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SURINAME and Achieved Independence on 25 November 1975 As Suriname

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SURINAME and Achieved Independence on 25 November 1975 As Suriname 1014 Countries of the World SURINAME and achieved independence on 25 November 1975 as Suriname. At independence, about 40 per cent of the Republiek Suriname – Republic of Suriname population emigrated to the Netherlands. The early years of independence were politically unstable, with a period of military rule under Desi Bouterse following a coup in 1980. A guerrilla campaign for the restoration of democracy began in 1986. A peace accord with the guerrillas in 1989, following the return to civilian rule in 1988, was opposed by Bouterse, who engineered a coup in 1990 that deposed the president. Elections in 1991 were won by the New Front for Democracy and Development alliance, led by Ronald Venetiaan, who became president. President Venetiaan introduced an unpopular austerity programme, which improved the economy but lost him the 1996 election. After the 2005 legislative election the New Front for Democracy, a four-party alliance, remained the largest bloc in the legislature, but lost its overall majority. Two Area – 163,270 sq. km rounds of voting in the July 2005 presidential election Capital – Paramaribo; population, 252,000 (2007 est) failed to produce the necessary majority, requiring a third Major towns – Lelydorp, Nieuw Nickerie round of voting by a United People’s Assembly; this Currency – Suriname dollar of 100 cents re-elected President Venetiaan to another term in office. Population – 475,996 rising at 1.1 per cent a year (2008 est); Hindustani (37 per cent), Creole (31 per cent), POLITICAL SYSTEM Javanese (15 per cent), Maroons (10 per cent), Under the 1987 constitution, the executive president is Amerindian (2 per cent) (est) elected for a five-year term by a two-thirds majority in the Religion – Christian 41 per cent, Hindu 20 per cent, legislature or, if the required majority cannot be achieved, Muslim 14 per cent (predominantly Sunni), indigenous by a specially convened United Peoples’ Assembly religions 3 per cent (est) including district and local council representatives. The Language – Dutch (official), English, Surinamese, vice-president is elected in the same way. The unicameral Caribbean Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese National Assembly has 51 members directly elected for a Population density – 3 per sq. km (2007) five-year term. Urban population – 74 per cent (2006 est) Median age (years) – 27.5 (2008 est) HEAD OF STATE National anthem – ‘God zij met ons Suriname’ [‘God Be President, Ronald Venetiaan, sworn in 12 August 2000, With Our Suriname’] re-elected 2005 National day – 25 November (Independence Day) Vice-President, Ram Sardjoe Life expectancy (years) – 73.48 (2008 est) Mortality rate – 5.51 (2008 est) SELECTED GOVERNMENT MEMBERS as at July 2008 Birth rate – 17.02 (2008 est) Defence, Ivan Fernald Infant mortality rate – 19.45 (2008 est) Finance, Humphrey Hildenberg HIV/AIDS adult prevalence – 1.6 per cent (2005 est) Foreign Affairs, Lygia Kraag-Keteldijk Death penalty – Retained (not used since 1982) Internal Affairs, Maurits Hassankhan CPI score – 3.6 (2008) Literacy rate – 90.4 per cent (2007 est) EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME Alexander Gogelweg 2, 2517 JH The Hague, The Netherlands CLIMATE AND TERRAIN T (+31) (70) 365 0844 E [email protected] The narrow, swampy coastal plain is home to about 90 per Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, HE Urmila cent of the population. From the coastal belt, the land Joella-Sewnundun, apptd 2008 rises to a hilly interior covered by tropical rainforest and savannah; the rainforest contains a great diversity of flora BRITISH AMBASSADOR and fauna. Elevation extremes range from 1,230m (Juliana HE Fraser Wheeler, apptd 2006, resident at Georgetown, Top) at the highest point to −2m (coastal plain) at the Guyana lowest. The land is drained by several rivers, some of which have been dammed to create large artificial lakes DEFENCE used to generate hydro-electric power. The climate is The army has 15 armoured personnel carriers. The navy tropical, moderated by the north-east trade winds. There has 8 patrol and coastal combatant vessels at a base in are two wet seasons, from April to August and November Paramaribo. The air force has 4 combat capable aircraft. to February. Military budget – US$22m (2007 est) Military personnel – 1,840: army 1,400, navy 240, air HISTORY AND POLITICS force 200 Although visited and claimed by Spanish explorers in 1593, early European settlements all failed. A British ECONOMY AND TRADE colony was founded in 1651 but this was ceded to the The mainstays of the economy are mining, especially Dutch in 1667. Dutch rule was interrupted by British bauxite and gold, and oil and alumina production, occupation during the French Revolutionary and although these make the economy vulnerable to global Napoleonic wars, but was restored in 1816. The colony, price fluctuations. Bauxite reserves are declining, but oil known as Dutch Guiana, became autonomous in 1954, production is increasing from existing offshore fields