THE DEAF-AND-DUMB IN THE 19th CENTURY

An East Yorkshire study of children born deaf between 1840 and 1850.

Postgraduate Diploma in Genealogical, Palaeographic and Heraldic Studies

University of Strathclyde

Anne Sherman 2014-2015

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 1 06/07/2015 THE DEAF-AND-DUMB IN THE 19th CENTURY: An East Yorkshire study of children born deaf between 1840 and 1850 (inclusive).

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine the lives of children in Hull and East Yorkshire, who were born deaf, or became deaf during infancy, between 1840 and 1850, looking specifically for any family history of deafness (relating to their parents, siblings and their own offspring), and if their education affected their choice of occupations and how those occupations compared to those of their parents and hearing siblings.

The study used a range of sources to identify relevant children, including the 1851 and 1861 Census returns, a list of students at the Yorkshire institute for the deaf and dumb, people identified from any of the literature, and newspaper reports to assist in obtaining details of the lives of deaf-and-dumb people in general at that time.

Contemporary reports suggested that most deaf children were born to deaf parents, however this report demonstrates that this was not true, and agrees with the statistics from 30 Victorian deaf educational establishments in the UK, which found that less than 2% of children had two congenitally deaf parents. Some contemporary literature also suggests the uneducated deaf would be unable to work, and therefore would spend their lives in the workhouse, however this report will argue that in most cases the occupations reflected those of their parents and/or hearing siblings, regardless of their education.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 2 06/07/2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks go to:

John Hay, Chair of The British Deaf History Society, Warrington, for his advice and assistance.

Tony Boyce, archivist of the Deaf Trust, Doncaster, for his advice and assistance

Mary Hayes, from the Hull Deaf Centre.

Paul Leaver, Hull History Centre and author of From High Street to High School, for sharing his research and answering my questions.

Jennifer Esmail, author of Reading Victorian Deafness, for her advice regarding occupations of the deaf.

Alasdair MacDonald, my tutor, for his advice and support in writing this project.

My loving and supportive husband, Stuart, without whom I could never have completed this, and my parents for helping to proof-read it.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 3 06/07/2015 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 3 TABLE OF FIGURES: ...... 5 NOMENCLATURE ...... 6 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 REVIEW ...... 8 Marriage, Children and the Causes of Deafness: ...... 8 Education: ...... 9 Occupations: ...... 10 Discussion of the Literature: ...... 10 Education:...... 10 Occupations: ...... 12 METHODOLOGY ...... 13 Sources: ...... 14 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 17 Causes of Deafness: hereditary or illness? ...... 17 Were any of the parents or siblings deaf-and-dumb? ...... 17 Did the subjects have a deaf-and-dumb spouse and children? ...... 18 Education: ...... 20 Were the subjects educated? ...... 20 Did education influence the lives of the subjects in the cohort? ...... 21 Occupations: ...... 22 Did subjects only have occupations that were deemed by their contemporaries as being suitable for the deaf and dumb? ...... 22 Male Occupations: ...... 22 Female Occupations: ...... 23 Overall Occupational Findings: ...... 24 CONCLUSION ...... 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 27 Primary Sources: ...... 27 Secondary Sources: ...... 29 APPENDICES ...... 32 Appendix 1: 1861 List of occupations for Deaf-and-Dumb Males ...... 33 Appendix 2: 1861 List of occupations for Deaf-and-Dumb Females ...... 35 Appendix 3: 1861 Classes of occupations for Deaf-and-Dumb ...... 35 Appendix 4: Table identifying the deaf family members in this study...... 36 Appendix 5: Spreadsheet containing the information on the cohort...... 38 Appendix 6: Table identifying the main occupations of the families...... 39

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TABLE OF FIGURES:

Figure 1: The nine schools for the deaf-and-dumb open in England and Wales in 1851. 8 Figure 2: Transcription of the 1856 Beverley Guardian newspaper report. 11 Figure 3: The 1861 most common occupations of the deaf-and-dumb, under 20 years, in England. 13 Figure 4: Breakdown of candidates found for research sample. 16 Figure 5: Table showing the total number of deaf-and-dumb children involved in this study. (Extracted from Appendix 5) 18 Figure 6: Table showing the marriages from the study and if the spouse or children were deaf-and-dumb. 19 Figure 7: Table showing the breakdown of deaf males who shared the same occupation as their fathers and/or brothers. (Extracted from Appendix 5) 23

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 5 06/07/2015 NOMENCLATURE

BDHS: The British Deaf History Society, based in Warrington, Cheshire, was established in 1993 to promote and advance the interest in the discovery, research, conservation and preservation of the histories of Deaf people, their communities, culture and language.

BMD: Births, Marriages and Deaths.

Board of Guardians: Members of the community elected by the ratepayers of the parish or Union, who were responsible for the running of Poor Law Unions that had been established in England and Wales since 1834. Their primary roles included: supervising the workhouse, collecting the Poor Rate taxes from parishioners, distributing/arranging poor relief for those in need, and to send reports to the Central Poor Law Commission.

Congenital: Being born with the condition/disability.

Deaf-and-dumb: Those who are born deaf or became deaf in infancy before they learnt to speak. The term deaf-and-dumb was later changed to deaf-mutes.

Eugenics: The study of improving the quality of the human race by selective breeding.1 This can be done by discouraging people with genetic defects or inheritable undesirable traits from having children or encouraging people who were believed to have inheritable desirable traits to have children.

HADDA: The Hull Adult Deaf and Dumb Association opened in Hull, East Yorkshire in 1853. In 1870 it was renamed as The Hull, East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb.

HEYLIFDD: The Hull, East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. See HADDA.

Poor Law Union: See ‘Board of Guardians’.

YIDD: Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Set up in Doncaster, West Yorkshire in 1823, to educate deaf-and-dumb children from poor families in Yorkshire. This school continues to this day. Permission has to be obtained from them to be able to view their archives.

1 Collins (2015). ‘eugenics.’ Collins English Dictionary. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eugenics : accessed 6 July 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 6 06/07/2015 INTRODUCTION

When an ancestor who was born in the 1840’s was recorded as being deaf-and-dumb from birth, researchers may not understand how that affected their lives. Some researchers may assume that they would be placed into an asylum, or would live solitary lives, with little contact with the world around them. This study aimed to look at some of the areas that may have affected those born deaf-and-dumb in this period, by investigating the lives of a sample of children born between 1840 and 1850, and who lived in East Yorkshire as infants.

Using a select sample focusing on East Yorkshire, this study had four areas of focus:

 The hereditary factor of deaf and dumbness.  Deaf education  Employment  Deaf marriage

The people involved in this study would have been, educated (if relevant) up to the age of 14 years, therefore employed from about 1854, possibly married and had their own families circa 1861 onwards, and may have lived into the early 20th century.2

In the 19th Century it was difficult to determine if a child was born deaf, with some children not being diagnosed until the age of 2 years when they failed to learn how to speak, thus the 1851 census report stated that only those who lacked hearing and speech under the age of 2 years were classed as being truly deaf-and-dumb. If not actually born deaf, many children could have become deaf during infancy due to infections and illnesses such as scarlet fever, whooping cough and measles.3 The 1861 census attempted to identify congenital deaf and dumbness by including the description ‘from birth’ in the infirmities column, however the Census report states that this was not successful as in some cases the information was not provided.4

The education of the deaf-and-dumb in Britain started with the opening of the Braidwood’s Academy for the Deaf and Dumb in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1760, which taught speech, reading, writing and sign language.5 In 1851 England had nine schools for the deaf-and-dumb, one of those was the Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb (YIDD) in Doncaster, West Riding of Yorkshire which had opened in 1823 and catered for children from the age of 9 years, mainly

2 Buxton, David. (1855) The Census of the Deaf-and-dumb in 1851. Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 18(2) June. p. 184. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338205 : accessed 25 April 2015. 3 Patient. Deafness in Children. http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/deafness-in-children : accessed 28 May 2015. 4 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. London: HMSO. p.56. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 30 May 2015. 5 Jackson, Peter. (2001) A Pictorial History of Deaf Britain. Winsford, Cheshire: Deafprint Winsford. p. 52.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 7 06/07/2015 from the Yorkshire area, but also from further afield.6

Figure 1: The nine schools for the deaf-and-dumb open in England and Wales in 1851.7

There has been no national or local study on the occupations of the deaf. This study used East Yorkshire as a select sample in order to determine what occupations the people in our study had, and how that related to their non-deaf family members. This study will provide a benchmark upon which further investigation into deafness nationally can be expanded.

