3/8/12 First fall of Marius The Allies • A3er 6 consulships, Marius has lost all • 95: new court to inVesEgate aliens claiming cizenship influence. Slinks off to the East. • 91: Tribune M. Livius Drusus tries to pass bill: • Who was Marius? – Promises Colonies – RusEc warrior or unprincipled poliEcian – Subsidized grain or both? – GiVes jury back to senators: equites upset • No poliEcal program; just acceptance & glory – CiEzenship to allies • Marius’ great legacy: Professional army • Drusus is murdered: plebs, equites, & senators – But landless, prof. army now thrust into all agree: NO ciEzenship to Italian allies polics • Scipio Aemilianus, C. Gracchus, Saturninus… Social war (socii) 91-88 CiVil war: Gaius Marius & Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Felix) • Violence begins at Asculum • 100,000 men (trained by Rome) • Italian confederate goVernment at Corfinium • 90 Lex Iulia, Julian law • 89 Lex Plau0a Papiria • From social to ciVil war -20 yrs younger than Marius -Noble (but dishonored) fam. -A new man, but 6 consulships so far -Marches army against Rome in 88 and AGAIN in 82 1 3/8/12 Sulla, Marius, and the Senate: phase 1 • Gerrymandering: limit allies to 8 of 35 tribes – less vong power • 88 P. Sulpicius Rufus (another reforming trib.) – Proposes bill to distribute allies equally throughout 35 tribes -- AND challenges Senate’s choice of Sulla (rather than Marius) to command war in East Vs. Mithridates of Pontus Sulla, Marius, and Senate: Phase 2 Cinna and Marius • Senate & Sulla (cos.88) Vs. Sulpicius Rufus & Marius • Sulpicius Rufus killed, Marius escapes to Africa – Sulla orders suspension of business • Sulla off to East Vs. Mithridates – Rufus brings mob of 3,000 & his “anE-senate” • 87 Cinna consul: reintroduces Sulp. Rufus’ bill • Brawls + deaths (Sulla chased out) including allies in all 35 tribes • Marius’ officials & Sulla race each other to reach 6 legions awaiEng a general. Sulla arriVes first. • Brawl in forum > Consul Cinna outlawed (?!) • Marius’ officials stoned by Sulla’s army • Cinna & Marius (both outlaws) make alliance • March on Rome!! and bloodbath 2 3/8/12 Another bloodbath 83 BC: Sulla’s return to Italy • Consul Cinna’s troops muEny and kill him • Together, they besiege Rome: Rome surrenders • Other consul Carbo has 100,000 men (sll 87 BC) • • Declare themselVes consuls for 86 (no elecEons) Sulla joined by seV. nobles, including • Another bloodbath: slaughter enemies in public… Crassus & Pompey (23 yrs. old) st • Marius falls ill & dies– hated by all (70 yrs. old) • Sulla wins 1 full-scale ciVil war: • Cinna and Carbo consuls for 85 and 84 – 82 decisiVe Victory: Bale of Colline Gate • Allies FINALLY enrolled in 35 tribes • Another bloodbath • WaiEng for Sulla… (who is busy dominang Asia and Greece, incl. laying siege to Athens!) ProscripEons 81 BC: Sulla names himself Dictator (oVer 2,000 equites & 100 senators) • From “proscribo”: announce in wriEng • 1st Eme self-proclaimed dictator & w/out specified term! • Sulla has: 120,000 Veterans, no opposiEon, 10,000 body – Lists posted for legalized murder, with guard of freedmen, dictatorship reward • Reforms: aim to restore consDtuDon & power of senate – property confiscated and aucEoned by Sulla – Adds to Senate & giVes senate right to reView all bills – descendants black-listed – Cripples Tribunate: no Veto & barred from cursus honorum • WHY? – Limits powers and terms of proVincial goVernors – Terror, remoVal of opposiEon, cash, land, – ReVises court system: 7 courts (quaesones) and only and 10,000 freedmen clients (Cornelii) senators in juries again – 10 colonies for 120,000 Veterans – No more grain subsidy • Sulla abdicates dictatorship in 79 and dies in 78 – Sulla sees himself as surgeon 3 3/8/12 Lingering quesEon… did it work? Crassus, Pompey, Caesar…. 4 .