The Guardian's Coverage of the Virginia Tech Massacre
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Through "Foreign" Eyes: The Guardian's Coverage of the Virginia Tech Massacre A thesis presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Jared D. Hargis June 2009 © 2009 Jared D. Hargis. All Rights Reserved This thesis titled Through "Foreign" Eyes: The Guardian's Coverage of the Virginia Tech Massacre by JARED D. HARGIS has been approved for the E. W. Scripps School of Journalism and the Scripps College of Communication by Bill Reader Assistant Professor of Journalism Gregory J. Shepherd Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT HARGIS, JARED D., M.S., June 2009, Journalism Through "Foreign" Eyes: The Guardian's Coverage of the Virginia Tech Massacre (125 pp.) Director of Thesis: Bill Reader This thesis presents a textual analysis and a descriptive content analysis of how the British newspaper The Guardian covered the Virginia Tech school shootings that took place on 16 April 2007. Analysis of the first eight days of coverage, totaling 61 articles, added to the existing research on media coverage of school shootings by understanding how the media lens of an influential British newspaper viewed the “gun culture” of the United States. The results of this study indicate that The Guardian’s coverage suggests that the “gun culture” of the United States may be directly responsible for the Virginia Tech school shootings, and that the newspaper and its readers (via their feedback) have constructed a collective argument that such events are inevitable when guns are so readily accessible as they are in the United States. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Bill Reader Assistant Professor of Journalism iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii PURPOSE STATEMENT .................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE ISSUE ..................................................................................... 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 10 Guns and Gun Control .................................................................................................. 10 School Violence ............................................................................................................ 13 Media Coverage of School Violence ............................................................................ 24 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................... 41 Content Analysis Using Agenda Setting Theory .......................................................... 41 Textual Analysis Focused on Community, Nationality, and Media ............................. 47 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 54 METHOD ......................................................................................................................... 56 Justification for the Content and Texts Analyzed ......................................................... 56 Method Overview ......................................................................................................... 57 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 68 Quantitative ................................................................................................................... 68 Qualitative ..................................................................................................................... 73 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 99 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 110 iv APPENDIX I .................................................................................................................. 115 Coding Sheet: The Guardian Covers Virginia Tech Tragedy .................................... 115 APPENDIX II ................................................................................................................. 117 Codebook .................................................................................................................... 117 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Frequency of types of sources in the coverage .................................................... 69 Table 2 Frequency of topics in the coverage .................................................................... 71 Table 3 Frequency between topics and types of sources in the coverage ......................... 72 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Frequency of stories from April 16 to 23 .......................................................... 68 vii PURPOSE STATEMENT This thesis provided quantitative and qualitative analysis of how a British newspaper covered the Virginia Tech school shootings that took place on 16 April 2007. The first eight days of coverage by The Guardian, totaling 61 articles, were analyzed in order to understand how an influential British newspaper covered an American school shooting, with the goal to examine how the gun culture of the United States was viewed through a British media lens. This thesis added to the existing research of media coverage of school shootings by providing an international perspective of gun-related violence in schools in the United States. A two-method study was utilized to provide both quantitative data (with regard to content frequencies) and qualitative analysis (with regard to the rhetoric of the texts). First, a content analysis provided a descriptive overview of potential agenda-setting frames in the British newspaper. That analysis answered research questions about sources cited by The Guardian, the different topics of the school shooting reported by The Guardian, and how certain topics are related to cited sources. The same articles were then examined further through critical textual analysis. That process provided a more descriptive analysis of the broader ideological themes that emerged from the newspaper’s coverage of the tragedy. The textual analysis addressed research questions about implied messages, reasons for school violence, cultural differences between the United States and Britain regarding gun ownership, different interpretations of the tragedy by U.S. and British audiences, and prominent themes about the shootings in The Guardian articles. By mixing those two methods, this thesis provided a well-rounded 1 case study of how a major British newspaper covered one of the most prolific school shootings in history. 2 BACKGROUND OF THE ISSUE On 16 April 2007, a Virginia Tech student named Cho Seung-Hui committed the deadliest school-based rampage in modern U.S. history when he killed 32 students and faculty members before turning the gun on himself and committing suicide. Cho began his massacre at about 7:15 a.m. in one of the university dorms, and two hours later went to a building housing the engineering school to continue his rampage. After the smoke had cleared, the media went to work. Reports of the massacre quickly spread around the globe, and details about the killer, his victims, Virginia Tech’s security protocols, how he obtained a gun, and many other issues were in high demand. The media firestorm continued to be fueled with growing concerns about gun laws in the U.S., Cho’s South Korean heritage, and the airing by NBC Nightly News of a video manifesto that Cho had created between his shooting sprees and sent to the network. Previous instances of school-based violence attracted a substantial amount of media coverage, both in the United States and abroad. A number of different aspects of how those tragedies were covered have been the focus of communication research. For example, researchers have found that concerns about school safety are present in the coverage, even though schools remain some of the safest places for students. With 295 recorded deaths in elementary and secondary schools between 1992 and 2001, statistics show that a student would have a one in two million chance of getting killed on school grounds (Hancock, 2001). However, the past several decades have shown a rise in coverage by the media regarding school shootings (Hancock, 2001). More important to this thesis is how the coverage is evolving with each new incident. Journalist Ginger 3 Casey suggested that the media become “totally immersed” in an event such as a school shooting, and coverage follows “story lines” involving reporting of raw facts, searches for meaning, assignment of blame, and conclusions (Casey, 1999, pp. 30-33). Some researchers believe that such coverage is “sensationalized” in order to promote newspaper sales (Daniels et al., 2007). However, nearly all of the previously published research on the topic has focused on U.S. media coverage. This thesis utilized quantitative and qualitative methods to examine The Guardian’s coverage of the Virginia Tech school shootings to better