REVIEW

Marriage, Children and the Causes of Deafness: Towards the last half of the 19th Century, proponents of the Eugenics movement suggested that congenitally deaf parents gave birth to deaf children, and strongly suggested that deaf-and- dumb people should not marry or socialise with each other, in order to prevent, what Alexander Graham Bell described as a ‘deaf human race’.8 The 1889 Report of The Royal Commission on The Blind, The Deaf, The Dumb &c,. of the United Kingdom accepted Bell’s statement that from a sample of 1,514 deaf-mutes in America, 1,443 were born to congenitally deaf couples, and they appear to have dismissed evidence from 30 deaf educational establishments in the UK, who found that only 42 out of 2,485 children had two congenitally deaf parents. However the Commission did agree that they could not lawfully prevent deaf people from socialising or marrying each other.9 In 2004 Mitchell and Karchmer’s findings agreed with the Victorian deaf establishments and found that “1.1% of deaf children had one deaf parent and 3.3% had two

6 Buxton. Op. Cit. p. 176. 7 Buxton. Ibid. 8 Esmail, Jennifer (2013) Reading Victorian deafness: signs and sounds in Victorian literature and culture. Athens: Ohio University Press. p.141. 9 HMSO. (1889) Report of The Royal Commission on The Blind, The Deaf, The Dumb &c,. of the United Kingdom. Vol. 1. London: Printed for H.M.S.O., by Eyre and Spottiswoode. p.xliii – xci http://www.niph.go.jp/toshokan/koten/Britain/PDF/100718690003.pdf : accessed 25 April 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 8 06/07/2015 deaf parents.”10

The 1880 census in the United States of America, as discussed by the 1889 Royal Commission Report, strongly suggests that the two main causes of deafness in infancy were Meningitis and Scarlet Fever. These two illnesses accounted for more than 50% of incidences of deafness in infancy recorded in that census.11 Hawkins also claimed that Scarletina, another name given to Scarlet Fever, was responsible for the majority of deafness in infancy in the UK.12

Education: From the early 1830’s many deaf institutes, churches and social clubs, were established which provided a social and educational network for the deaf-and-dumb, and Hull was no exception with the establishment of the Hull Adult Deaf and Dumb Association (HADDA) in 1853.13

Although previous annual reports have not survived, the 1885 Annual Report states that the Institute “renders great assistance in a number of ways” including sign language translations of religious services, baptisms, marriages and burials, and on the occasions of sickness, adversity and bereavement. The report also mentions evening improvement classes and bible classes for the adults and education for the children aged between 5 and 12 years of age.14 Leaver states that the school existed in 1866, but there is no mention of the school until HADDA moved to a new location in 1870, and its Matron was murdered by its Master in 1871.15,16

An article about the Association in 1877 explains how language as a whole is taught, using sign language as a way of communication, and that the Institute could cater for twenty five boarders, (in addition to day scholars), although at the time the article was written there were no male boarders living there.17

Boyes and Hayes describe the educational experiences of Thomas Widd of Great Driffield, East Yorkshire, who was born in 1839, and rendered deaf during an illness when he was 5 years old. This semi-autobiographical account, reflecting Widd’s own thoughts and experiences, is partly

10 Power, Des. (2012) Deaf Education in the 19th Century. Deaf History Journal. 15(2). p.12. 11 HMSO. (1889) Op. Cit. p. xlvii. 12 Hawkins, James. (1863) The physical, moral, and intellectual constitution of the deaf and dumb: with some practical and general remarks concerning their education. London: Longman. p.21.https://archive.org/stream/gu_physicalmoral00hawk#page/n9/mode/2up : accessed 25 April 2015. 13 Jackson, Op. Cit. p.30. 14 HEYLIFD. (1885) The 15th Annual Report of the Hull, East Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Year ending 31 December 1885. Hull: M. Waller. p. 8. 15 Leaver, Paul. (2013) From High Street to High School: The Education of the Deaf in Hull, 1853 to 1996. Middlesex: British Deaf History Society Publications. p.7. 16 Ibid. p.10. 17 Hull Packet (1877) Hull Deaf and Dumb Institution. Hull Packet. 18 May. p.6a. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 1 June 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 9 06/07/2015 taken from his own writings, and therefore provides a contemporary description of school life seen through the eyes of a deaf student.18

Shortly after becoming deaf Thomas attended a local preparatory school where the Master mistook his deafness for obstinacy and caned him frequently. After several weeks the Master gave up on him and Thomas was “turned out of the school.”19 Thomas had no further schooling until 1852 when, at the age of 13 years old, he attended the YIDD, in Doncaster, (about 70 miles from his home), which was paid for by the local Poor Law Guardians.20

Boyes and Hayes include Thomas Widd’s description of the school as having 5 classes in 1 room with an average of 15 children per class. New students were placed in the lowest class until they reached a level at which they could progress to a higher class.21

Occupations: The literature does not contain any study of the occupations undertaken by members of the deaf community. Buxton’s report on The Census of the Deaf and Dumb in 1851 does not shed any light on the occupations of the deaf community in this time frame, however the Royal Commission report of 1889 did look at deaf schools and the occupations those institutions encouraged their pupils to undertake.22,23 Although focusing on a slightly later period than the focus of this study, it does give an indication that deaf schools, at least at that time, worked towards employment.

Discussion of the Literature:

Education: In 1855 the Free Schools Bill allowed free education for pauper children in England and Wales except for those who were deaf, dumb, blind, lunatics or criminals.24 It was not until 1870 that the Board of Guardians were required to send poor deaf-and-dumb (and blind) children, under

18 Boyce & Hayes. Op. Cit. p.3-6 19 Ibid. p.4-5. 20 Ibid. p.6 21 Boyce & Hayes. Op. Cit. p.6. 22 Buxton, David. (1855) The Census of the Deaf-and-dumb in 1851. Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 18(2) June. p. 184. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2338205 : accessed 25 April 2015. 23 HMSO. (1889) Report of The Royal Commission on The Blind, The Deaf, The Dumb &c,. of the United Kingdom. Vol. 1. London : Printed for H.M.S.O., by Eyre and Spottiswoode. p. xli. http://www.niph.go.jp/toshokan/koten/Britain/PDF/100718690003.pdf : accessed 25 April 2015. 24 Hull Packet. 1855. Free Schools Bill. Hull Packet. 27 April. p.5d. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 29 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 10 06/07/2015 the age of 14 years, to a suitable institution for their education, with the approval of the Poor Law Board.25 In 1893 the education of deaf-and-dumb children became compulsory.26

The Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb (YIDD), provided residential education for poor children in Yorkshire, by means of subscriptions or paid for by Poor Law Unions. The students often undertook public examinations, in a bid to secure more sponsorship and advertise the work of the school.27,28

In a letter to the Clergy and Overseers of the Poor in 1829, the YIDD committee urged for the early education of deaf-and-dumb children followed by an apprenticeship in a trade, for the cost (in 1852) of £21 a year per child.29,30 Boyce & Hayes state that the Poor Law Guardians paid for Thomas Widd’s school and boarding fees, however, not all Poor Law Unions agreed to do this. In 1851 the Howden Board of Guardians in East Yorkshire, declined to accept the YIDD’s terms, therefore any child who attended from that area would have needed to have been supported by family, friends or subscribers.31,32

Occasionally the names of those accepted by the school were mentioned in the newspapers, such as when [Sarah] Elizabeth Hawksley of Hull was admitted in 1857.33 In some cases details regarding the family are given although this is unusual.34 See Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Transcription of the 1856 Beverley Guardian newspaper report.