and SUR–SWA 1015 onshore exploration has begun. Agriculture employs only Currency – Lilangeni (E; plural Emalangeni) of 100 cents; 8 per cent of the population but produces 10.8 per cent of South African currency is also in circulation. Swaziland GDP. Industries other than mining and oil production are is a member of theCommon Monetary Area and the forestry, food processing and fishing. Industry accounts Lilangeni has a par value with the South African rand for 24.4 per cent of GDP and services for 64.8 per cent. Population – 1,128,814 falling at 0.41 per cent a year The main trading partners are the USA, Canada, (2008 est) Norway, the Netherlands and Trinidad and Tobago. Religion – Christian (Protestant denominations 35 per Principal exports are alumina, gold, crude oil, timber, fish cent, Zionist 30 per cent, Roman Catholic 25 per cent), and prawns, rice and bananas. The main imports are Muslim 1 per cent (est) capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton and Language – English, siSwati (both official) consumer goods. Population density – 67 per sq. km (2007) GNI – US$2,166m; US$4,730 per capita (2007) Urban population – 24 per cent (2006 est) Annual average growth of GDP – 5.4 per cent (2008 est) Median age (years) – 18.7 (2008 est) Inflation rate – 6.4 per cent (2007 est) National anthem – ‘Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibuiso Unemployment – 9.5 per cent (2004) temaSwati’ [‘Oh God, Bestower of Blessings on the Total external debt – US$504.3m (2005 est) Swazi’] Imports – US$940m (2007) National day – 6 September (Independence Day) Exports – US$1,310m (2007) Life expectancy (years) – 31.99 (2008 est) Mortality rate – 30.7 (2008 est) BALANCE OF PAYMENTS Birth rate – 26.6 (2008 est) Trade – US$365m deficit (2008) Infant mortality rate – 69.59 (2008 est) Current Account – US$71m surplus (2007) HIV/AIDS adult prevalence – 34.5 per cent (2005 est) Death penalty – Retained (not used since 1983) Trade with UK 2007 2008 CPI score – 3.6 (2008) Imports from UK £7,996,432 £7,969,352 Population below poverty line – 69 per cent (2006) Exports to UK £314,657 £462,356 Gross enrolment ratio (percentage of relevant age group) – primary 106 per cent; secondary 47 per cent; tertiary 4 COMMUNICATIONS per cent (2007 est) There are 4,300km of roads in total, of which Health expenditure (per capita) – US$155 (2006) approximately one-quarter is surfaced. There are no Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) – 2.1 (2002–7) railways. The 1,200km of waterways provide the most effective means of travel in the inaccessible interior. The CLIMATE AND TERRAIN main seaport is Paramaribo. There are 50 airports and The main regions of the landlocked country are: the airfields; the principal airport is at Paramaribo. densely forested and mountainous Highveld along the The telephone system is good and mobile phone western border, with an average altitude of 1,219m; the services have expanded rapidly. Combined fixed-line and central Middleveld, a mixed farming area which averages mobile density is now about 90 per 100 people. about 609m in altitude, and Lowveld, which was mainly scrubland until the introduction of sugar cane plantations; MEDIA and along the eastern edge of the Lowveld, the Lubombo State-owned broadcast media offer a range of views, and ridge. Four rivers, the Komati, Usutu, Mbuluzi and operate alongside commercial radio and television Ngwavuma, flow from west to east. Elevation extremes stations. The two daily newspapers, De West and De Ware range from 1,862m (Emlembe) at the highest point to Tijd, are privately owned. The government upholds 21m (Great Usutu river) at the lowest. freedom of expression. The climate varies; the Highveld is humid and temperate, the Middleveld and Lubombo are subtropical, and the Lowveld is tropical and semi-arid. Average SWAZILAND temperatures in Mbabane, in the Highveld, range from 13°C in June to 20°C in January. Umbuso weSwatini – Kingdom of Swaziland HISTORY AND POLITICS The Swazi people are believed to have arrived in the area in the 16th century, and by the mid-17th century had developed a strong kingdom thrice the size of the present country. This became a protectorate of the Boer republic of the Transvaal in 1884, and subsequently of Britain. The Kingdom of Swaziland became independent on 6 September 1968. In 1973 King Sobhuza II suspended the constitution, banned political parties and assumed absolute power. The parliamentary system was replaced by traditional tribal communities (tinkhundla). Sobhuza II died in 1982, and was succeeded by a son who was a minor. The regency between 1982 and 1986 led to power struggles within the royal family, but the real power passed to the Dlamini clan, which continues to dominate Area – 17,363 sq. km the government. Capital – Mbabane; population, 78,000 (2007 est). Demands for democratisation of the constitution have Lobamba is the legislative capital grown over the past 20 years, with the campaigning of Major town – Manzini trade unions and political movements supported by 1016 Countries of the World popular demonstrations, general strikes and blockades of GNI – US$2,900m; US$2,560 per capita (2007) the border with South Africa.
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