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Italians and Nation-Building in Wales, 1940-2010 Giudici

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Italians and Nation-Building in Wales, 1940-2010 Giudici Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Migration, Memory and Identity: Italians and Nation-Building in Wales, 1940-2010 Giudici, Marco Award date: 2012 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 Migration, Memory and Identity: Italians and Nation-Building in Wales, 1940-2010 Marco Giudici Bangor University, 2012 Summary Despite being a numerical minority, Italians have become one of Wales’ most noticeable migrant groups, their narratives figuring prominently in Welsh popular culture and collective memory. Yet, like other ethnic minorities in Wales, they have been neglected in academic enquiry, with the history of immigration to Britain being traditionally addressed in an Anglo- centric perspective. This thesis aims to fill this academic gap and provide an original historical contribution to migration studies. In so doing, it primarily aims to disclose two under-investigated areas of investigation; firstly, small-town, rural and geographically dispersed patterns of migration and, secondly, migration to stateless nations. This thesis shows that, despite their numerical marginality, geographically dispersed migrants can resist assimilation and maintain distinct cultural identities. They can even culturally influence their receiving society, being incorporated in its process of nation-building; Italian migrant narratives have ideally served a reinforcement of Wales’ tolerant and inclusive image. Thus, this thesis illustrates that, contrary to popular belief, national(istic) claims are not necessarily in contrast with immigration. It shows that stateless nations aiming to gain increasing autonomy can use their immigration history to construct and disseminate a tolerant and inclusive national image, one that aims to foster both indigenous people and migrants’ sense of national belonging. I Contents Acknowledgements III Abbreviations IV List of Places VI Maps VIII Author’s Declaration X Introduction 1 Chapter One: Patterns of Migration 31 Chapter Two: Responses, Representations and Memorialisation 99 Chapter Three: Italianness, Welshness and Everyday Life 175 Chapter Four: Italian Café-Culture and Cuisine in Wales 249 Conclusion 306 Appendices 322 Bibliography 329 II Acknowledgements My first thanks goes to my late supervisor Duncan Tanner, for having believed in my potentials and given me the chance to undertake this Ph.D. His unconditional work ethic and passion for history remain an inspiration. I also owe sincere thanks to my supervisor Andrew Edwards for his priceless advice and support throughout my Ph.D. His passion for teaching and researching history has been an education. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Neil Evans for his help. His impressively vast knowledge and understanding of history have been inspirational for my research. I also want to thank my friend Euryn Roberts, a passionate Welshman and knowledgeable Welsh historian, whose advice and suggestions have been priceless. My thanks also go to professor Tony Brown and to writer Angharad Price for their insight on Welsh literature. I also would like to thank Giuliano Mortali and Corrado Truffelli (Centro di Documentazione sulla Emigrazione Dell’Alta Val di Taro), Cristina Cangi (Archivio Diaristico Nazionale) Reverend Ian Dalgleish (St. Joseph Catholic Church, Denbigh), Owain Rhys (St. Fagans National History Museum) and all archivists and librarians who have helped me with my research. I also wish to thank my fellow Ph.D. student Christian Zottl for his support and friendship. I am thankful and grateful to my parents and sister in Italy and to my Welsh parents-in-law and brother-in-law, for their love and support. Finally, a special thank you goes to my fiancée Laura. Without her infinite love I would not have been able to do this. This thesis is dedicated to her. III Abbreviations ADN Archivio Diaristico Nazionale ACLI Associazioni Cristiane Lavoratori Italiani ALALFS Annual Local Area Labour Force Survey ASMFW Arandora Star Memorial Fund in Wales AUBTW Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers AVCG Amici Val Ceno Galles AWEMA All Wales Ethnic Minority Association BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BME Black Minority Ethnic CRO Caernarfon Record Office CO Cabinet Office CDEAVT Centro di Documentazione sulla Emigrazione Dell’Alta Val di Taro DPIA Displaced People in Action ENAIP Ente Nazionale Acli Istruzione Professionale EPB Enemy POW Branch EVW