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First fall of Marius The Allies • Aer 6 consulships, Marius has lost all • 95: new court to invesgate aliens claiming cizenship influence. Slinks off to the East. • 91: Tribune M. Livius Drusus tries to pass bill: • Who was Marius? – Promises Colonies – Rusc warrior or unprincipled polician – Subsidized grain or both? – Gives jury back to senators: upset • No polical program; just acceptance & glory – Cizenship to allies • Marius’ great legacy: Professional army • Drusus is murdered: plebs, equites, & senators – But landless, prof. army now thrust into all agree: NO cizenship to Italian allies polics • , C. Gracchus, Saturninus…

Social war () 91-88 Civil war: & Lucius Cornelius (Felix) • Violence begins at • 100,000 men (trained by ) • Italian confederate at Corfinium • 90 Lex Iulia, Julian • 89 Lex Plaua Papiria • From social to civil war

-20 yrs younger than Marius -Noble (but dishonored) fam. -A new man, but 6 consulships so far - army against Rome in 88 and AGAIN in 82

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Sulla, Marius, and the Senate: phase 1

• Gerrymandering: limit allies to 8 of 35 tribes – less vong power

• 88 P. Sulpicius Rufus (another reforming trib.) – Proposes bill to distribute allies equally throughout 35 tribes -- AND challenges Senate’s choice of Sulla (rather than Marius) to command war in East vs. Mithridates of Pontus

Sulla, Marius, and Senate: Phase 2 Cinna and Marius • Senate & Sulla (cos.88) vs. Sulpicius Rufus & Marius • Sulpicius Rufus killed, Marius escapes to Africa – Sulla orders suspension of business • Sulla off to East vs. Mithridates – Rufus brings mob of 3,000 & his “an-senate” • 87 Cinna consul: reintroduces Sulp. Rufus’ bill • Brawls + deaths (Sulla chased out) including allies in all 35 tribes • Marius’ officials & Sulla race each other to reach 6 legions awaing a general. Sulla arrives first. • Brawl in forum > Consul Cinna outlawed (?!) • Marius’ officials stoned by Sulla’s army • Cinna & Marius (both outlaws) make alliance • March on Rome!! and bloodbath

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Another bloodbath 83 BC: Sulla’s return to • Consul Cinna’s troops muny and kill him • Together, they besiege Rome: Rome surrenders • Other consul Carbo has 100,000 men (sll 87 BC) • • Declare themselves consuls for 86 (no elecons) Sulla joined by sev. nobles, including • Another bloodbath: slaughter enemies in public… Crassus & (23 yrs. old) st • Marius falls ill & dies– hated by all (70 yrs. old) • Sulla wins 1 full-scale civil war: • Cinna and Carbo consuls for 85 and 84 – 82 decisive victory: Bale of Colline Gate • Allies FINALLY enrolled in 35 tribes • Another bloodbath • Waing for Sulla… (who is busy dominang and Greece, incl. laying siege to !)

Proscripons 81 BC: Sulla names himself Dictator (over 2,000 equites & 100 senators) • From “proscribo”: announce in wring • 1st me self-proclaimed dictator & w/out specified term! • Sulla has: 120,000 veterans, no opposion, 10,000 body – Lists posted for legalized murder, with guard of freedmen, dictatorship reward • Reforms: aim to restore constuon & power of senate – property confiscated and auconed by Sulla – Adds to Senate & gives senate right to review all bills – descendants black-listed – Cripples Tribunate: no veto & barred from • WHY? – Limits powers and terms of provincial governors – Terror, removal of opposion, cash, land, – Revises court system: 7 courts (quaesones) and only and 10,000 freedmen clients (Cornelii) senators in juries again – 10 colonies for 120,000 veterans – No more grain subsidy • Sulla abdicates dictatorship in 79 and dies in 78 – Sulla sees himself as surgeon

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Lingering queson… did it work?

Crassus, Pompey, Caesar….

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