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Art and the Culture Oflove Art and the Culture of Love in Seventeenth-Century Holland H. RODNEY NEVITT, JR. University of Houston published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain DockHouse, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C H. Rodney Nevitt, Jr. 2003 This bookis in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge 11 15 A 2 Typefaces Janson Text / pt., Locarno, and Amazone System LTEX ε [TB] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nevitt, H. Rodney, Jr., 1959– Art and the culture of love in seventeenth-century Holland / H. Rodney Nevitt, Jr. p. cm – (Studies in Netherlandish visual culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-64329-5 (hc.) 1. Love in art. 2. Art, Dutch – 17th century. I. Title. II. Series. n8220 .n4792002 760.0949209032 –dc21 2002016583 isbn 0 521 643295 hardback Contents List of Illustrations page x Acknowledgments xv Introduction: Courtship and the Dutch Youth Culture 1 1 The New Garden of Love 21 2 The Morals of Love 99 3 Rembrandt’s Hidden Lovers 184 Conclusion: Love, Time, Death 220 Notes 231 Bibliography 276 Index 297 ix Illustrations 1 Johannes Vermeer, The Concert,c.1665–6 page 3 2 Frontispiece of Jacob Cats, Houwelyck. Dat is de gansche gelegentheyt des echten staets, Middelburg, 1625 5 3 Frontispiece of Johan van Heemskerck, Minne-kunst, Amsterdam, 1626 9 4 Raphael Sadeler I after Maarten de Vos, Amor (Youth, from the series The Four Ages of Man), 1591 11 5 Joachim Wtewael, Actaeon Watching Diana and Her Nymphs Bathing, 1612 17 6 Frans Hals, Banquet in a Park,c.1610 23 7 Claes Jansz. Visscher after David Vinckboons, The Prodigal Son, 1608 23 8 Master of the Gardens of Love, The Large Garden of Love, perhaps c. 1440s 27 9 Nicolaes de Bruyn after David Vinckboons, Garden Party before a Palace, undated 31 10 Esaias van de Velde, Picknickers by a River, 161932 11 Jan van de Velde II, May,c.1616 33 12 Illustration in Gillis Jacobsz. Quintijn, De Hollandsche-Liis, Met de Brabandsche-Bely (The Hague, 1629) 36 13 Nicolaes de Bruyn after David Vinckboons, Elegant Merrymakers in a Forest near a Palace, 1601 37 14 Detail of Figure 13 37 15 Detail of Figure 938 16 Detail of Figure 939 x 17 Detail of Figure 13 45 18 David Vinckboons, Musical Company in a Forest with a Palace in the Background, 1610 45 19 Jan Saenredam after HendrickGoltzius, Marriage Based on Lust, undated 48 20 Jan Saenredam after HendrickGoltzius, Marriage Based on Chaste Love, undated 48 21 After David Vinckboons, title page of Den Nieuwen Lust-Hof (Amsterdam, 1602) 49 22 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party, 1614 57 23 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party,c.1612–13 60 24 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party, 161961 25 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party,c.1615 63 26 Simon Poelenburgh after Esaias van de Velde, Banquet on a Terrace, 1614 66 27 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party, 1615 67 28 Master E.S., Knight and Lady,c.1460–568 29 Crispijn de Passe I, illustration in Nieuwen Ieucht Spieghel [Arnhem, 1617] 69 30 Esaias van de Velde, Banquet on a Terrace,c.1620 70 31 Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party, 1614 70 32 Illustration in Jan Jansz. Starter, Friesche Lust-Hof (Amsterdam, 1621) 71 33 Illustration in Den Nieuwen Lust-Hof (Amsterdam, 1602) 79 34 Detail of Figure 27 81 35 Claes Jansz. Visscher II, illustration in Apollo, of Ghesangh der Musen (Amsterdam, 1615) 82 36 Jan van de Velde II, illustration in Gerbrandt Adriaensz. Bredero, Groot Lied-Boeck (Amsterdam, 1622) 83 37 Jan van de Velde II after Esaias van de Velde, Garden Party, undated 91 38 Jan van de Velde II, illustration in Gerbrandt Adriaensz. Bredero, Groot Lied-Boeck (Amsterdam, 1622) 93 39 Illustration in Jacob Cats, Emblemata ofte Minnelycke, Zedelijk ende Stichtelijke Sinnebeelden (Middelburg, 1618) 95 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi 40 Willem Buytewech, Merry Company,c.1620–2 101 41 Willem Buytewech, Merry Company,c.1620 102 42 Willem Buytewech, Merry Company,c.1622–4 103 43 Cornelis Anthonisz., The Prodigal Son in the Ta ve r n ,c.1540s 104 44 Esaias van de Velde, Interior of a Tavern, 1629105 45 Braunschweig Monogrammist, Brothel Scene,c.1540 107 46 Rembrandt van Rijn, Three Sketches of a Couple,c.1630s 109 47 Willem Buytewech, French Nobleman,c.1615 115 48 Claes Jansz. Visscher, illustration “Ad pompam tantum” in Roemer Visscher, Sinnepoppen (Amsterdam, 1614) 115 49 Cornelis Kittensteyn after DirckHals (?), illustration in Johan van Heemskerck, Minne-kunst (Amsterdam, 1626) 