DOCSLIB.ORG

Hazardous Sea Creatures and the Ageing Surfer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hazardous Sea Creatures and the Ageing Surfer SPORTS MEDICINE A SHORT HISTORY OF SURFING MEDICINE AND THE SURFERS MEDICAL ASSOCIATION HAZARDOUS SEA CREATURES AND THE AGEING SURFER – Written by Andrew Nathanson, William H Jones and Mary Showstark, USA The Surfer's Medical Association (SMA) is Mexico, Central America, Indonesia, Caribe 1. The First Wave goal is to educate surfers an international organization of health-care and several Pacific Islands, have benefitted about health issues so that they can professionals who frequently treat surfers from help by the SMA. Nabila is a model spend maximal time surfing and mini- as patients and who are surfers themselves. community and is called the “healthiest mal time seeing healthcare providers. The SMA promotes research, training and village in Fiji” after the SMA started a 2. The Second Wave goal is to conduct education regarding trauma and disease smoking cessation programme as well as and support research regarding the factors which affect surfers, and is dedicated training village health workers, who are connection between surfing and to helping all surfers be healthier. residents of the village, to oversee the health health. The term “Surfing Medicine” was of the people in the village. 3. The Third Wave goal is to represent first used in the mid 1980s by a group of In addition to surfing physicians, the activity of surfing in the fields of international surfing medical personnel at scientists and other licensed healthcare medicine, healthcare and science. their initial conference on Tavarua Island professionals, the organization includes 4. The Fourth Wave goal is to teach health- in Fiji. The Association is committed to "barefoot doctors" (ordinary surfers who care providers about the unique trauma community service, especially in testing have sufficient training and skills to be and disease problems of surfers and and implementing models of healthcare effective first responders in remote locations how to care for them. delivery for underdeveloped regions where where medical facilities are not readily 5. The Fifth Wave goal is to create, surfing has an impact. accessible). around the world, a network of surfing The communities of Nabila and Momi The goals of the SMA are best described healthcare professionals and "barefoot in Fiji, along with many coastal villages in by the following: doctors". 128 more ingrained in the human psyche than that of being consumed by a prehistoric creature with razor-like teeth and powerful jaws. Indeed such visions keep many from attempting the sport at all. Fortunately the hype does not match the reality. Over the last decade there have been an average of only 75 shark attacks a year world-wide, and less than 10% of those are fatal1. Unfortunately, surfers are victims of about half of those attacks1. By contrast, the most dangerous animal of all, the mosquito, is responsible for 750,000 deaths per year. Of the 350 species of sharks, 30 have been implicated in unprovoked human attacks, the most dangerous species being Great White, Tiger and Bull sharks. Attacks are most common in areas where surfers and sharks are in close proximity such as near seal-breeding colonies, steep drop-offs, or river mouths. Surfers are also at risk in waters inhabited by sharks when water visibility is low due to turbidity and at dawn or dusk. Interestingly, most shark attacks appear to be accidental, as the shark often takes one bite, and then swims away. Prevention • Do not wear shiny watches, jewellery or bright colours as these are thought to attract the attention of sharks. 6. The Sixth Wave goal is to protect with Dr Clayton Everline and Dr Andrew • Avoid excessive splashing as sharks are and preserve the surfers' natural Nathanson, wrote “Surf Survival, The can sense vibrations in the water which environment including the waves, the Surfer’s Health Handbook”. Dr Nathanson they may mistake for an injured fish or ocean, and our beaches. and Dr Everline represent a younger and seal. newer generation to head up the surfing • Avoid surfing at dawn, dusk or in cloudy “As surfers and doctors, we’re a pretty medicine quest. waters. Limited visibility may result in a insignificant minority group on this planet. One of the areas of great interest are the shark mistakenly biting a hand or foot, Yet we do have a degree of expertise in terms ocean creatures that can cause injury to a thinking it is a fish. of the ocean/land interface (especially where surfer or ocean enthusiast. Dr Nathanson • Avoid surfing near seal colonies, deep there are waves).” is an active and avid traveler as well as an drop-offs or river mouths where sharks Dr Geoff Booth, Tracks Magazine, 1987 expert in ocean creature injuries and their are likely to congregate. treatment. • Stay near groups of other surfers as Surfing doctors (doctors who surf) are a Surfers share the surf break with a huge sharks are opportunistic predators and growing population and over the past half variety of marine animals. While the vast more likely to attack solitary individuals. century there has been much exploration majority of these species are harmless, a • If a shark larger than two metre is and discovery by such doctors. In their few have the ability to cause harm by biting, spotted, it is safest to slowly