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University of California, Irvine Living in Transition

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University of California, Irvine Living in Transition UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE LIVING IN TRANSITION: A CULTURAL-ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ADAPTATION TO DISPLACEMENT AND RELOCATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA AFTER THE WOOLSEY FIRE (2018) DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Planning, Policy, and Design by Mariana Garcia Junqueira Dissertation Committee: Professor Victoria Basolo, Co-Chair Associate Professor Keith Murphy, Co-Chair Professor Scott Bollens 2020 © 2020 Mariana Garcia Junqueira TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ vi VITA............................................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1. New Geographies of Displacement ........................................................................................ 24 1.1 Displacement: A Social Dimension of Climate Change ..................................................... 26 1.1.1 Disaster Displacement ................................................................................................ 29 1.1.2 Climate Change, Disaster, and Displacement in California ....................................... 31 1.1.3 Ecology of Fire and Survival in Southern California ................................................. 38 1.2 The Woolsey Fire ................................................................................................................ 47 1.2.1 The Start, Spread, and Responses to the Woolsey Fire .............................................. 54 1.2.2 Population Affected by the Woolsey Fire .................................................................. 60 1.2.3 Frustration: Expectations versus Realities of Fire Response...................................... 66 1.3 Adapting to Internal Displacement After the Woolsey Fire ............................................... 79 1.3.1 Serial Relocation ......................................................................................................... 79 1.3.2 Compromising to Stay Local ...................................................................................... 82 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 90 2. Place, Displacement, and Trauma ......................................................................................... 92 2.1 From Space to Place ............................................................................................................ 93 2.1.1 Traditional Theories of Place ..................................................................................... 94 2.1.2 Place in Environmental Design Research ................................................................... 95 2.1.3 A Cultural-Ecological Approach to Place .................................................................. 98 2.2 Disaster Displacement and Trauma................................................................................... 102 2.2.1 The Psychological Toll of Displacement.................................................................. 102 2.2.2 A Cultural-Ecological Approach to Trauma ............................................................ 104 2.3 Failed Responses: Navigating Displacement as Yet Another Trauma ............................. 108 2.3.1 Temporary Housing and Well-Being ....................................................................... 108 ii 2.3.2 Housing is not Always a Home ................................................................................ 114 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 118 3. Displacement and Replacements ......................................................................................... 121 3.1 Meanings of Home ............................................................................................................ 124 3.1.1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 125 3.1.2 Home-Meaning in Non-Traditional Housing Arrangements.................................... 130 3.2 Homemaking in Transition................................................................................................ 133 3.2.1 Parallel Cases of Homemaking in Transition ........................................................... 133 3.2.2 Living in Post-Disaster Temporary Housing ............................................................ 136 3.2.3 Barriers to Homemaking in Temporary Housing ..................................................... 140 3.3 Homemaking Strategies in Temporary Housing After the Woolsey Fire ......................... 143 3.3.1 Remaking Home After the Woolsey Fire ................................................................. 144 3.3.2 Replacing Home After the Woolsey Fire ................................................................. 157 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 172 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 175 References ……………………………………………………………………………………..184 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Forcibly displaced people worldwide. ......................................................................... 27 Figure 2: Annual displacement figures by disaster events from 2008-2018 in the U.S. ............. 32 Figure 3: People displaced by disaster events in 2018 in the U.S. .............................................. 33 Figure 4: People displaced by disaster events in one year (Nov.2017 – Nov.2018) in the U.S. 35 Figure 5: The IDMC tool for IDP updates worldwide shows that California’s displacing events in the past six months are all disasters and are concentrated in Southern California (April 2020). ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 6: The IDMC tool for IDP updates worldwide shows that Southern California’s displacing events in the past six months are in their majority wildfires (as of April 2020). ........ 38 Figure 7: Statewide annual acres burned from 1950-2018. ......................................................... 42 Figure 8: Top 20 California fires since 1932, by acreage burned................................................ 43 Figure 9: Large Western U.S. wildfires and spring-summer temperature. .................................. 44 Figure 10: Disaster-related new displacements in 2018. ............................................................. 46 Figure 11: Woolsey Fire and Thomas Fire perimeters. ............................................................... 48 Figure 12: Fire Hazard Areas in Ventura in Los Angeles counties. ............................................ 49 Figure 13: Santa Monica Mountains – Communities at Risk from wildfire. .............................. 50 Figure 14: The Camp Fire, in Northern California, and the Woolsey and Hill Fires in Southern California, November 8, 2018. ..................................................................................................... 52 Figure 15: The Woolsey Fire Perimeter. ..................................................................................... 54 Figure 16: Aerial photo from CBSLA showing the start of the fire at the SSFL site. ................. 59 Figure 17: Median Household Income in the area affected by the Woolsey Fire. ...................... 61 Figure 18: Homeownership Rate in the area affected by the Woolsey Fire. ............................... 62 Figure 19: Race in the areas affected by the Woolsey Fire. ........................................................ 63 Figure 20: Medium age in the areas affected by the Woolsey Fire. ............................................ 64 Figure 21: Cecilia’s relocation pattern after the Woolsey Fire (August 6, 2019). ...................... 83 Figure 22: Ray’s temporary shelter: an RV parked at a local club’s parking lot. ....................... 86 Figure 23: Ray’s relocation pattern after the Woolsey Fire (August 6, 2019). ........................... 87 Figure 24: Ray’s business/temporary housing after the Woolsey Fire. ....................................... 88 Figure 25: Jacob and Sandra’s temporary housing parked in their burned lot without the HOA approval in August of 2019......................................................................................................... 152 Figure 26: Cassie’s process of conforming to her city’s requirements, which included installing an electrical system, seen in the forefront. Her temporary housing (an RV) is seen in the background. ................................................................................................................................
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