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Reproduction Et Diversité Génétique Chez Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don

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Reproduction Et Diversité Génétique Chez Parkia Biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don Reproduction et Diversité Génétique chez Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don Sibidou Sina I Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.J.G. van der Maesen Hoogleraar Plantentaxonomie Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren: Dr. H. Joly CIRAD-Forêt, Montpellier Dr. M. Sacandé Royal Botanic Gardens Kew at Wakehurst Overige leden: Prof. Dr. E. Smets Universiteit Leiden Prof. Dr. R.F. Hoekstra Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. Ir. E. Jacobsen Wageningen Universiteit Dr. L. Visser Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen, WUR Dr. Ir. G.H. Schmelzer Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, WUR II Reproduction et Diversité Génétique chez Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don Sibidou Sina Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 8 maart 2006 des namiddags te 13.30 uur in de Aula III Sina, S. (2006) PhD thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90-8504-361-1 Key words: West Africa, Burkina Faso, reproduction of Parkia biglobosa, gene flow, genetic diversity, semi-arid vegetation, parklands. This study was carried out at: NHN-Wageningen, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands, Generaal Foulkesweg 37, 6700 ED Wageningen (then Department of Plant Taxonomy); Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, the Netherlands; CNSF, Centre National des Semences Forestières, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The study has been carried out within the framework of the Research School Biodiversity. IV A Alima, Madina et Naïma V VI Sommaire Résumé général .............................................................................................................................. IX Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................. XII Summary ........................................................................................................................................ XV Chapitre 1: Introduction générale .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. La conservation des ressources phytogénétiques: une préoccupation internationale ............ 3 1.2. Ressources phytogénétiques en Afrique de l’Ouest: cas des espèces des parcs arborés ........ 4 1.3. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.Don ............................................................................................. 6 1.3.1. Botanique ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.2. Biogéographie ................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.3. Biologie .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.4. Importance socio-économique ........................................................................................ 8 1.4. Contexte et objectifs de l’étude .............................................................................................. 9 Chapitre 2: Biologie de la reproduction de Parkia biglobosa ..................................................... 11 Résumé ; Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Matériel et méthode .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1. Sites d’études ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.2. Méthode ........................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.2.1. Suivi phénologique ............................................................................................... 15 2.2.2.2. Système de reproduction ....................................................................................... 19 2.3. Résultats ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. Phénologie de la floraison et de la fructification .......................................................... 21 2.3.2. Analyse du système de reproduction ............................................................................ 23 2.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 25 Chapitre 3: Diversité génétique de Parkia biglobosa .................................................................. 31 Résumé ; Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 31 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.2. Matériel et méthode .............................................................................................................. 35 3.2.1. Matériel végétal ............................................................................................................ 35 3.2.2. Méthode ........................................................................................................................ 36 3.2.2.1. Échantillonnage des populations et des arbres analysés ....................................... 36 3.2.2.2. Electrophorèse enzymatique ................................................................................. 36 3.2.2.3. Paramètres de génétique des populations ............................................................. 37 3.3. Résultats ............................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.1. Déterminisme génétique ............................................................................................... 40 3.3.2. Organisation de la diversité génétique .......................................................................... 40 3.3.2.1. Diversité intra-population ..................................................................................... 40 3.3.2.2. Diversité inter-population ..................................................................................... 45 3.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 46 Chapitre 4: Conservation a long terme et germination optimale de graines de Parkia biglobosa ........................................................................................................... 53 Résumé ; Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 53 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 55 4.2. Matériel végétal et méthode ................................................................................................. 56 4.2.1. Matériel végétal ............................................................................................................ 56 4.2.2. Méthode ........................................................................................................................ 57 VII 4.3. Résultats ............................................................................................................................... 58 4.3.1. Prétraitement des lots de semences conservées ............................................................ 58 4.3.2. Germination des graines des populations sélectionnées ............................................... 59 4.3.3. Isothermes d’absorption d’eau des semences ............................................................... 60 4.4. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 62 Chapitre 5: Conclusion générale .................................................................................................. 65 5.1. Conservation des ressources génétiques de Parkia biglobosa ............................................. 67 5.1.1. Echantillonnage en vue de la récolte de graines destinées à la conservation ex-situ ... 68 5.1.1.1. Paramètres génétiques ........................................................................................... 69 5.1.1.2. Paramètres physiologiques des semences ............................................................. 72 5.1.1.3. Paramètres éco-géographiques ............................................................................. 72 5.1.1.4. Paramètres anthropiques ....................................................................................... 73 5.1.2. Proposition d’une stratégie de conservation de Parkia biglobosa ............................... 73 5.2. Implications pour le système de récolte et les pratiques de conservation au CNSF ............ 74 5.3. Schéma global des stratégies de conservation des espèces soudano-sahéliennes et soudaniennes ...................................................................................................................... 79 5.4. Conclusions .........................................................................................................................
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