exit the travels, they treated their own injuries, stinging, or poking the unwary surfer. In water without splashing. as well as other travelers and the local the section that follows, we will discuss • Sharks respect size and power: if indigenous people they encountered. injuries, treatment and prevention of bites attacked aggressively, strike the shark In 1987, Doctors Geoff Booth, Mark and stings from hazardous sea life. in the snout, eyes or gills with fists or a Renneker and Kevin Starr wrote ”Sick surfboard. Surfers”. This was a guide for surfers and SHARKS others on how to be aware of surfing Shark attacks are a recurrent theme when Treatment related injuries and how to treat these discussing risks associated with the sport of The victim of a shark attack may ocean maladies. In 2012, Dr Renneker along surfing. There is probably no primordial fear require assistance in reaching the shore 129 SPORTS MEDICINE via surfboard, boat or jetski. Rescuers are of stings varies widely depending on the poisonous Australian Box jellyfish (chironex almost never attacked. Upon reaching species, surface area of the sting and size fleckerii), whereas non-scalding hot shore the bitten surfer should be placed in a of the patient. Systemic symptoms such water is effective in reducing the pain and supine position with the injured extremity as nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, dizziness redness associated with stings of the less elevated. Hemorrhage should be controlled and allergic reactions are rare. Deaths from poisonous Hawaiian Box jellyfish, and the in the field by the application of firm direct cardiac arrest, intracranial haemorrhage and very common Portuguese Man-o-war. For pressure on the bleeding site. A clean towel anaphylaxis are extremely rare and usually other species of jellyfish Papain appears to or shirt wrapped around a rescuers hand caused by “box” jellyfish (cubozoans), found be the most effective treatment3. Physicians and pressed firmly on the wound is usually predominantly in Indo-pacific waters. and surfers should become familiar with effective. If hemorrhage can’t be controlled treatment of jellyfish stings residing in local with direct pressure, a tourniquet should Prevention waters. be applied close to the groin for lower Rash guards and wetsuits provide Skin reactions that develop after a sting extremity bleeding or axilla for upper excellent protection from jellyfish stings. are often red, raised, and painful, and can extremity bleeding2. “Safe Sea” is a lotion that can be applied to occasionally develop into blisters. Topical Victims of shark bites should be bare skin that has been clinically proven to 1% hydrocortisone will help alleviate transferred to a trauma centre. Wounds decrease risk of stings in jellyfish-infested symptoms. Patients with mild allergic should be examined, irrigated and waters. reactions involving generalized hives repaired with loose closure in the and itching should be treated with oral operating suite. Bites often result in deep, Treatment antihistamines and steroids and closely linear lacerations which commonly cause If a sting involves more than local skin observed. If signs of anaphylaxis such as neurovascular and tendon injuries and irritation, the surfer should exit the water. hypotension, wheezing, and throat swelling occasionally amputations. Infections are Adherent tentacles should be removed from develop, subcutaneous epinephrine should common and prophylactic antibiotics the skin surface using a towel or a plastic be administered immediately. covering gram negative organisms should bag for protection. Tentacles can also be be administered. scraped off using the edge of a knife blade or OTHER STINGING SEA CREATURES a credit card. The skin should not be rubbed A variety of hazardous marine animals JELLYFISH or rinsed with fresh water as this will cause inhabit the sea floor and can cause It has been estimated that there are un-deployed stinging cells (nematocysts) to envenomation and puncture wounds when more than 500,000 jellyfish stings annually fire. A variety of topical treatments are used stepped upon. worldwide. Most stings cause temporary to deactivate any remaining nematocysts. Stingrays live in sandy protected bays in burning pain and whip-like skin wheals, For example vinegar has historically been tropical and sub-tropical waters and feed which fade over hours to days. The severity used to deactivate the stings of the highly on sea worms and molluscs buried beneath Surfing doctors (doctors who surf) are a growing population and over the past half century there has been much exploration and discovery by such doctors. In their travels, they treated their own injuries, as well as other travelers and the local indigenous people they encountered.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Anti-Glioma Effect of Pseudosynanceia