25 House of Commons. Bill to provide for Elementary Education of Blind and Deaf and Dumb Children, and Government Inspection of Schools for such Children. 1870. Collection: 19th Century House of Commons Sessional Papers. Vol. I.499. p. 1-3. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88- 2004&res_dat=xri:hcpp&rft_dat=xri:hcpp:fulltext:1870-045832 : accessed 31 December 2014. 26 House of Commons. Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893. C.42. p. 182. http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/acts/1893-elem-educ-blind-deaf-act.pdf : accessed 30 May 2015. 27 Notice of meeting of the Yorkshire Institute of the Deaf and Dumb in Beverley Minster. 9 June 1833. PE1/842. East Riding Archives, Beverley, East Yorkshire. 28 Hull Packet (1857) District Intelligence: Beverley. Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Hull Packet. 5 June. p.3e. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 1 June 2015. 29 Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Letter to the Overseers of the Poor. 26 August 1829. Ref: DDSH/4/20. Accessed: East Riding of Yorkshire Archives, Beverley. 30 Boyce, A. J. and Hayes, Mary P. (2007) A Gift from Great Driffield, the life and writings of Thomas Widd (1839- 1906). Middlesex: British Deaf History Society. p.5. 31 Ibid. p.4-5. 32 Howden Board of Guardians. Minutes Book 1851-1854. 17 November 1851. p.18. Ref: PUH/1/2/5. Accessed: East Riding of Yorkshire Archives, Beverley. 33 Hull Packet (1857) Deaf and Dumb. Hull Packet. 12 June. p.7b. www.findmypast.co.uk. : accessed 1 June 2015. 34 Beverley Guardian (1856) A Deaf and Dumb Family. Beverley Guardian 28 June. p.3b. www.findmypast.co.uk. : accessed 1 June 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 11 06/07/2015 The HADDA had a school for local deaf-and-dumb children aged 5–12 years of age. Despite Leaver stating that the school was in existence in 1866, there is no evidence of this, as no school records or early Annual Reports have survived.35,36 The earliest mention of the school was when a Matron at the school was murdered by the Master in March 1871.37 Perhaps it was a sign of the lack of understanding, that the newspapers referred to the victim as an “inmate” of the Institution, probably because she was deaf-and-dumb herself, even though as Matron of a boarding school she would have been expected to have lived on the premises, as the non-deaf Master did.38,39

The 15th Annual report dated 1885, the earliest surviving report for this Institution, states: “With few exceptions, those who are taught from an early age acquire a fair degree of proficiency in reading, writing, arithmetic and other brands of elementary educations. Many also learn how to read the lips of others and to speak with such distinctiveness to be generally understood, thus became qualified for most ordinary vocations and enjoy social and religious happenings.”

The success of teaching the deaf-and-dumb to speak is questioned by Esmail who quotes Jane Elizabeth Groom, as saying that “deaf mutes make unpleasant sounds in endeavouring to articulate...”40 This was echoed in the opinion of Dr C MacAlister who stated that “deaf speech is exceedingly harsh and painful to listen to.”41

The rise of deaf-and-dumb schools in England, suggests that the education of the deaf was important to ensure that each deaf child had the opportunity to achieve their potential.42

Occupations: The 1861 census report was the first to list the occupations of the deaf-and-dumb who are aged under 20 years, and although not broken down into counties, it does show a vast range of occupations from professional classes to typical working class occupations. (Appendix 1-3.)

The most common being:

35 Leaver. Op. Cit. p.7. 36 Hayes, Mary. (2015) Hull school for the deaf. E-mail to Anne Sherman, 17 June, 22:28. [email protected]. 37 Lincolnshire Chronicle. (1871) Shocking Murder in Hull. Lincolnshire Chronicle. 31 March. p.7c. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 19 June 2015. 38 Ibid. 39 London Standard. (1871) The Murder in Hull. London Standard. 29 March. p.7a. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 19 June 2015. 40 Esmail. Op. Cit. p.84 41 Power, Des. (2012) Deaf Education in the 19th Century. Deaf History Journal. 15(2). p.7. 42 Leaver. Op. Cit. p. 1

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Figure 3: The 1861 most common occupations of the deaf-and-dumb, under 20 years, in England.43

This compares well with the occupations of the general population, under the age of 20, in Yorkshire which shows that the Domestic, Industrial and Agricultural occupational classes are the most common.

In 1861 the level of unemployment for the under 20 age group of deaf-and-dumb in England and Wales was 45% compared to the 1861 unemployment rate for the general population within the same age group, which 0.26%.44 This rate of deaf-and-dumb unemployment, agrees with the literature that obtaining work was not easy. Boyes and Hayes state that in the mid 1850’s Thomas Widd, was unemployed for a year as his father was unable to secure an apprenticeship for him, he did eventually gain employment in a sawmill, before becoming an assistant gardener at the YIDD in 1859.45 In 1885 the HEYLIFDD Annual report suggested that the adult deaf were finding it difficult to obtain work, due to the widespread commercial depression and the public’s lack of understanding regarding the “diligence, integrity and ability of many deaf- mutes.”46

METHODOLOGY

The study sought to identify primary sources such as newspaper articles and East Yorkshire archives to gain a contemporary insight into the topics researched by this study. The FindMyPast database was used to search for relevant newspaper articles relating to the deaf- and-dumb during the time period of this study. Visits to the East Yorkshire archives and the Hull History Centre, were also made to view their holdings that were relevant to this study.

The study also sought to identify those children who are recorded as being deaf-and-dumb at birth in the 1851/61 census returns or the YIDD school records. The 1861 census attempted to

43 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. Vol II part I. London: HMSO. p. cii - ciii. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 30 May 2015. 44 Ibid. p.686-687. 45 Boyce & Hayes. Op. Cit. p.10. 46 HEYLIFD. Op. Cit. p. 8.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 13 06/07/2015 identify congenital deaf and dumbness by including the description ‘from birth’ in the infirmities column, therefore this census was used to initially identify the subjects.47

The initial cohort was obtained from a list of YIDD students, compiled by Boyce, with a date of admittance between 1845 and 1860. Birth indexes and census returns were then used to identify those who were born between 1840-1850 (inclusive).

Two genealogy databases were used to interrogate the 1851 and 1861 census returns to identify further subjects that met the cohort criteria. These databases and the BMD indexes were used to trace the lives of the members of the cohort, and to obtain the required family details and occupations of the cohort and their families.

A spreadsheet was used to input and analyse the data within the four areas of focus. (Appendix 5.)

