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UOVS - SASOL-BIBLIOTEEK II~IIII~~~~~~IIIII~~~I~~199802704001220000018 THE REASONS FOR THE ANNEXATION OF LESOTHO 1868 A NEW PERSPECTIVE by MARTIN MOLOANTOA LELIMO submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM in the FacuIty of Arts (Department of'History) at the University of the Free State BLOEMFONTEIN Supervisor: Prof S.L. Barnard Bloemfontein May 1998 Univer~iteit van die Oranje-Vrystaat LLOHiFO, TEIN 11 NOV 1998 UOVS SASOL BIBlIOTEE~ T 96B. 8:.501 LE:_ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of history is no simple process, and no more so than in the case of this particular thesis. The present thesis, in a different form, was begun 20 years ago. In the meantime, much thought and reflection have gone into the life of Mo shoes hoe and Lesotho's I fateful annexation in March of 1868. To write a thesis on this theme has been a long-cherished ideal, and I have incurred many obligations along the way. The writer would initially like to thank Dr. S.T.Makenete and Mr. Mothusi Mashologu whose generous attitudes and support over many years have made this work possible. Chief Patrick Lehloenya, one of Lesotho' s most knowledgeable oral historians, has given invaluable assistance by explaining certain tricky facets of the research through his many shrewd comments and observations. Mr. Tseliso Ramakhula, another noted local historian and novelist, added much colour to the research. Mr. Morojele Stephen Gill, Curator of the Morija Museum & Archives, gave frequent stimulation and much needed. critical comment, as well as giving the Midas-touch to the editing of the manuscript. The thesis also drew strength from the comments and criticisms of my first Supervisor at the University of the Free State, Professor J.C. Moll, and my final Supervisor, Professor S.L. Barnard. Both provided patient and persistent prodding which has resulted in a much more balanced and objective treatment of the subject. This thesis is also a fitting tribute to the late Dr. Mosebi Damane who gave me much encouragement over the years and who was a witness to the fiasco which erupted at the National University ofLesotho where this research was first made public in the 1978-79 academic year. I also would like to express my eternal gratitude to my half-brother, Elijah Robi Lelimo, who took the chance of bringing me up in his family household and thereby gave me a chance to . develop and mature. He gave me all the back-up and support which I needed at a critical time in my life. -1- Acknowledged here also are the contributions to my development and outlook which have been inspired by two very notable historians, Professor J.M. Mohapeloa and Mr. Thabo Pitso. The author would also like to thank Rev. Mohomane Lebotsa for the materials he contributed to the present work. To my wife I pay special thanks for her consistent support from which I have learnt many valued lessons after the nightmare which I experienced at NUL. She destroyed the defeatist attitude and approach inflicted by the trauma at NUL and gave me a positive attitude and approach towards life and the challenge of seeing my research through to completion, the more so because she has blessed me with four wonderful children: 'Mabatho, 'Masephuia, Ntsebo and Tsoaeli. Finally, given the support which I have received from Morojele Gill and the Morija Museum & Archives, I would like to bind this research firmly to the name "Morija", whose original meaning in Hebrew is "The Lord will provide". -u- TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter One: Moshoeshoe's Earliest Alliance with Great Britain and Warden's Attempt to Undermine It 9 Chapter Two: The Battle ofViervoet and the British Need to Humble Moshoeshoe 31 Chapter Three: The British Withdraw from the Orange River Sovereignty 50 Chapter Four: The Aftermath of the Bloemfontein Convention 97 Chapter Five: Moshoeshoe Asks for Indirect Rule from the British 124 Chapter Six: Factors Leading to the Annexation ofLesotho in 1868: The Primacy of Britain's Regional Geo-Political Interests 150 Chapter Seven: Additional Factors that Forced Wodehouse to Annex Lesotho 168 ConclusionlEvaluation 207 Appendices 217 Bibliography/Source List 226 Summary 231 -111- INTRODUCTION The aim of this dissertation is in the first instance not to work from primary sources, but to give an overview from secondary sources of what will be called a new perspective on the reasons for the annexation ofBasutoland (Lesotho) in 1868. However primary sources have been consulted in the form of George McCall Theal's irreplaceable Basutoland Records, three volumes of which have been published. This collection is called "Copies of official Documents of various kinds, Accounts of Travellers", and covers the period from 1833 to 1868. These documents have been indispensable in reconstructing