    DOI:10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.7.2295 Effect of Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma Venom on Glioblastoma Cells RESEARCH ARTICLE Editorial Process: Submission:02/14/2021 Acceptance:07/15/2021 Anti-Glioma Effect of Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma Venom on Isolated Mitochondria from Glioblastoma Cells Maral Ramezani, Fatemeh Samiei, Jalal Pourahmad* Abstract Background: Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system that occurs in the spinal cord or brain. Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma is a venomous stonefish in the Persian Gulf, which our knowledge about is little. This study’s goal is to investigate the toxicity of stonefish crude venom on mitochondria isolated from U87 cells. Methods: In the first stage, we extracted venom stonefish and then isolated mitochondria have exposed to different concentrations of venom. Finally, mitochondrial toxicity parameters (Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome c release, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and mitochondrial swelling) have evaluated. Results: To determine mitochondrial parameters, we used 115, 230, and 460 µg/ml concentrations. The results of our study show that the venom of stonefish selectively increases upstream parameters of apoptosis such as mitochondrial swelling, cytochrome c release, MMP collapse and ROS. Conclusion: This study suggests that Pseudosynanceia Melanostigma crude venom has selectively caused toxicity by increasing active mitochondrial oxygen radicals. This venom could potentially be a candidate for the treatment of glioblastoma. Keywords: Mitochondria- glioblastoma- fish venoms- cell line- tumor- toxicity-Persian Gulf Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 22 (7), 2295-2302 Introduction freshwater or saltwater. Marine animals most commonly used for animals live in saltwater, i.e. in oceans, seas, Glioblastoma multiform is the most common group of etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Envenomations
    Environmental Marine envenomations Ingrid Berling Geoffrey Isbister Background The majority of marine envenomings are minor and do Marine stings are common but most are minor and do not not require medical intervention. Jellyfish stings are a require medical intervention. Severe and systemic marine frequent reason for presentation to first aid and primary envenoming is uncommon, but includes box jellyfish stings, healthcare providers. A knowledge of the variety of stings Irukandji syndrome, major stingray trauma and blue-ringed and envenoming syndromes that occur in Australia, octopus envenoming. Almost all marine injuries are caused including those that are clinically significant, and available by jellyfish stings, and penetrating injuries from spiny fish, treatments, is necessary for practitioners, particularly those stingrays or sea urchins. working in coastal regions. Objective This article describes the presentation and management Marine envenoming can be considered in two broad categories: of marine envenomations and injuries that may occur in jellyfish stings and penetrating venomous marine injuries. Jellyfish Australia. stings range from the life-threatening major box jellyfish (Chironex Discussion fleckeri) to painful, but generally benign, bluebottle stings common First aid for jellyfish includes tentacle removal, application to most southeastern Australian beaches (Figure 1). Penetrating of vinegar for box jellyfish, and hot water immersion (45°C venomous marine injuries often occur when handling fish, but can for 20 min) for bluebottle jellyfish stings. Basic life support occur to anyone involved in water activities, fresh water or marine. is essential for severe marine envenomings that result in They are typically more painful than just the trauma of the wound, and cardiac collapse or paralysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Spider Bites
    Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Office of Public Health, Louisiana Dept of Health & Hospitals 800-256-2748 (24 hr number) www.infectiousdisease.dhh.louisiana.gov SPIDER BITES Revised 6/13/2007 Epidemiology There are over 3,000 species of spiders native to the United States. Due to fragility or inadequate length of fangs, only a limited number of species are capable of inflicting noticeable wounds on human beings, although several small species of spiders are able to bite humans, but with little or no demonstrable effect. The final determination of etiology of 80% of suspected spider bites in the U.S. is, in fact, an alternate diagnosis. Therefore the perceived risk of spider bites far exceeds actual risk. Tick bites, chemical burns, lesions from poison ivy or oak, cutaneous anthrax, diabetic ulcer, erythema migrans from Lyme disease, erythema from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, sporotrichosis, Staphylococcus infections, Stephens Johnson syndrome, syphilitic chancre, thromboembolic effects of Leishmaniasis, toxic epidermal necrolyis, shingles, early chicken pox lesions, bites from other arthropods and idiopathic dermal necrosis have all been misdiagnosed as spider bites. Almost all bites from spiders are inflicted by the spider in self defense, when a human inadvertently upsets or invades the spider’s space. Of spiders in the United States capable of biting, only a few are considered dangerous to human beings. Bites from the following species of spiders can result in serious sequelae: Louisiana Office of Public Health – Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section Page 1 of 14 The Brown Recluse: Loxosceles reclusa Photo Courtesy of the Texas Department of State Health Services The most common species associated with medically important spider bites: • Physical characteristics o Length: Approximately 1 inch o Appearance: A violin shaped mark can be visualized on the dorsum (top).