Sources: The British Deaf History Society (BDHS) allowed access to an unpublished list compiled by Boyce from a variety of YIDD archives, of Hull and East Yorkshire children who attended the YIDD, and from this, 16 children were identified who matched the correct age range for this study, however one (Thomas Widd) was not born deaf and was discounted.48 Four of these were YIDD students at the time of the 1851 census and six during the 1861 census. (Six attended the school between the two census dates with one of these working at the school in 1861) 49,50

The 1861 census report was the first to divide the deaf-and-dumb community into age groups and regions. Yorkshire comprised of three Ridings, East, West and North. The report stated that there were 29 deaf-and-dumb people between the ages of 10 and 19 years (approximately born between 1842 and 1851) who lived in East Yorkshire.51 Six of these were YIDD students who had already been identified.

The following databases were used to extract the details of potential subjects for this study: The FindMyPast census database was interrogated to identify deaf people in the 1851 and

47 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. London: HMSO. p.56. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 30 May 2015. 48 Boyce, Anthony. (2003) List of students who attended the Yorkshire institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Doncaster: Doncaster Deaf Trust. p.5-6. 49 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 30-35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 50 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 25-29. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 51 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861. Op. Cit. p. 743.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 14 06/07/2015 1861 censuses using the following criteria: Year of Birth: 1845 +/- 5 years, Where: Yorkshire Record Set: ‘1851 England, Scotland and Wales Census’ and ‘1861 England, Scotland and Wales Census’ Optional Keywords: deaf, dumb.

This database does not differentiate the different Yorkshire Ridings, so a mix of local knowledge and the Genuki list of Registration Districts in England and Wales, was used to correctly identify East Yorkshire Enumeration districts.52 This search produced another seventeen names in East Yorkshire.

The Ancestry website lists the census images by Civil Parishes, arranged in alphabetical order for the whole of Yorkshire, therefore the manual selection of those in the East Riding, as described above, was required to enable the search of the 1861 census. The town of Hull contained the most civil parishes, so the searched started there before continuing in alphabetical order through the other parishes. Ancestry has a filmstrip with preview system, which was used to locate other missing names on the images. This search produced the other names required.

Of the names found via the databases, three were recorded as being idiots, and so were discounted for analytical purposes, six were not born deaf, and three were born in 1851. This resulted in thirty one subjects for this research (including three for the research on parentage only, as they died before 1861).

52 Genuki. Registration Districts in England and Wales. http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/reg/districts : accessed 13 May 2015.

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Figure 4: Breakdown of candidates found for research sample.

Apart from two children, all of those found were born in East Yorkshire. As childhood residence, not birth, in East Yorkshire was the criteria for selection in this study, both were included in the sample.

These children were then tracked through the census returns and FreeBMD and YorkshireBMD databases. The information gathered centred on the occupations of the subjects, their parents and siblings, in order to determine if the subjects followed the same occupations or followed a different route, due to their deafness. Data was also gathered regarding the deafness of the family members, in a bid to prove or disprove the beliefs of Alexander G. Bell, that deaf and dumbness was hereditary. (Appendix 4)

School records for the YIDD students were not available to be consulted as they were being digitalised by the Doncaster Deaf History Trust. These records contain data regarding the cause of the students deafness and if any other family member (including aunts/uncles and cousins) were also deaf-and-dumb.53

A search of local newspaper reports resulted in a number of articles regarding the experiences of the deaf-and-dumb in general and in some cases of those who lived in East Yorkshire, although nothing that would assist in the research for this study concerning deaf education, occupations or the hereditary factors of deafness, was found.

53 Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. (1833) 4th Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb Report. 1833. Ref: DDBD/86/3. p.78. Accessed: East Riding of Yorkshire Archives, Beverley

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 16 06/07/2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Other than census, school records and newspapers, there are few ways in which deaf ancestors can be identified. Some of the census entries found in this study did not always identify specific individuals as being deaf-and-dumb, even when previous returns had done so. Of the census records researched many did state if the deafness was from birth, and if not generally gave an age of the onset of deafness.

Causes of Deafness: hereditary or illness?

Were any of the parents or siblings deaf-and-dumb? Contrary to the testimony of Alexander Graham Bell in 1889, both the literature and the results of this study demonstrate that in the majority of cases deaf-and-dumb children did not have deaf parents.54

This study found that, out of the original sample of thirty one children, none of their parents were identified in the census returns as being deaf.55 Although the sample is small it does appear to confirm the findings of the educational establishments’ results in the 1889 Royal Commission Report, compared to Bells findings, that 1,443 out of 1,514 deaf-mutes were born to deaf couples.56

The same sample also shows that out of the twenty six families, five included more than one deaf-and-dumb child. The Ingram family had the largest percentage, with four out of six children, being deaf-and-dumb.57,58 The largest family had eleven children of which only one was deaf-and-dumb.59,60 Out of a total of 126 children in this study only 38 were listed as being deaf-and-dumb from birth.

54 HMSO. (1889) Op. Cit. 55 From this research sample five sets of parents had been widowed, one was a single mother and two sets of parents could not be identified on the census returns with the relevant children, or via using typical genealogical research techniques. Therefore not all of the parents could be accounted for. 56 HMSO. (1889) Op. Cit. 57 Census. 1851. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 7. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 58 Census. 1871. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk :accessed 12 May 2015. 59 Census. 1851. England. Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 17. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 60 Census. 1861. England. Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 20. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 17 06/07/2015 Figure 5: Table showing the total number of deaf-and-dumb children involved in this study. (Extracted from Appendix 5)

Did the subjects have a deaf-and-dumb spouse and children? Twenty three of the subjects (nineteen males and five females) could be sufficiently researched to determine if they ever married. Of these, fourteen males and one female did not marry and only nine did marry (five males and four females). One of these marriages could not be identified, and one person is known to have married a hearing spouse.61 Neither he, his wife nor their children, were listed as being deaf-and-dumb after the marriage even though it can be confirmed that the husband was a part of the cohort. Therefore it is not known if the children were deaf, although the inference could be that they were not, and the informant did not like the husband to be labelled as such.

Out of those who did marry, seven married deaf-and-dumb spouses and had a total of thirty four children of which only one was recorded as being deaf-and-dumb from birth.

Children Surname First Name Married Spouse ND DD Arksey Catherine No 2*62

63 Unknown Bennison George Yes w 0 Gibson Faith Elizabethm Yes64 DD 765,66 Guest Georgem Guest Maria Ann Yes67 DD68 0 Hailstone John Yes69,70 DD x2# 571,72

61 One was married and widowed very quickly and the spouse has not been identified using genealogical techniques. 62 Census. 1891. England. St Mary, Beverley, Yorkshire. ED union workhouse. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 63 Census. 1901. England. Sculcoates, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 30. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 64 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1871. GUEST, George B. and GIBSON, Faith E. HMK/2/303. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 65 Census. 1881. England. Sutton and Stoneferry, Sculcoates, Sutton, Yorkshire. ED. 8 p. 33. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 66 Census. 1891. England. Sutton with Stoneferry, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 67 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1867. HAILSTONE, John and GUEST, Marie A. HAS/16/176. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 68 Lincolnshire Chronicle. (1871) Shocking Murder in Hull. Lincolnshire Chronicle. 31 March. p.7c. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 19 June 2015. 69 Ibid. 70 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1874. HAILSTONE, John and LAYCOCK, Sarah A. HMK/3/10. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 71 Census. 1881. England. Kingston-Upon-Hull, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 22. p. 43. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 72 Census. 1891. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 19. p. 32. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 18 06/07/2015 Surname First Name Married Spouse Children Harrison Henry Yes73 DD 374,75

Redfearn George William Yes76 ND 477

Saunders Elizabeth Yes78 DD 479 & 3nk. 80 Ward Josephine Yes81 DD 282 183

* Children are illegitimate Married twice – both spouses were deaf-and-dumb. (First spouse was Maria # Guest) m Married to each other nk Not known if these children were deaf-and-dumb (died/ not on census) w Single in 1891 but a Widower in 1901 ND Not Deaf DD Deaf-and-dumb Figure 6: Table showing the marriages from the study and if the spouse or children were deaf-and-dumb. (Extracted from Appendix 5)

The nine marriages in this research seems a low number, and did not follow a regional trend in the general population.84 The census reports do not included statistics relating to deaf-and- dumb marriages, however the 1871 census for East Yorkshire shows that the majority of the general population of males between the ages of 20 and 30 years old were unmarried in 1871, but the majority of the relative age group in 1891 were married.85,86 This can also be seen in this study, with only one male marrying before 1871.

