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Willamette Mission Archeological Project

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Willamette Mission Archeological Project AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Uary Kathryn Weber for the degree of Master 21 Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology/History/History presented onApril 6 1984 Title: Willamette Mission Archeological Project: Phase III Assessment. i.Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: David Brauner The Willamette Mission archeological project consistsof a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodistmission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists withnecessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the formand function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of themission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishingtheir task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. Theybuilt shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the newenvironment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionaryduties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presenceof the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon countrywas significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region. Willamette Mission Archeological Project: Phase III Assessment by Mary Kathryn Weber A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed February 21, 1984 Commencement June 1984 APPKWED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Professor of Anthropology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy ProfpOor of Historic Architecture in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Professor of History ill ch%rge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Chairman of department of Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Gra e School (1 Date thesis is presented April 6, 1984 Typed by Claire Younger for Mary Kathryn Weber ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to numerous individuals whose advice, cooperation, support, and patience have helped the mission project reachcompletion. A special thanks is owing to the officers of the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, David Powers, Leland Gilsen, and John Tess, for making the project possible; and especially to Elisabeth Potter, whose expertise with missionhistory provided the foundation forthis body of work. The authors also wish to extendgratitude to Nancie Fadeley, whose interest in the missiongeneratedpublic awareness and eventualprotection of the site. Field archeologistsand laboratory personnel are the force behind any project, for without their help the final product would not be possible. The following students from the Anthropology Department atOregon State Universityoffered assistance in both the fieldand the laboratory: Jim Bell, Mark Bevel, Doug Etter, Mike Gallagher, John Hatch, Don Kowitz, Clay Lebow, Wayne Marshall, Laurie Mauer, Don Mueller, Lou Ann Speulda Nicholls, and AlexySimmons-Rogers. Doug Bewail, Francine Havercroft, and Nahani Stricker are appreciated for their fieldwork. Jill Chappel, Mike Dryden, Chuck Kifer, Eunice Lebow, Valerie Merrill, and Deb Soper devoted time to laboratory work. Volunteer field crew members John Draper, Marcia Kimball, Florence Lebow, Robin McClintock, and Robert Wenger deserve a special thanks. Deb Schallert, moral supporter as well as excellent field cook, and Chris Jenkins are heralded for inspiration they provided during fieldwork. Acknowledged for their kind cooperation during the course of archeologicalfieldwork are the LaFollette family, and park manager Roger Ellingson and his wife, Linda. The authors' gratification to the following advisors, who offered invaluable assistance during the course of research, is immeasurable: Harriet Munnick, an expert in ceramic analysis; Chuck Hibbs, noted for his work in square nail technology; Philip Dole, advisor on historic architecture; and Karl Gurcke, expert in brick technology. To Lester Ross and David Hansen is due particular appreciation for their important insight on Hudson Bay Company cultural material. The kind help from Shelley Smith and Tony Walters, ethnobotanists; Dave Schmitt, faunal analyst; Robert Krahmer, wood analyst; Randy Dow, metal analyst; Larry Bewley, farrier; and Lucie Tisdale, graphicassistant, is gratefully appreciated. Furd Halsell deserves a special acknowledgement for his excellent graphic illustrations. Aspects of researchwere facilitated by the following agencies: the Oregon National Guard, aerial infrared photography research; the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, brick and clay daub trace analysis; and the Oregon State University interlibrary loan staff, whose patience with the authors during the course of gathering research publications was boundless. The authors greatly appreciate the editorial comments provided by Oregon State University archeologist R. Lee Lyman. Julie Brauner helpedwith clerical assistance, but the person who deserves a special thanks is Claire Younger. Claire typed numerous drafts and the final format of this report with unflagging patience. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PHYSICAL SETTING 6 HISTORIC OVERVIEW 11 ETHNOGRAPHIC SETTING 42 FIELD METHODOLOGY 49 DESCRIPTIVE ARCHEOLOGY 55 INTRODUCTION 55 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES 55 MATERIAL CULTURE 59 DOMESTIC ITEMS 99 ARCHITECTURE 158 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 210 GROUP SERVICES 232 BURNED CLAY 235 BURNED WOOD 236 SHELL 237 FAUNAL REMAINS 238 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 241 BLOCK A 241 BLOCK B 251 BLOCK C 252 BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS 253 SIGNIFICANCE 259 LITERATURE CITED 262 APPENDIX A 277 APPENDIX B 283 LIST OF FIGURES 1 Map of Site Locality 7 2 Map Depicting 1841 Willamette River Course 16 and Mission Locality 3 Rendition of Mission (1841) Looking East 19 Across the Willamette River 4 Agate's Rendition (1841) of Main Mission 20 House 5 Eld's Rendition (1841) of Main Mission 20 House 6 Map of Lower Willamette Valley 30 7 Bronze Plate Identifying Site of the 37 Fission 8 Rock Marker in Original Placement, 37 Minus the Plate 9 Sequential Aerial Photographs Depicting 39- Changing Agricultural Landscape at the Site of the Mission 10 Historic Distribution of Kalapuyan 43 Macro-Bands in the Willamette Valley 11 Site Topography Map Depicting Excavation 51 Grid and Test Units 12 Excavation in Progress 53 13 Aerial Infrared 54 14 Gravel Feature 57 15 The Postulated POsition of the Main Mission 60 House in Relation to the 1980 Excavation 16 Brass Loop-Shank Buttons 72 17 Buttons 74 18 Glass Beads 80 19 "Wash" Bottle Fragment 86 20 Partially Reconstructed Clay Pipe 93 21 "Ford Stepney" Pipe Fragments 93 22 Brass Crucifix 96 23 Pocket Tools and Accessories 97 24 Miscellaneous Brass Artifacts 99 25 Identified Transfer-Printed Earthenware 106 Patterns 26 "Unmarked Pink" Transfer-Printed 113 Earthenware Pattern 27 Identified Transfer-Printed Earthenware 115 Patterns 28 Relationship Between Temporal Span of 120 Mission Occupation and Recovered Ceramics 29 Unidentified Transfer-Printed Earthenware 124 Patterns 30 Unidentified Transfer-Printed Earthenware 126 Patterns 31 White Earthenware 129 32 Shell-Edge Earthenware Varieties 131 33 Hand-Painted Ceramics 133 34 Hand-Painted Ceramics 134 35 Utilitarian Vessels 138 36 Yellow Ware 146 37 Pewter Tablespoon Bowl 149 38 Table Utensils 150 39 Cast Iron Vessel Fragments 153 40 Flint Strike-A-Light 156 41 Window Glass Thickness Frequency
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