    [Show full text]
  • Traveler Information
    Traveler Information QUICK LINKS Marine Hazards—TRAVELER INFORMATION • Introduction • Risk • Hazards of the Beach • Animals that Bite or Wound • Animals that Envenomate • Animals that are Poisonous to Eat • General Prevention Strategies Traveler Information MARINE HAZARDS INTRODUCTION Coastal waters around the world can be dangerous. Swimming, diving, snorkeling, wading, fishing, and beachcombing can pose hazards for the unwary marine visitor. The seas contain animals and plants that can bite, wound, or deliver venom or toxin with fangs, barbs, spines, or stinging cells. Injuries from stony coral and sea urchins and stings from jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemones are common. Drowning can be caused by tides, strong currents, or rip tides; shark attacks; envenomation (e.g., box jellyfish, cone snails, blue-ringed octopus); or overconsumption of alcohol. Eating some types of potentially toxic fish and seafood may increase risk for seafood poisoning. RISK Risk depends on the type and location of activity, as well as the time of year, winds, currents, water temperature, and the prevalence of dangerous marine animals nearby. In general, tropical seas (especially the western Pacific Ocean) are more dangerous than temperate seas for the risk of injury and envenomation, which are common among seaside vacationers, snorkelers, swimmers, and scuba divers. Jellyfish stings are most common in warm oceans during the warmer months. The reef and the sandy sea bottom conceal many creatures with poisonous spines. The highly dangerous blue-ringed octopus and cone shells are found in rocky pools along the shore. Sea anemones and sea urchins are widely dispersed. Sea snakes are highly venomous but rarely bite.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move
    The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Millions of years ago, unlikely pioneers sparked a revolution. Cnidarians set animal life in motion. So much of what we take for granted today began with Cnidarians. FROM SHAPE OF LIFE The Polyp and the Medusa Life on the Move Take a moment to follow these instructions: Raise your right hand in front of your eyes. Make a fist. Make the peace sign with your first and second fingers. Make a fist again. Open your hand. Read the next paragraph. What you just did was exhibit a trait we associate with all animals, a trait called, quite simply, movement. And not only did you just move your hand, but you moved it after passing the idea of movement through your brain and nerve cells to command the muscles in your hand to obey. To do this, your body needs muscles to move and nerves to transmit and coordinate movement, whether voluntary or involuntary. The bit of business involved in making fists and peace signs is pretty complex behavior, but it pales by comparison with the suites of thought and movement associated with throwing a curve ball, walking, swimming, dancing, breathing, landing an airplane, running down prey, or fleeing a predator. But whether by thought or instinct, you and all animals except sponges have the ability to move and to carry out complex sequences of movement called behavior. In fact, movement is such a basic part of being an animal that we tend to define animalness as having the ability to move and behave.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bug Beneath the Bathing Suit: a Case Report and Discussion of Seabather’S Eruption Versus Cutaneous Larva Migrans
    The bug beneath the bathing suit: A case report and discussion of seabather’s eruption versus cutaneous larva migrans Andrew Jensen, BS,* Marcus Goodman, DO, FAOCD** *Medical Student, 4th year, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA **Dermatology Residency Program Director, PCOM/North Fulton Hospital Medical Campus, Roswell, GA Abstract Seabather’s eruption is an important differential diagnosis when a patient who has recently swum in a subtropical ocean presents with a pruritic rash in the distribution of their swimwear. Treatment with systemic corticosteroids is indicated in severe cases and can successfully reduce symptoms. Oral steroid therapy in general has proven to be an effective treatment for many acute and chronic diseases but has long been associated with increased risk for infections. In this report, we present an atypical case of cutaneous larva migrans and discuss its clinical unmasking after systemic steroid treatment was given for an initial diagnosis of seabather’s eruption. Introduction Case Report Figure 2 Seabather’s eruption is a benign, superficial A 52-year-old female presented to her reaction to toxins from marine-animal larvae. dermatologist complaining of an itchy rash on It is the most common marine-related problem her groin and upper leg for one week. The patient in the waters south of the United States.1 stated she recently traveled to Mexico, where she It was reported in Florida as early as 1903 spent several days on the beach and swimming in as a “rash which set up an intense itching” the ocean. Physical exam revealed erythematous, shortly after bathing in ocean water.2 In 1949, edematous papules on her lower abdomen and Sams postulated the eruption was caused by groin, assuming a location directly beneath her “some living, microorganism, in the nature of swimsuit (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas
    Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas MEDITERRANEAN AND BLACK SEA BASINS Main seas, straits and gulfs in the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, together with locations mentioned in the text for the distribution of marine mammals and sea turtles Ukraine Russia SEA OF AZOV Kerch Strait Crimea Romania Georgia Slovenia France Croatia BLACK SEA Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Monaco Bosphorus LIGURIAN SEA Montenegro Strait Pelagos Sanctuary Gulf of Italy Lion ADRIATIC SEA Albania Corsica Drini Bay Spain Dardanelles Strait Greece BALEARIC SEA Turkey Sardinia Algerian- TYRRHENIAN SEA AEGEAN SEA Balearic Islands Provençal IONIAN SEA Syria Basin Strait of Sicily Cyprus Strait of Sicily Gibraltar ALBORAN SEA Hellenic Trench Lebanon Tunisia Malta LEVANTINE SEA Israel Algeria West Morocco Bank Tunisian Plateau/Gulf of SirteMEDITERRANEAN SEA Gaza Strip Jordan Suez Canal Egypt Gulf of Sirte Libya RED SEA Marine mammals and sea turtles of the Mediterranean and Black Seas Compiled by María del Mar Otero and Michela Conigliaro The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by Compiled by María del Mar Otero IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain © IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Malaga, Spain Michela Conigliaro IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Copyright © 2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources With the support of Catherine Numa IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Spain Annabelle Cuttelod IUCN Species Programme, United Kingdom Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the sources are fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Incidents Between Humans and Orcas in Captivity
    Violent incidents between humans and orcas in captivity Several accounts of violent incidents with humans have appeared in books and news clips, with little information on the dates or details of those incidents. Other descriptions have made headlines, and some were captured on video tape. There are also anecdotal reports of incidents that were never officially documented. NO. DATE AQUARIUM WHALEs INCIDENT SOURCE early years New York When water level was lowered for pool cleaning, young female Lupa sent Edward R. Riciuti, , New #1 1968 Lupa York, Walker & Co., 1973, Aquarium, USA trainers scrambling from the pool, snapping her jaws threatening. pp. 227-228. Edward R. Riciuti, Killers of the Sea, New York, Young male Cuddles became so increasingly aggressive, having a hold of at Walker & Co., 1973, pp. Flamingo Park, least two trainers, that keepers had to clean the pool from the protection of a 227-228; Reading #2 1969-1970 Cuddles England shark cage. Cuddles also dragged keeper Don Robinson into the pool when he Eagle, August 15, was at Dudley Zoo but that was possibly a PR stunt. 1971; Doug Cartlidge, personal communication, March 2010. Karen Pryor writes, "I have since heard... of at least one killer whale which Karen Pryor, Lads Before the Wind, New York, #3 1970s unknown unknown launched an unprovoked attack on a favorite trainer, in normal circumstances, Harper & Row, 1976, p. savaged him very badly, and nearly killed him." 220. Vancouver Trainer Doug Pemberton described young female Skana as the dominant Cranky killer whales put trainers through their #4 1970's Aquarium, Skana animal in the pool.
    [Show full text]
  • Awareness, Prevention and Treatment of World-Wide Marine Stings and Bites
    Awareness, Prevention and Treatment of world-wide marine stings and bites Dr Peter Fenner Honorary Medical Officer, Surf Life Saving Australia International Life Saving Federation Medical/Rescue Conference Proceedings September 1997 Abstract The most common world-wide first aid treatment used by the average lifesaver/lifeguard is the treatment of marine envenomation, especially the treatment of jellyfish stings. It is important to use the correct first aid treatment for each type of envenomation. This study provides a simplified protocol for: - 1. Awareness of the geographical distribution and possibilities of envenomation enabling: - 2. Preventative strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality from marine envenomation 3. First aid treatment of marine envenomation by jellyfish or other marine animals This discussion is based on protocols developed for Surf Life Saving Australia and other first aid providers in Australia over the past ten years. Their success has been proven by a 30% reduction in the number of stings over the past 10 years (statistics from the author’s records). Information for this article has been taken from: - 1. Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook produced by Surf Life Saving Queensland 2. The global problem of cnidarian stinging. MD Thesis by the author for the University of London. Introduction The global problem of marine envenomation is not fully appreciated. Each year hundreds of deaths occur from poisoning (by ingestion or eating) or by envenomation (stinging by jellyfish, or biting by venomous marine animals). The morbidity is even greater with jellyfish stings world-wide being numbered in their millions. Each summer it is estimated that up to half a million stings occur on the east coast of the United States from the Portuguese man-o’-war (Physalia physalis).