73 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1878. HARRISON, Henry and ROBINSON, Hannah M. HU/1/81. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 74 Census. 1891. England. Sculcoates, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 31. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 75 Census. 1911. England. Sculcoates, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire, 521. PN 28730. ED 19. SN 341. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 76 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1874. REDFEARN, George and MOXON, Mary. JF/4/365. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 77 Census. 1891. England. Southcoates, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 20. p 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 78 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1877. SLATER, John T. and SAUNDERS, Elizabeth. JF/5/136. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 79 Census. 1891. England. Sutton with Sculcoates, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 7. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 80 Census. 1911. England. Sculcoates, Southcoates, Yorkshire, 521. PN 28581. ED 4. SN 165. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 81 Marriage Index (CR) England, Hull, Yorkshire. 1865. PETCH, John and WARD, Josephine. HRO/9/177. www.yorkshirebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 82 Census. 1871. England. Southcoates, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 83 Ibid. 84 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1891: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. Vol: III. p.413. London: HMSO. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 10 June 2015. 85 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1871: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. Vol: III. P.458. London: HMSO. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 10 June 2015. 86 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1891: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. Vol: III. p. 413. London: HMSO. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 10 June 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 19 06/07/2015 This may not be because the marriage of the deaf-and-dumb was difficult, but possibly finding a spouse was. It is likely those who had deaf-and-dumb spouses met at the HADDA social gatherings and this organisation assisted with the translations of marriage services in the county. For those who did not attend these meetings, possible due to the distances they needed to travel to attend, this opportunity would not be present, and is likely to have contributed to one man from Newport, East Yorkshire, who described himself as “unfortunately deaf and dumb”, advertising for a wife, with the added stipulation that she should be “a member of the Methodist connexion.”87

The overall results of this study strongly suggest that hereditary factors were not as involved as Bell claimed, and therefore the most likely cause of congenital deafness was due to pre-natal infections or childhood illnesses as described by the literature.88

Education:

Were the subjects educated? Although education was not compulsory for the deaf-and-dumb until 1893, the number of deaf- and-dumb scholars in this study was surprising, however it should be noted that in all cases older and younger hearing siblings in these families were also listed as scholars.

Fifteen of this cohort were recorded as being educated at the YIDD. Out of the other children, seven were listed as being scholars on census returns. Four lived in Hull so may have been educated at the HADDA, if it had been open before 1866 as Leaver suggests.89 The others are more likely to have been educated in a local school as Thomas Widd had been.

Six subjects were not been listed on census returns as scholars, however they may have been educated between the census years, as children rarely attended school for ten years. It is quite possible that the parents of these students took them out of school, as Thomas Widd’s father had done, when they felt the child had been educated enough and could gain employment.90

Although education for the general population was not compulsory until 1870, there were almost 318 thousand scholars in England in 1861, suggesting that many families did believe in the education of their children, and deaf-and-dumb children were no exception.91,92

87 Hull Packet (1853) Wanted &c. Hull Packet. 16 September. p.5b. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 1 June 2015. 88 HMSO. (1889) Op. Cit. 89 Leaver. Op. Cit. p.7. 90 Boyes and Hayes. Op. Cit. p.9. 91 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861: Op Cit. 92 Hayes, Mary. (2015) Hull school for the Deaf. E-mail to Anne Sherman, 17 June, 22:28. [email protected].

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 20 06/07/2015 The records available for this study on specific deaf ancestors were limited due to the lack of the records for the deaf school in Hull, and the unavailability of the YIDD school records during the research period.93

Did education influence the lives of the subjects in the cohort? Education almost certainly played in role in the occupations of the deaf-and-dumb in this period, as those at the YIDD were apprenticed to trades as part of their education.94 However, this study could not discern between children educated at the YIDD and those who were not, in terms of their occupations or where they lived, despite the beliefs expressed in the YIDD’s 8th annual report that those without instruction would live useless lives in the workhouse.95

Only two from this study are known to have been in the workhouse: one who was not listed as a scholar, was a single mother of two illegitimate children and listed as being in the workhouse for the 1871, 1881 and 1891 census returns, after which she obtained work as a farm servant.96,97,98 The other had been a scholar and self-employed tradesman, and appeared in the workhouse in 1901.99,100 It is unlikely that these individuals were in the workhouse solely because of their deafness, but related to the circumstances they found themselves in, due to a lack of work or illness.

Four of those in this study lived most of their lives with their parents, however in each case, after the death of those parents the individual either lived alone or was the Head of the family containing siblings (both hearing and deaf-and-dumb). This suggests that living with a parent was a choice not a necessity due to their dependency. The best example appears in the 1891 census, which shows that 68 year old William Goodison and his wife as being “dependant on [their deaf-and-dumb] son”, 44 year old Thomas, who worked in a Brass Foundry.101

93 Roberts, Bobbie. (2015) Request permission to view records. E-mail to Anne Sherman, 15 May, 12:51. [email protected]. 94 Letter to the Overseers of the Poor. 26 August 1829. U DDSH/4/20. The Hull History Centre, Hull, East Yorkshire. 95 Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. (1837) 8th Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf-and-dumb Report. 1837. Ref: SR/90. Accessed: Doncaster Archives, South Yorkshire. 96 Census. 1871. England. Beverley, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 20. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015 97 Census. 1881. England. Beverley, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015 98 Census. 1891. England. Beverley, Yorkshire. ED union workhouse. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015 99 Census. 1901. England. All Saints, Pockington, Yorkshire. ED 8. p 136. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 100 Births. England. Pocklington, East Yorkshire. September Qtr 1849. RANDERSON, Charles. Vol 23 p.90. www.freebmd.org.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 101 Census. 1891. England. Sculcoates, Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 21 06/07/2015 Occupations:

Did subjects only have occupations that were deemed by their contemporaries as being suitable for the deaf and dumb?

The undocumented assumptions, by the deaf and hearing communities, this study encountered during the research, suggested that the deaf-and-dumb community were given the worst kinds of occupations due to their disability in the 19th Century.

The research found that both the YIDD and HADDA students were assisted by their respective schools in obtaining skills and apprenticeships.102 In 1859 the YIDD surveyed almost 400 of their ex-pupils, of which 217 replied, regarding their employment, which shows that 198 had acquired trades “more readily or better than young people in general”, and that only eleven gave any cause for major complaints by their employer.103 The original returns were not available for this study due to a digitisation program.104

Male Occupations: The majority of the deaf-and-dumb males in this study had the same occupation as his father and/or a hearing brother. These occupations included:  labouring work that would not have required much, if any, education,  trades such as printing, and shoemaking that would have required a level of literacy and numeracy skills, and training for that discipline,  self-employed workers (a wheelwright and farmers), who would need organisational and communication skills, as well as literacy and numeracy skills, in order to effectively run their business.

Three of the males in this study had different occupations to their fathers and brothers, but still within the same class of occupation (Agricultural or Industrial); one was a labourer like his father but in a different occupational class. (Appendix 6).