129 50 Cornelis Koning after Willem Buytewech, Dance Party in an Interior,c.1620 133 51 Jan van de Velde II, illustration in Amsterdamsche Pegasus (Amsterdam, 1627) 135 52 Willem Buytewech, Hollandse Tuin, 1615 137 53 Illustration in Liedekens ende Refereynen/ Ghemaeckt by Haarlem Soetendal (Haarlem, n.d.) 139 54 IsaackElyas, Merry Company, 1620 141 55 Crispijn de Passe I, illustration in Nieuwen Ieucht Spieghel [Arnhem, 1617] 145 56 Jan Miense Molenaer, The Ballplayers, 1631 148 57 Crispijn de Passe I, illustration in Nieuwen Ieucht Spieghel, n.p., n.d. [Arnhem, 1617] 148 58 Jan Miense Molenaer, Boys Fighting with Dwarves, 1646 149 59 Jan Miense Molenaer, Dancing Peasant Couple, undated 150 60 Jan Miense Molenaer, The Quack Dentist, 1630 151 61 After Jan van de Velde II, Village Festival, 1623 152 62 After Maarten de Vos, The Egg Dance, undated 152 63 Published by Claes Jansz. Visscher, Het Nieuw Slange Spel, Anders Genaemt Koninclycke Tytkorting van Cupido 153 64 Frans Hals, Portrait of a Married Couple in a Garden, c. 1622 159 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xii 65 Detail of Figure 64 159 66 Frans Hals, Portrait of Willem van Heythuysen,c.1625 169 67 Frans Hals, Portrait of Willem van Heythuysen,c.1638 170 68 Detail of Figure 66 171 69 Illustration in Jacob Cats, Proteus ofte Minnebeelden verandert in Sinnebeelden (1627) 171 70 Pieter Serwouters after David Vinckboons, The Christian Knight, 1614 175 71 Detail of Figure 70 175 72 Rembrandt van Rijn, The Three Trees, 1643 186 73 Rembrandt van Rijn, The Omval, 1645 186 74 Detail of Rembrandt van Rijn, The Three Trees, 1643 187 75 Detail of Rembrandt van Rijn, The Omval, 1645 187 76 Detail of Rembrandt van Rijn, The Three Trees, 1643 189 77 Jan van de Velde II, illustration in Amsterdamsche Pegasus (Amsterdam, 1627) 191 78 Pieter Pietersz. Lastman, Pastoral Landscape, 1610s 195 79 Cornelis Danckertsz. after Jan Jansz. Dou and Justus van Broekhuysen, Map of Het hooge heymraetschap van Rhynland, 1647 196 80 Detail of Rembrandt van Rijn, The Omval, 1645 197 81 Title page of Amsterdamsche Vreughde-Stroom ...Tweede Deel (Amsterdam, 1654) 199 82 Title page of C[ornelis] D[anckertsz.], Nutte Tyt-kisting der Amstelse Ionkheit (Amsterdam, 1640) 201 83 Title page of Het Eerste Deel Van ’t Amsteldams Minne-Beekje (Amsterdam, 1637) 203 84 Adriaen van de Venne, illustration in Adriaen van de Venne, Tafereel van de Belacchende Werelt (Amsterdam, 1635) 205 85 Schelderic van Bolswert after Pieter Paul Rubens, Shepherds and Shepherdesses in a Landscape with Rainbow, 1630s 211 86 Claes Jansz. Visscher, illustration in Den Bloem-hof van de Nederlantsche Ieught (Amsterdam, 1608) 217 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii 87 Rembrandt van Rijn, Abraham Francen,c.1656–7 219 88 Rembrandt van Rijn, Death Appearing to a Young Couple, 1639221 89 Published by Claes Jansz. Visscher, Het Nieuw en Vermaeckelyck Ghanse-Spel,c.1640s 223 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiv Introduction Courtship and the Dutch YouthCulture This book is about art and love in Holland during the first half of the seventeenth century. Chapter 1 explores “garden parties,” images of elegant young men and women feasting, chatting, and mak- ing music in garden or landscape settings, which descend from the tradition of the garden of love. More specifically, I am concerned here with paintings and prints by David Vinckboons (1576–c. 1632) and his follower Esaias van de Velde (c. 1590–1630) that define an important moment in the history of this pictorial type. Chapter 2 examines a va- riety of paintings that seem, at least initially, to place amorous desire in a more explicitly moralizing or satirical context. Here are “merry company” paintings by Willem Buytewech (1591/2–1624); paintings by Isack Elyas (active c. 1620) and Jan Miense Molenaer (c. 1610–68)in which well-dressed young couples (in certain cases, perhaps portraits of betrothed or newlywed pairs) stand to one side and observe a comic action of some kind taking place in the middle of the scene; and, finally, two portraits by Frans Hals (1582/3–1666) that include gardens of love in the background. Chapter 3 focuses more narrowly on two etchings 1 by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–69), The Three Trees (1642) and The Omval (1645), in which we find the curious detail of lovers partially hid- den in the landscape. Nature, which figured in the preceding chapters (in either garden or landscape form) as a setting for love, here becomes the main subject. The organization of the book has a chronological logic to it, albeit a rough one.
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