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Delft University of Technology Scraping hide in the early Upper Paleolithic Insights into the life and function of the Protoaurignacian endscrapers at Fumane Cave Aleo, Alessandro; Duches, Rossella; Falcucci, Armando; Rots, Veerle; Peresani, Marco DOI 10.1007/s12520-021-01367-4 Publication date 2021 Document Version Final published version Published in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Citation (APA) Aleo, A., Duches, R., Falcucci, A., Rots, V., & Peresani, M. (2021). Scraping hide in the early Upper Paleolithic: Insights into the life and function of the Protoaurignacian endscrapers at Fumane Cave. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13(8), [137]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01367-4 Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2021) 13:137 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01367-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Scraping hide in the early Upper Paleolithic: Insights into the life and function of the Protoaurignacian endscrapers at Fumane Cave Alessandro Aleo1,2 · Rossella Duches3 · Armando Falcucci4 · Veerle Rots5 · Marco Peresani1,6 Received: 14 February 2021 / Accepted: 20 May 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Endscrapers are specialized tools that are usually recovered in great quantities in every Upper Paleolithic site in Europe. Although they make their frst ephemeral appearance in the Middle–late Middle Paleolithic transitional technocomplexes, endscrapers commonly appear in toolkits from initial and early Upper Paleolithic traditions onwards. Nevertheless, endscrap- ers and, in general, domestic tools have attracted relatively little attention in debates revolving around the signifcance of tech- nological change, tool function, and tool specialization after the end of the Middle Paleolithic. With the aim to overcome this paucity of information, here, we present the results of a techno-functional study performed on the large endscraper assemblage recovered from the early and late Protoaurignacian layers at Fumane Cave in northeastern Italy. We analyzed these artifacts using technological, morpho-metrical, typological, and functional approaches. Despite the large morphological variability, use-wear traces reveal functional consistency and high levels of specialization for these tools. Almost all the use-wear traces we recorded developed from hide working with transverse motion. Moreover, we fnd no evidence that endscrapers were involved in the production of bone and antler tools during the late Protoaurignacian. Macroscopic and microscopic wear on the lateral edges of tools point to a considerable number of hafted endscrapers, which implies systematic time investment and planning depth. Comparison with the few endscrapers from transitional industries that have been analyzed highlights marked diferences in the production, morphology, and use of these tools and reinforces our view of the Aurignacian as a complex not directly related with preceding European traditions. Keywords Endscraper · Technology · Use-wear traces · Hafting · Aurignacian · Italy Introduction * Marco Peresani [email protected] The emergence of the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia is tradi- tionally considered to have been an abrupt rupture with the 1 Dipartimento Di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Middle Paleolithic that occurred between 48 and 39 ky cal Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy BP, when Neanderthal populations were replaced by ana- tomically modern humans (Fu et al. 2016; Higham et al. 2 Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, 2014; Hublin et al. 2020). This frst spread of anatomically The Netherlands modern humans (hereafter AMH) is associated with the 3 MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della appearance of the initial Upper Paleolithic (hereafter IUP) Scienza 3, 38123 Trento, Italy (Kuhn and Zwyns 2014), Uluzzian, and Aurignacian cultural 4 Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, units, marking an abrupt change in many aspects of human University of Tübingen, Schloss Hohentübingen, beings like sociality, communication, economy, and tech- D-72070 Tübingen, Germany nology, and coinciding with clear-cut implications on the 5 Maitre de Recherches du F.R.S.-FNRS, TraceoLab, design of stone tool sets. Complexity increased, as well as University of Liège, Place du 20-août 7 (Bât. A4), specialization and standardization, in toolkits, traits gener- 4000 Liège, Belgium ally considered hallmarks of modern behavior (Bar-Yosef 6 Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, 2002; Mellars 2011, 2004; Teyssandier 2008). Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 137 Page 2 of 27 Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences (2021) 13:137 Paleolithic sites ofer an abundance of tools made from preserves traces of intense and repeated human occupation a variety of organic and inorganic raw materials. In many (see references in Sect. 2.1). The abundance and variabil- cases, however, their exact use and function are still scarcely ity of stone tools, most of them recovered at optimal state understood in that the typological system used by archaeolo- of preservation, ofers a unique opportunity to explore past gists is insufcient to reconstruct past behaviors. A techno- human behavior. Here, we present the results of an exten- logical and functional examination of stone tools is therefore sive analysis of the endscrapers using a combined techno- necessary to comprehend the role played by stone artifacts functional approach designed to shed light on tool manufac- in the changes associated with the beginning of the Upper ture, blank selection, tool shaping, use, and maintenance. Paleolithic. Previous functional studies performed on early Further, this analysis gives us the opportunity to investigate Upper Paleolithic (hereafter EUP) assemblages highlighted possible relationships between blank morphology and tool the importance of rethinking the traditional concept of tool- type. In this paper, we seek to address the following research type (Hardy et al. 2008; Hays and Lucas 2000). The relation- questions: ship between stone artifact form and function is variable and often context-dependent (Tomáŝková 2005) in relation to – Are the endscrapers shaped with a recurring and stand- behaviors such as use duration, resharpening, and reshaping. ardized morphology? Is it possible to defne a shared set Specialized Upper Paleolithic stone tools, and specifcally of features defning the Protoaurignacian endscraper? endscrapers, are an ideal subject for exploring these issues. – Are the Protoaurignacian endscrapers from Fumane Endscrapers make their frst systematic appearance in EUP designed to perform specifc activities, as usually postu- complexes like the Châtelperronian, Bohunician, and Uluz- lated, or are they meant to address diferent activities? zian (Djindjan et al. 1999; Palma di Cesnola 1989; Pelegrin – How does the production and use of endscrapers in and Soressi 2007; Škrdla 2017). They mark an abrupt rup- Fumane ft into the context of the Upper Paleolithic in ture with the preceding Middle Paleolithic tradition, which Western Eurasia? is characterized by the manufacture of diferent side scraper types like single-edged scrapers, double and convergent scrapers, transverse scrapers, and Quina and demi-Quina Materials and methods scrapers among the most common (Bordes 1961). Endscrap- ers are also a systematic component of the common tool The early and late Protoaurignacian at Fumane Cave assemblages in the subsequent periods: the Protoaurigna- cian and Aurignacian. Despite the high frequency in which Fumane Cave is located in the Monti Lessini Plateau they occur in IUP and EUP industries, they have attracted (Venetian Prealps, northeastern Italy, 45° 35′ 30.52″ Lat. relatively little scientifc attention. Endscrapers’ function North–10° 54′ 18.67″ Long East Greenwich). The cave has as specialized tools for processing soft animal materials been meticulously excavated for decades and details are is often inferred without sufcient supporting information available in numerous publications (Abu-Zeid et al. 2019; from functional analysis. Detailed examinations may reveal Broglio et al. 2003; Broglio and Dalmeri 2005; Higham a wide range of activities or task specialization depending, et al. 2009; López-García et al. 2015; Peresani 2012). A among other factors, on site function and environmental set- main cave and two associated tunnels preserve a fnely lay- ting (Andrefsky 1997). Besides, evidence of hafting traces ered sedimentary succession spanning the late Middle Paleo- on a tool category where hafting is not a prerogative for use lithic and the early Upper Paleolithic (macro-units A and D), sheds light on deliberate choices
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