102 Letter to the Overseers of the Poor. 26 August 1829. Op. Cit. 103 Hull Packet. (1859) Yorkshire Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Hull Packet. 3 June. p.3a. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 1 June 2015. 104 Roberts, Bobbie. (2015) Op. Cit.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 22 06/07/2015

Figure 7: Table showing the breakdown of deaf males who shared the same occupation as their fathers and/or brothers. (Extracted from Appendix 5)

Only one appears to have taken an occupation (basket maker) that may have been due to his disability. However his family circumstances need to be fully understood before assumptions are made. His deaf-and-dumb brother also had the same job even though both had been apprenticed to trades in 1861 and 1871 respectively (Henry as a shoemaker, and his brother as a coach painter).105,106

Their father had been a Blacksmith employing staff, but he died in 1866 after which the family moved to Selby, approximately ten miles away. This or other circumstances may have affected the lives of these two young men precipitating a change of occupation.

As approximately 50% of the hearing siblings also had the same occupation of their parents, the results agree with research by Mitch, in that there was a tendency towards sons having the same occupations as their fathers, especially in the labouring and agricultural occupations.107

Female Occupations: Census returns rarely show the occupations of married women, unless they have been widowed, and this is the case in this study. Occupations for working class, single women are generally either servants or in the textile industry, and the same appears to be true for deaf-and- dumb women as well.

105 Census. 1861. England. Howden, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 106 Census. 1871. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 107 Mitch, David Floud, (2004) ‘Education and the Skills of the British Labour Force.’ In: Roderick &, Johnson, Paul. Eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain. Vol.1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.337. https://books.google.co.uk/ : accessed 26 June 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 23 06/07/2015 Only three of the female subjects in this study had occupations listed on census returns, and all of them were single. Two were domestic servants, the other was a dressmaker. Newspaper reports of the murder at HADDA, shows that the victim was part of this study’s cohort, who worked as the matron for the deaf school in Hull. 108

What is significant is that two of the four females with occupations worked for deaf schools, and it will be their deafness that would have been a factor in their occupation. One would have needed her knowledge of sign language to communicate with her charges at the deaf school in Hull, another became a housemaid at the YIDD shortly after her education had finished, and her attendance at the school would have been a factor in her employment there. (She was enrolled in 1855 and was an employee there in 1861).109,110 In 1861 only one of the four domestic servants at the school was not deaf-and-dumb.111

Overall Occupational Findings: This study has found that the choices of occupation closely relates to the occupations of the parent or hearing siblings, and/or were common occupations for that gender within their social class. Any assumption, suggesting that the deaf-and-dumb were placed into certain trades etc. simply due to their deafness, is not accurate.

The 1871 census report stated that “…in fact to the educated deaf-mute nearly all occupations in which spoken communications are not absolutely necessary are open. … It is well known that the deaf-and-dumb possess the imitative faculty in a high degree, and this enables them to become efficient workmen in many handicrafts and mechanical arts; but they are said to experience difficulty in finding suitable employment.”112 The 1871 census reports also shows the range of occupations from the professional classes to domestic servants which the deaf-and- dumb undertook.113

CONCLUSION

This study investigated the lives of children in Hull and East Yorkshire, who were born deaf, or became deaf during infancy, between 1840 and 1850, looking specifically for any family history

108 Lincolnshire Chronicle. Op. Cit. 109 Boyce, Anthony. (2003) Op. Cit. 110 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster, Op. Cit.p.26 111 Ibid. p. 25-26 112 Census Office. (1873) Census of England and Wales 1871: General Report. The Blind, Deaf-And-Dumb, Idiots or, Imbeciles, Lunatics, and Inmates of Hospitals, Workhouses, and Prisons. Vol: IV. London: HMSO. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/6/EW1871GEN : accessed 30 May 2015. 113 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1871: Op Cit.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 24 06/07/2015 of deafness (relating to their parents, siblings and their own offspring), and if their education affected their choice of occupations and how those occupations compared to those of their parents and hearing siblings.

The results of this study have shown that a deaf-and-dumb ancestor did not necessarily come from a family background of congenital deafness, or that their descendants were deaf-and- dumb. The issue of deafness being due to pre-natal or post-natal causes rather than heredity has been proven. All of our deaf-and-dumb subjects were born to non-deaf parents, and out of the nine deaf-and-dumb marriages that were researched in this study, only one of the thirty eight children born to them were deaf-and-dumb. It proves to genealogists that a deaf-and- dumb ancestor does not necessarily mean the disability was inherited, but was likely to be due to childhood illnesses.

In addition the study strongly suggests that they were not disadvantaged in the occupations open to them, and generally undertook work that was available to their hearing siblings. The difficulty in gaining employment was likely to due the perceptions of the hearing employers, and commercial depression.

The relatively few marriages found in this study, does not necessarily suggest that getting married was difficult, but that finding a suitable spouse was more limiting. The majority of the married deaf-and-dumb subjects in this study had a deaf spouse, who they probably met at the social events organised by the HADDA.

It is this study’s research on deaf-and-dumb occupations that is the main contribution to genealogists, primarily because of the lack of historical research. The undocumented assumptions, even by the deaf community, this study encountered during the research, suggested that the deaf-and-dumb community were given the worst kinds of occupations due to their disability. However this research has made it clear that this is not the case. Not only did the schools for the deaf ensure their students were trained in respectable trades, they also employed some of them. The research also found that the majority of men in this study followed the same occupations of their fathers and hearing brothers. Even those with labouring work, did similar work to their hearing family members.

Although East Yorkshire is a small county, further research focusing on the occupations of the deaf throughout England, would confirm if these results are part of a national or regional trend. Therefore an expansion of the methodology nationally via county analyses would be advantageous.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 25 06/07/2015

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Power, Des. (2012) Deaf Education in the 19th Century. Deaf History Journal. 15(2).

Wild. William, R. (1853) On the Physical, Moral and Social Condition of the Deaf and Dumb. London: John Churchill. http://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:47438 : accessed 16 February 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 30 06/07/2015 Williams, Job. (1891) Hereditary Deafness – a Study. Science. Vol. 17(418). http://www.jstor.org/stable/1765833 : accessed 31 December 2014.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 31 06/07/2015 APPENDICES

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 32 06/07/2015 Appendix 1: 1861 List of occupations for deaf-and-dumb males

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 33 06/07/2015 114

114 Census Office. Census of England and Wales 1861: Tables of the Populations and Houses enumerated in England and Wales and the Island of the British seas. London: HMSO. p. cii. http://www.histpop.org : accessed 30 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 34 06/07/2015 Appendix 2: 1861 List of occupations for deaf-and-dumb females

115

Appendix 3: 1861 Classes of occupations for deaf-and-dumb

116

115 Ibid. p. ciii. 116 Ibid. p. xcviii

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 35 06/07/2015 Appendix 4: Table identifying the deaf family members in this study.

