Exercising the Cosmic Race: Mexican Sporting Culture and Mestizo Citizens
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Exercising the Cosmic Race: Mexican Sporting Culture and Mestizo Citizens Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Wysocki, David James Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 05:24:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625658 EXERCISING THE COSMIC RACE: MEXICAN SPORTING CULTURE AND MESTIZO CITIZENS by David Wysocki __________________________ Copyright © David Wysocki 2017 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2017 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by David Wysocki, titled “Exercising the Cosmic Race: Mexican Sporting Culture and Mestizo Citizens” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2017 William H. Beezley _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2017 Jadwiga Pieper-Mooney _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2017 Erika Pérez _______________________________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2017 Patrisia Gonzales Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: August 10, 2017 Dissertation Director: William H. Beezley 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: David Wysocki 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It’s hard to know where to start thanking people, but I would like to express my gratitude to my committee chaired by William Beezley and including Jadwiga Pieper-Mooney, Patrisia Gonzales, and Erika Perez. Each of them has influenced me profoundly in my writing, research, and teaching methods and I am grateful that they were all so open and willing to help whenever they could. A couple of professors have changed the way I think about the classroom altogether. One of these was Bert Barickman, who was a member of this committee but passed away before the completion of this dissertation. Dr. Barickman was one of those mentors who really “got me.” I regret that he could not see this project to completion but I am grateful for the guidance he provided. He was a brilliant human being. I also thank all of my fellow graduate students at Arizona and those students and professors with whom I met from around the US, Europe, and Mexico while conductucting research in Mexico City to share beers, stories, and advice as we each pursued our unique projects. I like to think that all of our projects are truly collective in that they are a reflection of the informal and formal discussions we have had with each other over the years. The archivists of the AGN and other libraries and collections in Mexico and the US also helped profoundly during my research trips. Also, thank you to the Niederhauser family who spoke with me and allowed me to browse some of their family documents to help tell the story of the creation of the first Little League in Mexico. I thank my family and close friends for hanging in there with me through this process as well. Parts of the research and writing process came easier than others, but things happen in life that present unique challenges. My parents and my wife, Elisa, have been crucial in offering support over the previous few years as we went through these changes together. Arguably nobody offered more personal support and undying love through the writing process than my dog Fuji. His life was cut tragically short, but he curled around my feet and comforted me through all of the frustrations and celebrations of the first four chapters of this project. Gus and Kunu have done their best to pick up the slack. Finally, I would like to thank our little angel to be, our new baby boy or girl, whose pending arrival has offered more than enough motivation to complete the final stages of this project. I can’t wait to meet you! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................................7 LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................10 Literature Review: Sports and Mexican History ...............................................................11 Research Methods and Archives ........................................................................................21 CHAPTER 1 -- HARDENING BRICKS AND TRAINING DRAGONS: MILITARIZED PHYSICAL EDUCATION, 1884-1946 ............................................................................23 Porfirian Military Education ..............................................................................................25 Militarization in the Violence of Revolution .....................................................................33 Reforming the Revolutionary Military ..............................................................................39 The Interim Presidencies, 1928-1934 ................................................................................49 Sports and Militarization under Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934-1940 ..........................................59 Wartime Physical Education ..............................................................................................67 The Mexican Scouts ...........................................................................................................75 Pentathlon Deportivo .........................................................................................................86 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................89 CHAPTER 2 -- A “NEW RELIGION OF ALL OF THE PUEBLOS OF TOMORROW”: PHYSICAL EDUCATION, INCORPORATION, AND THE NATIONAL SPORTS FUNNEL ............................................................................................................................91 Porfirian Sports and Physical Education, 1876-1911 ........................................................92 Revolutionary Sport, 1921-1931 ........................................................................................97 PNR Sports Reformation, 1931-1934 ..............................................................................111 Socialist Education and the Plan Sexenal ........................................................................118 The Formation of the DEF ...............................................................................................124 Rural Sports Missions and Delegations ...........................................................................132 Indigenous Sports Promotion ...........................................................................................136 Land and Equipment ........................................................................................................142 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................147 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) CHAPTER 3 -- BETWEEN “DIGNIFIED SCIENCES” AND “CLUMSY EXPERIMENTS:” MUSCLES, MOTHERS, AND FEMININITY IN WOMEN’S PHYSICAL EDUCATION ..............................................................................................150 Women’s Education in the Porfiriato ..............................................................................151 Women’s Education in the Revolution ............................................................................155 Femininity, Health, and Muscles .....................................................................................169 Sports for Art and Beauty ................................................................................................176 Ideal Femininity and Revolution .....................................................................................184 Cardenista Women’s Sports .............................................................................................188 Conclusion