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Ojewumi M. Optimizing the Conditions and Processes for the Production OPTIMIZING THE CONDITIONS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN NUTRIENT FROM Parkia biglobosa SEEDS BY OJEWUMI MODUPE ELIZABETH (CUGP100227) Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota JUNE 2016 i OPTIMIZING THE CONDITIONS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN NUTRIENT FROM Parkia biglobosa SEEDS BY OJEWUMI MODUPE ELIZABETH B. Tech. (LAUTECH); M. Sc. (UNILAG) A Thesis Submitted in the Department of Chemical Engineering to the School of Postgraduate Studies AS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA JUNE 2016 ii DECLARATION I Ojewumi Modupe Elizabeth hereby declare that this research work was carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. J.A. Omoleye (Main supervisor) of the Chemical Engineering Department in Covenant University, College of Engineering, Ota Ogun State and Prof. (Mrs.) A. A. Ajayi (Co-supervisor) of the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Applied Sciences in Covenant University Ota. This research work has never been submitted elsewhere in a previous application for award of a degree to the best of my knowledge. The information used in the writing of this research has been properly acknowledged. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ojewumi, Modupe Elizabeth iii CERTIFICATION The research work titled OPTIMIZING THE CONDITIONS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN NUTRIENT FROM Parkia biglobosa SEEDS was carried out by Ojewumi Modupe Elizabeth (CUGP100227) under the supervision of Prof. A.J. Omoleye and Prof. A.A. Ajayi meets the regulation governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Chemical Engineering Department of the Covenant University, Ota Ogun State, Nigeria. We hereby certify that it has not been submitted for the degree of Ph.D here or elsewhere for any other award. This work has been approved for its contribution to knowledge and the society at large. ___________________________ _________________ Prof. Abiodun J. Omoleye Date (Supervisor) ___________________________ ________________ Prof. Adesola A. Ajayi Date (Co- Supervisor) ___________________________ _________________ Dr. Vincent E. Efeovbokham Date Head, Chemical Engineering Department ____________________________ _________________ Dean, College of Engineering Date Prof. Samuel N. John ____________________________ ________________ Prof. Abiola J. Kehinde Date External Examiner iv DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit who makes all things beautiful in HIS own time. Also to my amiable and loving family. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To God alone be all the Glory for the great things He has done. Lord, I acknowledge you for your help although this work, be thou exalted. With humility and honour, l appreciate the Chancellor of Covenant University, Dr. David Oyedepo: a revolutionary leader who provided an enabling environment through which this work was able to come to reality. Indeed you are an embodiment of wisdom. I cannot but appreciate the entire management of Covenant University, particularly the Vice Chancellor, Prof. C.K. Ayo. May the Lord continue to crown all your efforts with good success (Amen). My deep appreciation with respect and honor goes to my great and amiable Supervisor Prof. J.A. Omoleye for his immeasurable efforts, patience, love, understanding, support and words of advice all through. Sir as your days are so shall your strength be. Your children will never lack help where ever they go (Amen). My profound gratitude also goes to my Co-supervisor, Prof. (Mrs.) A.A. Ajayi for her relentless efforts and in- loco-parentis in bringing this work to realization. I acknowledge with thanks the suggestions from Prof. J.O. Odigure, Prof. O.O. Omatete, Prof. D.S. Aribike and Prof. A. Anozie. The advice and time spent with me during my research period, coupled with their wealth of knowledge has made this work a reality, sirs, your strength shall be renewed. I cannot but appreciate Mr. Adeyemi of the Department of Biochemistry and Mrs. Adekeye of the Department of Microbiology for their unquantifiable assistance rendered during the analysis of my samples in both laboratories, the Lord bless both of you in Jesus name (Amen). Also to all the staff in both laboratories - Mr. Gabriel, Miss Faith, Mr. Olorunsola, Mr. Bamidele and Miss Damilola, l will like to say a big thanks for the assistance rendered. I want to also appreciate Mr. Ogunleye of the Central Analysis Laboratory in Covenant University, for his assistance on the analysis of minerals, God bless you sir. vi I also appreciate Mr. Iyala Felix of the Department of Petroleum