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Harmful and Toxic Creatures in the Goa of Jordan
    Published by the Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan. P. O. Box 831051, Abdel Aziz El Thaalbi St., Shmesani 11183. Amman Copyright: © The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non- commercial purposes is authorized without prior written approval from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8 Deposit Number at the National Library: 2619/6/2016 Citation: Eid, E and Al Tawaha, M. (2016). A Guide to Harmful and Toxic Creature in the Gulf of Aqaba of Jordan. The Royal Marine Conservation Society of Jordan. ISBN: 978-9957-8740-1-8. Pp 84. Material was reviewed by Dr Nidal Al Oran, International Research Center for Water, Environment and Energy\ Al Balqa’ Applied University,and Dr. Omar Attum from Indiana University Southeast at the United State of America. Cover page: Vlad61; Shutterstock Library All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder, and it should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without permission. 1 Content Index of Creatures Described in this Guide ......................................................... 5 Preface ................................................................................................................ 6 Part One: Introduction ......................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Gulf of Aqaba; Jordan ......................................................................... 8 1.2 Aqaba;
    [Show full text]
  • Our Summer Newsletter Has Gone to the Dogs!
    Summer 2013 Newsletter Our summer newsletter has gone to the dogs! In this issue… Pet-Friendly Rentals | Tips for taking your dog to the beach | Beach essentials equipment list | Area vets and boarding | OIB doggy photos | What’s new? and more. There are huge benefits when you travel with your pet. No boarding fees is just one, but there's also no anxiety about how your pet is coping while you're away, less separation stress for your pet, more spacious accommodations that will be just like they're used to at home, and a fun-filled vacation that includes your pet being included with the family. Whether you're a family taking a summer vacation or snowbirds coming south for the winter, you'll be comfortable knowing your pet is welcome here too and that we have a variety of pet friendly rentals to choose from. OCEANFRONT HOUSES 358 East First Street…4 bedroom…$2195 434 East Second St….3 bedroom…$2195 SECOND ROW HOUSES 93 East First Street…..3 bedroom….$965 119 East First Street….4 bedroom…$915 345 East First Street…6 bedroom…$4015 THIRD ROW HOUSES 78 East Second Street..4 bedroom…$995 MID-ISLAND HOUSES 2 Driftwood Street…...2 bedroom…$995 CANAL HOUSES 1 Concord Street……4 bedroom…$1145 41 Concord Street…...4 bedroom…$1315 69 Fairmont Street……4 bedroom…$995 44 Leland Street….…5 bedroom…$1460 26 Wilmington St……6 bedroom…$1095 CONDOS Ocean Cove 105……..1 bedroom…$995 Ocean Cove 219……...1 bedroom…$995 Oceanside West F-1…..3 bedroom…$975 VIOLET, photo courtesy of Julie 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dangerous Creatures of the Maltese Sea: Injuries and Treatment - Part 2
    REVIEW ARTICLE Dangerous creatures of the Maltese sea: Injuries and treatment - Part 2 DR DAVID JAMES SAMMUT ABSTRACT deeper than the epidermis. The common Mediterranean This is the second of a two-part article intended sea urchin does not possess any venom in its spines, thus to give information about different organisms which injury is often of a minor nature. inhabit the Maltese sea and which are potentially harmful. Doctors working in the primary health setup Treatment and sometimes also in secondary care are often faced Treatment options vary. Embedded spines can either with injuries related to these organisms. The nature of be removed immediately, after a few days, or left to come the injury and its treatment is then discussed. Treatment out spontaneously. Any large projecting spines should however is not evidenced based as little if any studies be carefully removed with tweezers (Drobina, 2008). have been conducted in this field of medicine. After the Deeper spines are more difficult to remove. Removing first article considered venomous organisms, this second them immediately is often time consuming, painful and article will review sea creatures that may cause injury may cause more trauma to the site. Superficial spines are through bites, spines and electricity. best left undisturbed, as they will eventually be rejected spontaneously as the epidermis renews itself. Deeper KEY WORDS spines will come out easier if left for a few days before Bites, moray eel bites, sea urchin puncture attempting to remove them. The skin over the spine is broken with a needle and the spine is easily removed by INTRODUCTION applying pressure at the sides of the spine.
    [Show full text]