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Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem for Mathematicians G¨odel'sIncompleteness Theorem for Mathematicians Burak Kaya METU [email protected] November 23, 2016 Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 1 / 21 Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 Hilbert's program In 1920's, David Hilbert proposed a research program in the foundations of mathematics to provide secure foundations to mathematics and to eliminate the paradoxes and inconsistencies discovered by then. Hilbert wanted to formalize all mathematics in an axiomatic system which is consistent, i.e. no contradiction can be obtained from the axioms. complete, i.e. every true statement can be proved from the axioms. decidable, i.e. given a mathematical statement, there should be a procedure for deciding its truth or falsity. In 1931, Kurt G¨odelproved his famous incompleteness theorems and showed that Hilbert's program cannot be achieved. In 1936, Alan Turing proved that Hilbert's Entscheindungsproblem cannot be solved, i.e. there is no general algorithm which will decide whether a given mathematical statement is provable (from a given set of axioms.) Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 2 / 21 Our language consists of the symbol set f+; ·; 0; Sg, where + and · are binary function symbols, 0 is a constant symbol, and S is a unary function symbol. Peano Arithmetic (PA) consists of the following six axioms and the axiom scheme, 8x S(x) 6= 0 8x8y S(x) = S(y) ! x = y 8x x + 0 = x 8x8y x + S(y) = S(x + y) 8x x · 0 = 0 8x8y x · S(y) = x · y + x For each formula '(x; y1;:::; yk ) in the language of arithmetic, 8y1 ::: 8yk (('(0; y1;:::; yk ) ^ 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk ) ! '(S(x); y1;:::; yk )) ! 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk )) First-order Peano Arithmetic We shall work in first-order logic. Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 3 / 21 0 is a constant symbol, and S is a unary function symbol. Peano Arithmetic (PA) consists of the following six axioms and the axiom scheme, 8x S(x) 6= 0 8x8y S(x) = S(y) ! x = y 8x x + 0 = x 8x8y x + S(y) = S(x + y) 8x x · 0 = 0 8x8y x · S(y) = x · y + x For each formula '(x; y1;:::; yk ) in the language of arithmetic, 8y1 ::: 8yk (('(0; y1;:::; yk ) ^ 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk ) ! '(S(x); y1;:::; yk )) ! 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk )) First-order Peano Arithmetic We shall work in first-order logic. Our language consists of the symbol set f+; ·; 0; Sg, where + and · are binary function symbols, Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 3 / 21 and S is a unary function symbol. Peano Arithmetic (PA) consists of the following six axioms and the axiom scheme, 8x S(x) 6= 0 8x8y S(x) = S(y) ! x = y 8x x + 0 = x 8x8y x + S(y) = S(x + y) 8x x · 0 = 0 8x8y x · S(y) = x · y + x For each formula '(x; y1;:::; yk ) in the language of arithmetic, 8y1 ::: 8yk (('(0; y1;:::; yk ) ^ 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk ) ! '(S(x); y1;:::; yk )) ! 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk )) First-order Peano Arithmetic We shall work in first-order logic. Our language consists of the symbol set f+; ·; 0; Sg, where + and · are binary function symbols, 0 is a constant symbol, Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 3 / 21 8x S(x) 6= 0 8x8y S(x) = S(y) ! x = y 8x x + 0 = x 8x8y x + S(y) = S(x + y) 8x x · 0 = 0 8x8y x · S(y) = x · y + x For each formula '(x; y1;:::; yk ) in the language of arithmetic, 8y1 ::: 8yk (('(0; y1;:::; yk ) ^ 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk ) ! '(S(x); y1;:::; yk )) ! 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk )) First-order Peano Arithmetic We shall work in first-order logic. Our language consists of the symbol set f+; ·; 0; Sg, where + and · are binary function symbols, 0 is a constant symbol, and S is a unary function symbol. Peano Arithmetic (PA) consists of the following six axioms and the axiom scheme, Burak Kaya (METU) METU Math Club Student Seminars November 23, 2016 3 / 21 8x8y S(x) = S(y) ! x = y 8x x + 0 = x 8x8y x + S(y) = S(x + y) 8x x · 0 = 0 8x8y x · S(y) = x · y + x For each formula '(x; y1;:::; yk ) in the language of arithmetic, 8y1 ::: 8yk (('(0; y1;:::; yk ) ^ 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk ) ! '(S(x); y1;:::; yk )) ! 8x '(x; y1;:::; yk )) First-order Peano Arithmetic We shall work in first-order logic.
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