Engineering for the assistance rendered during my analysis in the Biological Sciences Laboratories. Mr. Omodara and other staff working in the Chemical Engineering Laboratory for their co-operation and assistance all through the period I was in the laboratory. My unreserved appreciation goes to other senior and colleagues in the Department, Dr. Efeovbokham Vincent, Dr. Smith Udohitinah, Dr. Omoniyi Ayeni, Dr. Ayodeji Ayoola, Engr. Opeyemi Adeeyo, Mr. Samuel Sanni, Mrs. Bunmi Abatan, Mrs. Tope Oladimeji, Mrs. Lola Obanla, Mr. Ogunbiyi and Miss Babatunde Damilola for the love, support and words of prayers, God bless you all. My gratitude goes to Prof. Eric Kalu of the Department of Chemical Engineering in the college of Engineering FAMU_FSU, Tallahassee, Florida. For his advice and encouragement. I also wish to appreciate Pastor Musa Zekeri (JP), Pastor Ataname Basil, Pastor Dr. Gbenga Oluyemi, Pastor Olaniran and Bro. Emehinola for their prayers and word of encouragement during this research work. I also appreciate the love and the efforts of my panelist who put their trust in God in me by assessing my condiment both organoleptically (Tasting) and physiologically (smell and sight), you are all blessed. With respect and honour I acknowledge my wonderful parents Deacon and Deaconess L.O Amigun, the proprietor and proprietress of Ebenezer Group of Schools, who are unrivalled in warmth, grace and love for their children had helped me this far through the help of Almighty God. Sir and Ma may you live long to reap the fruits of your labour over us all in Jesus name (Amen). I also acknowledge my late father- in – law, Pa Timothy Omoduyilemi Ojewumi for his relentless efforts over his children’s education, which was extended to my husband. Your love vii over him and training with the help of God had contributed to the heaven on earth home we are enjoying today ‘sun ree baba rere’. My final tribute goes with joy in my heart to my ‘Father’, Friend, husband and the crown on my head. You are indeed God given. I deeply appreciate your love, understanding, support, patience, encouragement and prayers during this study. Also to God’s heritage in my house: Inioluwa, Tioluwanimi and Oluwalonimi. Words cannot express how much I love you all and how much l appreciate you for cooperating with me during the period of this research. Oluwalonimi, Gift (A perfect gift from God) unexpectedly came in the course of this research work, a gift indeed you are. Thanks for not stressing me during the period of this work. May you all flourish in our life time in Jesus name, Amen. TO GOD ALONE BE ALL THE GLORY. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration…………………………………………...…………………………………..…...iii Certification………………………………………………………………………………...…iv Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….…......vi Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….…….……vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...……xvi List of Figures…………………….…………………………………………………...…….xxii Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………..…..xxiii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...………...xxv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study…………………..................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem……..……………………………….....………...5 1.3 Aim and Objectives of Research……………………………………....……...……...5 1.4 Justification of Researh………………………………...……………...……...……...6 1.5 Scope of Research.………………………...……..…………………...….…………..7 1.6 Limitations of Locally Produced Condiments to be Upgraded………………...……8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Legumes ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 African Locust Bean Tree (Parkia biglobosa) .......................................................... 10 2.3 Usefulness of the African Locust Bean Tree ............................................................ 11 2.4 African Locust Bean Seed (Parkia biglobosa) ......................................................... 14 2.5 Reasons for fermenting African Locust Bean seeds ................................................. 16 2.6 Nutritional Composition of African Locust Bean Seed ............................................ 16 2.7 Previous work done by different Researchers ........................................................... 18 2.8 Fermentation.............................................................................................................. 22 2.8.1 The Process of Fermentation……………………………………………………….22 2.9 Limiting Factors for Fermentation Processes........................................................... 26 2.10 Importance of Fermentation .....................................................................................
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