory oversight) provided water from 10 community successful 100% of the time against water systems (Table 1), most of those all potential hazards. A recognized These elements need to be managed in an integrated manner and supported by vigilant, qualified operators (Hrudey, Surface water source(S), Approximate Community Water System Groundwater Source (G) 2003). Population Served or both (S/G) City of Kelowna 58,000 S Several factors hinder water supplier’s Greater Vernon Water Utility 45,000 S/G pursuit of providing the elements City of Penticton 32,000 S of a multiple-barrier system in the Black Mountain Irrigation District 23,000 S Okanagan, including: Rutland Waterworks District 14,000 G Westbank Irrigation District 13,000 S • Multi-use watersheds and a multi- Glenmore Ellison Improvement District 12,000 S/G Municipality of Summerland 12,000 S agency regulatory environment Lakeview Irrigation District 10,000 S • Large scale residential development South East Kelowna Irrigation District 6,000 S/G based on systems originally built for irrigation Total Population Served 225,000 • Emerging threats (e.g. protozoan Table 1: Principal Community Water Supply Systems in the Okanagan Valley parasites Cryptosporidium and 7 Environmental Health Review Spring 2009 in Canada: counter the effects of inadequate treatment (Hrudey, 2003) • Health risk is a direct function of raw water Since proclamation of the BC quality; as such source Drinking Water Protection Act and characterization and pro- Regulation in 2003, regulators in the tection should be the Okanagan have focused on critical basis of providing safe improvements to treatment, operations, drinking water and monitoring (Interior Health, 2007). • Source protection can In consideration of the long-standing not be relied upon to pro- (circa 1986) Canadian water quality vide significant improve- guideline that filtration be provided ments over the short-term for all surface waters (Health Canada, nor absolute protection; 2004), upgrading treatment on systems as such, initial focus providing only chlorine disinfection has should be on upgrading been a top priority. However, many treatment, monitoring, suppliers have made other significant and emergency response improvements including: • Robustness of water sources, treatment opera- • Recruitment, training, and retention tions, institutional, and of certified operators human elements of water • Improved online monitoring and systems all need to be biological/chemical sampling pro- evaluated when assessing grams water supply systems • Updated emergency response plans • Distribution protec- that are reviewed annually tion is important, but Figure 2: Designated Community is typically of a lower Having taken these initial crucial steps Watersheds in the Okanagan Valley importance and cannot to protect public health, attention is Giardia) • Climate change (e.g. changing seasonal and extreme weather patterns) • Competition with home treatment and bottled water industries • Numerous water supply systems with differing governance struc- tures When considering how to move forward with improving drinking water safety, it is important to recognize that in terms of the ultimate goal (i.e. protecting public health) not all barriers are equal. In their 2002 report on safe drinking water, the Network Figure from: of Environmental Risk Assessment Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health and Management (NERAM) made Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment the following observations and From Source to Tap – May 2002 recommendations for enhancing Figure 3: Multiple Barrier Approach to Protect Drinking Water robustness of drinking water systems 8 Environmental Health Review Spring 2009 shifting towards the complex, difficult Examples of this gold 1. Income and Social Status tasks of assessing water systems and standard include the Metro 2. Social Support Networks taking action to protect drinking water Vancouver and Greater 3. Education sources. Victoria water supplies. 4. Employment/Working Conditions The three watersheds 5. Social Environments SOURCE PROTECTION supplying Metro Vancouver 6. Physical Environments comprise a total area of over 7. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 8. Healthy Child Development Selection