Siblings Surname First Name(s) Deaf Parents? Ref. ND DD Arksey Catherine Father ND (widower in 1851) 3 117

Bennison George Mother ND (widow in 1841) 3 118

Carr Richard William Mother ND (unmarried) 1 119

Gibson Faith Elizabeth No 1 120

121,122 Goodison Thomas No 7 123 Good William No 1 Guest* George No 124 5 1 125 Guest* Maria Ann No 126 Hailstone John Parents not known 1 Harrison Henry No 1 127

128 Hawksley Sarah Elizabeth No 1 Howden Ann No 2 129 130 Hunter Hannah No 7 Ingram* George Henry No Ingram* Arthur No 2 3 131,132 Ingram* Edwin No 133,134 Johnson Robert No 5 1

117 Census. 1851. England. Leven, Beverley, South Cave, Yorkshire. ED 22. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 118 Census. 1851. England. Hessle, Sculcoates, Sutton, Yorkshire. ED 4b. p. 30. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 119 Census. 1871. England. Hornsea, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 120 Census. 1861. England. Sutton, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 34. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 121 Census. 1861. England. Sculcoates St Mary’s, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 8 .p. 53. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 122 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 18. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 123 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 14. p. 28. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 124 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 20. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 125 Census. 1851. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 17. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 126 Census. 1851. England. Hook, Goole Swinefleet, Yorkshire. ED 2b. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 14 May 2015. 127 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 7. p. 23. http://ancestry.co.uk: accessed 12 May 2015. 128 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 37. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 129 Census. 1851. England. Breighton, Howden, Yorkshire. HO107/2358/121 p.14. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 130 Census. 1851. England. Bridlington, Skipsea, Yorkshire. ED 6e. p. 29. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 131 Census. 1871. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 132 Census. 1851. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Humbleton, Yorkshire. ED 7. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 133 Census. 1851. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 134 Census. 1861. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Home, Yorkshire. ED 5b. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 36 06/07/2015 Surname First Name(s) Deaf Parents? Siblings Ref. 135 Jordan John No 1 136 Levitt Henry No 2 1 Preston Cross No 6 137,138

139 Prudames Ann No 3 140 Randerson Charles No 0 Redfearn* Elizabeth No 5 1 141,142 Redfearn* George William No 143,144 Saunders Elizabeth No - Father not listed 1 145 Southwick Rebecca No 8 Still Sarah A Mother ND (widow) 2 146 147 Thompson Richard No 5 148,149 Turner Brittain No 5 150 Ward Josephine Parents not known 0 151,152 Wood Richard No 10

Number of Siblings 88 7

ND = Not Deaf DD = Deaf & Dumb

* = Families of the same name are siblings.

135 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 8. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 136 Census. 1861. England. Howden, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 137 Census. 1851. England. Sutton upon Derwent, Pocklington, East Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire. ED 15. p. 16. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 138 Census. 1861. England. Sutton upon Derwent, Pocklington, East Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire. ED 11. p. 10. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 139 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 29-30. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 140 Census. 1861. England. Millington, Pockington, Yorkshire. ED 11. p 4. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 141 Census. 1851. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Sutton, Yorkshire. ED 1d. p. 10. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 142 Census. 1861. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 17. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 143 Census. 1851. England. St Paul, Sculcoates, East Sculcoates,Yorkshire. ED 10. p. 8. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 144 Census. 1871. England. Southcoates, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 145 Census. 1851. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. HO107/2360/672 p.18. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 146 Census. 1851. England. Kilpin, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 13a. p.12. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 147 Census. 1851. England. Patrington, Yorkshire. ED 10a. p. 16. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 148 Census. 1861. England. Newport, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 149 Census. 1851. England. Newport, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 150 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Yorkshire. RG9/3590/52. p 29. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 151 Census. 1851. England. Hawsker cum Stainsacre, Whitby, Egton, Yorkshire. ED 3a. p 12. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 152 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 38. p 8. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 37 06/07/2015

(Data extracted from Appendix 5)

Appendix 5: Spreadsheet containing the information on the cohort. (See separate document)

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 38 06/07/2015 Appendix 6: Table identifying the main occupations of the families.

Surname First Gender Scholar Person's Parents Occupation # Siblings Occupations Names occupation(s) Bennison George M YIDD153 1861 shoemaker Agricultural Labourer's 1851: William - Gardeners Assistant, John: Farm Labourer.157 apprentice.154 widow156 1861: Thomas -Ag Lab158 1871: Labourer in Oil Mill.155 Carr Richard M YIDD159 General Labourer160 M: Charwoman 1881: Louisa - General Servant162 William (widow)161 Good William M YIDD163 Labourer in Labourer in 1 brother only – Coach smith166 warehouse164 warehouse165 Goodison Thomas M other167 1871: Fettler.168 1851-1871: Pipe 1871: Henry - Labourer.173 1891: Brass Maker.170 1881: George - General Labourer (out of work)174 Furnisher in 1881 General 1891: George - Labourer in ship yard.175 Foundry169 Labourer.171 Plus 3 sisters. Unable to locate 2 brothers - possibly died 1891: Dependant on young. son172

153 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 30-35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 154 Census. 1861. England. Hessle, Sculcoates, Hessle, Yorkshire. ED 1e. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 155 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 7. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 156 Census. 1851. England. Hessle, Sculcoates, Hessle, Yorkshire. ED 4b. p. 30. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 157 Ibid. 158 Ibid. 159 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 25-29. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 160 Census. 1871. England. Hornsea, Skirlaugh, Hornsea, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 161 Ibid. 162 Census. 1881. England. Hornsea, Skirlaugh, Hornsea, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 163 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 164 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 40. p. 28. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 165 Ibid. 166 Ibid. 167 Census. 1861. England. St Marys, Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 53. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 168 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 18. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 169 Census. 1891. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 170 Census. 1861. England. St Marys, Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 8. Op. Cit.. 171 Census. 1881. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 34. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 172 Census. 1891. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 173 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 174 Census. 1881. England. Sutton Sculcoates, Sutton, Yorkshire. ED 10. p. 15. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 39 06/07/2015 Surname First Gender Scholar Person's Parents Occupation # Siblings Occupations Names occupation(s) Guest George M YIDD176 Printer177 Shipwright178 sisters only no brothers Hailstone John M other179 House painter180 not known sister only Harrison Henry M YIDD181 Labourer in oil Labourer in oil mill183 1 brother only - Labourer184 mill182 Ingram George M YIDD185 Farmer186 Henry 187 Ingram Arthur M YIDD188 Farmers brother189 Farmer All were Farmers, including hearing brother Ingram Edwin M YIDD190 Farmer191 Johnson Robert M other192 Agricultural Agricultural Labourer194 Ann DD.195 1871: William - Agricultural Labourer.196 1881: Labourer193 Thomas - Mole Catcher197 Jordan John M Labourer198 1861: Labourer.199 sister only 1871: marine dealer200

175 Census. 1891. England. Sutton with Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 10. p. 13. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 176 Boyce, Anthony. (2003) List of students who attended the Yorkshire institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Doncaster: Doncaster Deaf Trust. 177 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 26. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 178 Ibid. 179 Census. 1851. England. Hook, Goole, Swinefleet, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 180 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 26. Op. Cit. 181 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 182 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, East Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 26. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 183 Ibid. 184 Ibid. 185 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 186 Census. 1901. England. Withernsea, Patrington, Yorkshire. ED 16. p.22. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 187 Census. 1871. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 188 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 189 Census. 1881. England. Marton in Skirlaugh, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 17. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 190 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 191 Census. 1871. England. Ellerby, Skirlaugh, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 3. Op. Cit. 192 Census. 1851. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 3. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 193 Census. 1861. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 5b. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 194 Ibid. 195 Census. 1851. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 3. Op. Cit. 196 Census. 1871. England. Warter, Pocklington, Yorkshire. ED 13. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 197 Census. 1881. England. Holme upon Spalding Moor, Howden, Holme, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 198 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 20. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 199 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 8. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 40 06/07/2015 Surname First Gender Scholar Person's Parents Occupation # Siblings Occupations Names occupation(s) Levitt Henry M 1861- 1871: Blacksmith (employer). 1871: Elizabeth - Dressmaker. Alfred (DD) - Apprentice Coach Shoemaker.201,202 204 painter. 207 1891+:Basket 1881: Elizabeth - Dressmaker. Alfred (DD) Basket Maker208 Maker203 M: 1871 Char (wid),205 1881: Dressmaker206