European Volunteer Worker FG Foreign Office GBGRO Great Britain General Register Office GC Glamorgan Constabulary GRO Glamorgan Record Office HCD House of Commons Debates HLF Heritage Lottery Fund HO Home Office HTV Harlech Television IMW Italian Memories in Wales ITV Independent Television Authority IWM Imperial War Museum MFP Ministry of Fuel and Power MLNS Ministry of Labour and National Service MPO Metropolitan Police Office MS Ministry of Supply MTB Merthyr Tydfil Borough Police MWT Muslim Women Talk NAW National Assembly for Wales NCB National Coal Board NFU National Farmers’ Union NLW National Library of Wales NUM National Union of Mineworkers NWM National Waterfront Museum ONS Office for National Statistics OPCS Office of Population Censuses and Surveys PMGS Processing and Marketing Grant Scheme POW Prisoner of War SFNHM St. Fagans National History Museum SJCCD St. Joseph Catholic Church Denbigh IV SNP Scottish National Party S4C Sianel Pedwar Cymru TNA The National Archives WAC Welsh Affairs Committee WAG Welsh Assembly Government WDA Wrexham Diocese Archive WGAS West Glamorgan Archive Service WLA Women’s Land Army WO War Office WPSMA Welsh Plate and Sheet Manufacturers’ Association WTB Wales Tourist Board V List of Places Aberaman, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Aberdare, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Abergavenny, Monmouthshire (now Monmouthshire) Abertillery, Monmouthshire (now Blaenau Gwent) Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire (now Ceredigion) Ammanford, Carmarthenshire (now Carmarthenshire) Bala, Merionethshire (now Gwynedd) Bangor, Caernarvonshire (now Gwynedd) Bargoed, Glamorgan (now Caerphilly) Barry Island, Glamorgan (now Vale of Glamorgan) Blaenau Ffestiniog, Caernarvonshire (now Gwynedd) Bridgend, Glamorgan (now Bridgend) Briton Ferry, Glamorgan (now Neath Port Talbot) Bryncethin, Glamorgan (now Bridgend) Caernarfon, Caernarvonshire (now Gwynedd) Caerphilly, Glamorgan (now Caerphilly) Cardiff, Glamorgan (now Cardiff) Cardigan, Cardiganshire (now Ceredigion) Cerryg Y Drudion, Denbighshire (now Conwy) Conwy, Caernarvonshire (now Conwy) Deganwy, Caernarvonshire (now Conwy) Denbigh, Denbighshire (now Denbighshire) Ebbw Vale, Monmouthshire (now Blaenau Gwent) Elan Vale, Radnorshire (now Powys) Fishguard, Pembrokeshire (now Pembrokeshire) Gorseinon, Glamorgan (now Swansea) Hirwaun, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Lampeter, Cardiganshire (now Ceredigion) Llanddarog, Carmarthenshire (now Carmarthenshire) Llandridndod, Radnorshire (now Powys) Llandudno, Caernarvonshire (now Conwy) Llandybie, Carmarthenshire (now Carmarthenshire) Llandysul, Cardiganshire (now Ceredigion) Llanelli, Carmarthenshire (now Carmarthenshire) Llangollen, Denbighshire (now Denbighshire) Llanharry, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Llanrwst, Caernarvonshire (now Conwy) Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan (now Merthyr Tydfil) Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire (now Pembrokeshire) Morriston, Glamorgan (now Swansea) Nantymoel, Glamorgan (now Bridgend) Neath, Glamorgan (now Neath Port Talbot) Newbridge, Monmouthshire (now Caerphilly) Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire (now Carmarthenshire) Newport, Monmouthshire (now Newport) Newtown, Montgomeryshire (now Powys) VI Penarth, Glamorgan (now Vale of Glamorgan) Pontardulais, Glamorgan (now Swansea) Pontycymer, Glamorgan (now Bridgend) Pontypool, Monmouthshire (now Torfaen) Pontypridd, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Port Talbot, Glamorgan (now Neath Port Talbot) Porth, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Porthcawl, Glamorgan (now Bridgend) Porthmadog, Caernarvonshire (now Gwynedd) Presteigne, Radnorshire (now Powys) Ruthin, Denbighshire (now Denbighshire) Rhyl, Denbighshire (now Denbighshire) Swansea, Glamorgan (now Swansea) Tenby, Pembrokeshire (now Pembrokeshire) Ton Pentre, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Tonypandy, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Torfaen, Monmouthshire (now Torfaen) Tredegar, Monmouthshire (now Blaenau Gwent) Treherbet, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Welshpool, Montgomeryshire (now Powys) Wrexham, Flintshire (now Wrexham) Ynysybwl, Glamorgan (now Rhondda Cynon Taf) Ystrad Mynach, Glamorgan (now Caerphilly) VII Wales: Counties Before 1974 VIII Wales: Counties After 1996 IX INTRODUCTION I In 2001, only 3,263 people of Italian birth were to be found in Wales. Compared to other nationalities, Italians appeared to be a relatively „marginal‟ migrant
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