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Home , Antiproton, Gluon, Neutron, Quark, Quark model

The story of Murray Gell-Mann (born 1929) Awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize for discovering a system for classifying subatomic (the model).

photo by Jurvetson (flickr) 2 The Large Collider (LHC)

The LHC sits astride the border of France and Switzerland, near Geneva. 3 The is 50–175 m below ground level

4 The Atlas detector observes phenomena that involve highly massive particles. 5 Part of the 27 km circuit of pipes

Read the fact sheet: The Large Hadron Collider 6 The Large Hadron Collider

Why is it likely that ‘new’ particles will be discovered in the LHC?

7 Rutherford’s experiment

In 1911, Rutherford fired alpha- particles at a sheet of foil. He expected the alpha-particles to be deflected slightly. A few particles deflected through angles greater than 90°.

What conclusions did Rutherford draw from this experiment? 8 Rutherford’s model of the

Rutherford explained his results via a model for the atom that had a very small positively charged nucleus with negatively charged orbiting like planets around a .

Why did many scientists object to Rutherford’s model at that time? 9 The Bohr-Rutherford atom

n = 3

n = 2

Bohr believed that electrons only - exist in discrete (quantised) n = 1 - levels in which they don’t radiate ΔE = hv energy as they orbit the nucleus. +

Electrons only radiate energy when they move to lower energy levels.

What do we now know is wrong with this model? 10 The

–

electrons – – In 1932, Chadwick discovered the + neutron. ++ + – –

atom –

Does this now complete the picture of atomic structure? 11 More recent discoveries

During the 1930s and 1940s, studied interactions between and , including cosmic rays. Many ‘new’ sub-atomic particles were discovered.

What impact did these new discoveries have on existing theories and models of atomic structure?

12 accelerators and detectors

Particle accelerators were developed in the 1960s, enabling higher energy interactions to be studied. This soon led to the discovery of more than 100 sub-atomic particles, including the and .

13 linear (LINAC)

14 cyclotron particle accelerator

15 decay tracks in CERN’s bubble chamber 16 pion decay tracks in CERN’s streamer chamber

17 Quarks

In 1969, the was proposed to make sense of the increasing numbers of sub-atomic particles. The first generation quarks were called up and down.

neutron

Protons and neutrons are made of up and down quarks. 18 Quarks

The model was gradually expanded to six quarks:

quark up top +⅔ e +⅔ e +⅔ e

2.5 MeV/c2 1270 MeV/c2 171 000 MeV/c2

quark down strange bottom charge –⅓ e –⅓ e –⅓ e

mass 5 MeV/c2 105 MeV/c2 4200 MeV/c2

By 1995, all six quarks had been identified in experiments. 19 The

We now believe that all matter is made up from six quarks and six , held together by carried by .

bosons u c t γ up charm top quarks d s b Z down strange bottom Z carriers νe νµ ντ W W boson leptons neutrino neutrino neutrino e µ τ g electron muon tau

For most particles, there is a corresponding with the same mass but opposite electrical charge. For example, the electron’s antiparticle is the . 20 The standard model

fermions bosons

u c ‘Up’ and t‘down ’ are theγ up charmlightest topand most commonphoton quarks quarks. They make up all d s protons band neutrons. Z down strange bottom Z boson force carriers νe νµ ντ W electron muon tau W boson leptons neutrino neutrino neutrino e µ τ g electron muon tau gluon

21 The standard model

fermions bosons

u c t ‘Charmγ ’, ‘strange’, ‘top’ up charm top photonand ‘bottom ’ are heavy quarks quarks. They rapidly decay d s b toZ form ‘up’ and ‘down’ down strange bottom Z quarks.boson They are only produced in forcehigh energy collisions. carriers νe νµ ντ W electron muon tau W boson leptons neutrino neutrino neutrino e µ τ g electron muon tau gluon

22 The standard model

fermions bosons u c t γ up charm top photon quarks d s b Z down strange bottom Z boson

Leptons includeforce electrons and neutrinos.carriers Neutrinos νe νµ ντ oftenW travel close to the W boson electron muon tau , have no leptons neutrino neutrino neutrino , and can travel through matter e µ τ almostg undisturbed. They electron muon tau havegluon a small mass.

23 The standard model

fermions bosons u c t γ up charm top photon quarks Bosons are force carriers. dPhotons carrys the b Z downelectromagnetic strange force.bottom W Z boson and Z bosons carry the force weak force that is carriers reponsible for radioactive νe νµ ντ W electrondecay. Gluonsmuon carry thetau W boson neutrinostrong forceneutrino that bindsneutrino leptons quarks together. e µ τ g electron muon tau gluon

24 A question of mass

The total mass of the quarks in a proton only accounts for 9% of its mass.

+ proton

Why don’t of the quarks add up to the mass of the proton? 25 A question of charge

The electrostatic force of repulsion between two protons 1.6 10-15 m apart in the nucleus of an atom is 90 N. The strong force, which holds quarks together, also stops the nucleus from flying apart.

What can you deduce about the magnitude of the strong force?

26 The

u c t γ H up charm top photon Higgs boson

d s b Z The Higgs boson: down strange bottom Z boson • is the last of 61 particles predicted by the standard model to be discovered; νe νµ ντ W • is responsible (through the electron muon tau W boson Higgs ) for giving other neutrino neutrino neutrino particles their mass; • and has a large mass, so it can e µ τ g only be produced when huge electron muon tau gluon amounts of energy are released.

Can you suggest why the Higgs boson took so long to be discovered? 27 Naming the quark

Murray Gell-Mann originally named the quark after the sound made by ducks. He was undecided on how to spell it, until he

found the word in ’s book :

Three quarks for Muster Mark! Sure he has not got much of a bark And sure any he has it's all beside the mark. James Joyce, Finnegans Wake

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark 28 © 2010 The University of Western Australia ast0591 | version 1.2 revised January 2014