Preston Cross M other209 1871: Gardener210 Farmer of 333 acres214 1871: Eliza - Domestic Servant. Edward - Horse Dealer 215 1881: Farmer's 1881: Eliza - No Occupation (she is at home) John Trafford - son.211 House Painter 216,217 1891-1911: Living on own means212,213 Randerson Charles M other218 Joiner/wheelwright Joiner/wheelwright 220 none (self employed)219 Redfern George M likely*221 1861 - 91: Oil Mill Bricklayer and 1861: Charles - Oil Mill Labourer.227 William Labourer.222,223 Plasterer225,226 1871: Henry - Bricklayer. 2 sisters - servants. 228

200 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 6. p. 20. Op. Cit. 201 Census. 1861. England. Howden, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 19. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 202 Census. 1871. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 203 Census. 1891. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 13. p. 1. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 204 Census. 1861. England. Howden, Yorkshire. Op. Cit. 205 Census. 1871. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 24. Op. Cit. 206 Census. 1881. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 13. p. 18. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 207 Census. 1871. England. Selby, Yorkshire. ED 8. p. 24. Op. Cit. 208 Ibid. 209 Census. 1861. England. Sutton upon Derwent, Pocklington, East Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire. ED 11. p. 10. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 210 Census. 1871. England. Beeston, Basford, Nottinghamshire. ED 14. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 211 Census. 1881. England. Barmby on Moor, Pocklington, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 11. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 212 Census. 1891. England. Barmby on Moor, Pocklington, Yorkshire. ED 5. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 213 Census. 1911. England. Barmby on Moor, Pocklington, Yorkshire. 518. PN 28483. ED 4. SN 18 http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 214 Census. 1861. England. Sutton upon Derwent, Op. Cit. 215 Census. 1871. England. Beeston. Op. Cit. 216 Census. 1881. England. Barmby on Moor. Op. Cit. 217 Census. 1881. England. St Lawrence, York, Walmgate,Yorkshire. ED 22. p. 14. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 14 May 2015. 218 Census. 1861. England. Millington, Pocklington,Yorkshire. ED 11. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 219 Census. 1891. England. Millington, Pocklington,Yorkshire. ED 11. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 220 Census. 1861. England. Millington. Op. Cit. 221 Census. 1861. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 17. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 222 Census. 1861. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 17. Op. Cit. 223 Census. 1891. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 27. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015.

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 41 06/07/2015 Surname First Gender Scholar Person's Parents Occupation # Siblings Occupations Names occupation(s) 1901 bricklayers Labourer.224 Thompson Richard M Farm Labourer229 Tailor230 1871: Arthur – Farm Labourer.231 Also 3 sisters. Unable to confirm other brother. Turner Brittain M YIDD232 1861: Cordwainer233 Grocer & Post Master235 1871: James - Joiner.236 Robert - Cordwainer and Grocer237 1871: Flaxburner234 William - Draper.238 George – Bricklayer.239 Wood Richard M Dock Labourer240 Dock Labourer241 1891: Isaac - Joiner.242 Could not identify 2 brothers. Plus 6 sisters

Arksey Catherine F YIDD243 1861 Dress Farm Labourer246 1851: George - Farm Servant. 247 Maker244 1861: Elizabeth- House Keeper.248 Mary - Domestic Servant249 1891 Domestic Servant245

225 Census. 1861. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 17. Op. Cit. 226 Census. 1871. England. Southcoates, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 9. p. 7. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 227 Census. 1861. England. Drypool, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 17. Op. Cit. 228 Census. 1871. England. Southcoates, Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 9. p. 7. Op. Cit. 224 Census. 1901. England. Sculcoates, Drypool, Yorkshire. ED 33. p. 35. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 229 Census. 1881. England. Patrington, Yorkshire. ED 9. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 230 Ibid. 231 Census. 1871. England. Patrington, Yorkshire. ED 19. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 232 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 233 Census. 1861. England. Newport, Howden, Newport, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 234 Census. 1871. England. Gilberdike, Howden, Newport, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 235 Census. 1861. England. Newport, Howden, Newport, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 4. Op. Cit. 236 Census. 1871. England. Sculcoates, West Sculcoates, Yorkshire. ED 24. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 14 May 2015. 237 Census. 1871. England. Gilberdike, Howden, Newport, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 238 Census. 1871. England. Pocklington, Yorkshire. ED 9. p. 17. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 239 Census. 1871. England. Kirk Ella, Sculcoates, Hessle, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 8. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 240 Census. 1881. England. Kingston-Upon-Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 49. p. 5. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015. 241 Ibid. 242 Census. 1891. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 59. p. 20. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 243 Boyce, Anthony. (2003) Op. Cit. 244 Census. 1861. England. St Mary, Beverley, Yorkshire. ED 1. p. 2. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 245 Census. 1891. England. St Mary, Beverley, Yorkshire. ED union workhouse. p. 4. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 246 Census. 1851. England. Leven, Beverley, South Cave, Yorkshire. ED 1a. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 247 Ibid. 248 Census. 1861. England. Leven, Beverley, Leven, Yorkshire. ED 2. p. 6. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015 249 Census. 1861. England. Sproatley, Skirlaugh, Humbleton, Yorkshire. ED c1. p. 2. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 13 May 2015

SHERMAN.Anne_DissFD_final.docx Page 42 06/07/2015 Surname First Gender Scholar Person's Parents Occupation # Siblings Occupations Names occupation(s) Guest Maria F YIDD250 1871 Matron at Hull Shipwright252 1871: Alice - Servant253 The other sisters did not have deaf school251 occupations listed. Hunter Hannah F YIDD254 1861: Housemaid at Joiner 256 1871: George - Bricklayer. Dennis - Joiner, Ellen -no YIDD255 M: 1881 Housekeeper occupation, Edwin - Errand boy. 258 (widow)257 1881: Elizabeth - Dressmaker, Henry - Joiner. Fred - Messenger259 Prudames Ann F YIDD260 1861: Smith & Farrier.262 1871: Sarah - Worsted Weaver. Mary [Good]: Housekeeper. 264 Dressmaker261 M: 1871 - Housekeeper 1881: Clara - Twister (cottager)265 (widow)263 * all siblings including deaf & dumb sister were scholars # Mothers occupation, if recorded, prefixed by M:

(Data extracted from Appendix 5)

250 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 251 Lincolnshire Chronicle. (1871) Shocking Murder in Hull. Lincolnshire Chronicle. 31 March. p.7c. www.findmypast.co.uk : accessed 19 June 2015. 252 Census. 1871. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 26. p. 11. Op. Cit. 253 Census. 1871. England. Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 18. p. 38. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 254 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 255 Census. 1861. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 256 Census. 1851. England. Bridlington, Skipsea, Yorkshire. ED 6e. p. 29. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 257 Census. 1881. England. Scarborough, Yorkshire. ED 5a. p. 103. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 258 Census. 1871. England. Scarborough, Yorkshire. ED 15. p. 67. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 259 Ibid. 260 Census. 1851. England. Doncaster. Op. Cit. 261 Census. 1861. England. Holy Trinity, Hull, Myton, Yorkshire. ED 12. p. 29-30. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 262 Ibid. 263 Census. 1871. England. Halifax, Yorkshire. ED 33. p. 24. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015. 264 Ibid. 265 Census. 1881. England. Warley, Halifax, Sowerby, Yorkshire. ED 4. p. 13. http://ancestry.co.uk : accessed 12 May 2015.

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