a new perspective (or black perspective if you will) of the annexation of Basutoland on the 12th March 1868 by Great Britain. Previously, what has been written specificallyon the annexation is, for the most part, from a white perspective and here works like the following readily come into mind: Jean Van der Poel, Basutoland as a Factor in South African Politics (1858 - 1870), and E.V. Axelson, Natal and TheAnnexation of Basutoland, 1865 - 1870. Yet these two writers do sometimes show appre- ciation for the "black side" of the story of annexation by Sir Philip Wodehouse in 1868, who was the Governor of the Cape Colony. Other important secondary sources' are the works by W.P. Morrell, Leonard Thompson, G. Tylden, e.M. De Kiewiet, J.M. Orpen, T.B. Barlow, R.C. Germond, P. Sanders, M.W. Macmillan, G. Lagden, CJ. Uys, C.C. Eloff, D.A. Van Otten, J. Benyon, E.W. Smith, K.N. Bell & W.P. Morrell, Z.D. Mangoaela, and M. Damane. As I am not conversant in Afrikaans, I could not consult directly works like J.J. Grobbelaar, HP.N. Muller, S.P.R. Oosthuizen and others. But indirectly I have taken notice of these publications. Various Lesotho Bibliographies were of special importance, namely that of , S.M Willet and D.P. Ambrose, and Lesothoana, an Annotated Bibliography of new and newly lThe full titles of these works are given in the Bibliography -1- located Lesotho materials from the Documentation Centre, Institute of Southern African Studies, National University ofLesotho. It is taken for granted that the reader knows the background of the Free State and Lesotho history of this period as it is not dealt with in any comprehensive way. This analysisof the annexation ofBasutoland is taken back to the beginning of the treaties between black and white in the interior of Southern Africa. The whole framework of this dissertation is built on what is considered a very historic and important pronouncement made by Moshoeshoe in the form of an intriguing metaphor. This metaphor needs to be explained fully for the sake of clarification. During the period, Il February to 21 February 1862, an important gathering took place between Moshoeshoe, Lesotho chieftains and sub-chiefs, his sons and councillors, Generalissimo (Joshua) Makoanyane, Job brother of Moshoeshoe and a chief counsellor, other counsellors namely Abraham Ramatseatsana and Paulus Matete, and Mila, nephew of Moshoeshoe. Other dignitaries present at this important occasion were ambassadors from Mpande, King of the Zulu, about 150 of Mo shoes hoe's chief subjects, also a messenger from ChiefFaku of the Mpondo as well as two commissioners, J Burnet and JM' Orpen as representatives of Sir Philip Wodehouse.' The purpose of this meeting was to discuss Moshoeshoe's request made to Wodehouse the previous year to take him and his people as British subjects. In a speech Moshoeshoe gave an interpretation of negotiations between blacks and whites in a very novel and original way. The minutes record his speech as follows: "Moshesh answers by placing a desk upon the table, a letter on top of the desk and a hat on the letter and says, 'The table itself is the foundation of all, my 2"Minutes of the Conference held at Thaba-Bosiu, from the 11th February 1862 to the 21st between the Chief Moshesh on the one part and messieurs Burnet and Orpen, Commissioners appointed by His Excellency, for the purpose of ascertaining the chief's views and wishes in respect to his present and future relations with government." GM Theal, Basutoland Records, vol. III, 138-149. -2- ,-,- ! ,I \ original Napier treaty. The table cloth is the minute of Sir Peregrine Maitland. The bottom of the desk is the minute of Smith, the upper part of the desk is what Sir George Clerk told me. The letter lying on the desk is that of Sir George Grey, in which he promises that my relations with government will be recommended for I consideration, and the hat upon the top is the arrangement I have now been proposing for the consideration of the Queen. I cannot acknowledge that the old foundations are removed, otherwise there would be nothing to build upon. ,,3 The images Moshoeshoe uses can be explained in the following way. By the table is meant the Napier Treaty of December 1843 in which Moshoeshoe was formally acknowledged as the ally of Great Britain. This treaty also drew a boundary line" between Lesotho and the white settlers.' The image of the table cloth is Sir Peregrine Maitland's minute of 30th June 1845 in which boundaries between Moshoeshoe, Moroka, G. Taaibosch, Carolus Baatjes and the whites are laid down." The bottom of the desk is an image of Sir Harry Smith's promise to annex what was to become the Orange River Sovereignty on 3rd February 1848, to give the protection of the Queen to Moshoeshoe and the black and white inhabitants of the area.
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