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Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software Sam Williams ∗ copy @ www.gnu.org ∗ Generated by SiSU www.jus.uio.no/sisu www.sisudoc.org Copyright © Sam Williams 2002, published under the GNU Free Documentation License. Per- mission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Document License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foun- dation; with the Invariant Sections being no invariant sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being no invariant sections, and with the Back-Cover Texts being no invariant sections. A copy of the license is included in Appendix C, GNU Free Documentation License. All images are to be included verbatim when the document is copied, distributed, or modified under the terms of the GFDL. Generated by SiSU [ SiSU 0.63.0 of 2007w51/1 ] www.jus.uio.no/sisu Copyright © 1997, current 2007 Ralph Amissah, All Rights Reserved. SiSU is software for document structuring, publishing and search (with object citation numbering), www.sisudoc.org SiSU is released under GPL 3 or later, <http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.html>. Document information: sourcefile free as in freedom.richard stallman crusade for free software.sam williams.sst Generated by SiSU www.jus.uio.no/sisu version information: SiSU 0.63.0 of 2007w51/1 For alternative output formats of this document check: <http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/free as in freedom.richard stallman crusade for free software.sam williams/sisu manifest.html> SiSU www.gnu.org ii Contents Contents Free as in Freedom1 Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software2 By Sam Williams3 Preface..........................................4 Comments and Questions............................5 Acknowledgments................................5 Chapter 1 - For Want of a Printer............................6 Chapter 2 - 2001: A Hacker’s Odyssey......................... 14 Chapter 3 - A Portrait of the Hacker as a Young Man................. 22 Chapter 4 - Impeach God................................ 30 Chapter 5 - Small Puddle of Freedom.......................... 44 Chapter 6 - The Emacs Commune........................... 56 Chapter 7 - A Stark Moral Choice........................... 65 Chapter 8 - St. Ignucius................................. 78 Chapter 9 - The GNU General Public License..................... 87 Chapter 10 - GNU/Linux................................ 100 Chapter 11 - Open Source................................ 108 Chapter 12 - A Brief Journey Through Hacker Hell.................. 118 Chapter 13 - Continuing the Fight........................... 121 Chapter 14 - Epilogue: Crushing Loneliness...................... 128 Appendix A - Terminology............................... 139 Appendix B - Hack, Hackers, and Hacking....................... 140 Appendix C - GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)............... 144 Document Information (metadata) 150 Metadata......................................... 150 Information on this document copy and an unofficial List of Some web related information and sources 151 Information on this document copy........................... 151 Links that may be of interest.............................. 151 SiSU www.gnu.org iii Contents FREE AS IN FREEDOM 1 SiSU www.gnu.org1 Contents RICHARD STALLMAN’S CRUSADE FOR FREE SOFTWARE 2 SiSU www.gnu.org2 Contents BY SAM WILLIAMS 3 SiSU www.gnu.org3 Free as in Freedom Preface 4 The work of Richard M. Stallman literally speaks for itself. From the documented source 5 code to the published papers to the recorded speeches, few people have expressed as much willingness to lay their thoughts and their work on the line. Such openness-if one can pardon a momentary un-Stallman adjective-is refreshing. After all, 6 we live in a society that treats information, especially personal information, as a valuable com- modity. The question quickly arises. Why would anybody want to part with so much informa- tion and yet appear to demand nothing in return? As we shall see in later chapters, Stallman does not part with his words or his work altruistically. 7 Every program, speech, and on-the-record bon mot comes with a price, albeit not the kind of price most people are used to paying. I bring this up not as a warning, but as an admission. As a person who has spent the last year 8 digging up facts on Stallman’s personal history, it’s more than a little intimidating going up against the Stallman oeuvre. “Never pick a fight with a man who buys his ink by the barrel,” goes the old Mark Twain adage. In the case of Stallman, never attempt the definitive biography of a man who trusts his every thought to the public record. For the readers who have decided to trust a few hours of their time to exploring this book, I 9 can confidently state that there are facts and quotes in here that one won’t find in any Slashdot story or Google search. Gaining access to these facts involves paying a price, however. In the case of the book version, you can pay for these facts the traditional manner, i.e., by purchasing the book. In the case of the electronic versions, you can pay for these facts in the free software manner. Thanks to the folks at O’Reilly and Associates, this book is being distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License, meaning you can help to improve the work or create a personalized version and release that version under the same license. If you are reading an electronic version and prefer to accept the latter payment option, that is, 10 if you want to improve or expand this book for future readers, I welcome your input. Starting in June, 2002, I will be publishing a bare bones HTML version of the book on the web site, <http://www.faifzilla.org>. My aim is to update it regularly and expand the Free as in Freedom story as events warrant. If you choose to take the latter course, please review Appendix C of this book. It provides a copy of your rights under the GNU Free Documentation License. For those who just plan to sit back and read, online or elsewhere, I consider your attention an 11 equally valuable form of payment. Don’t be surprised, though, if you, too, find yourself looking for other ways to reward the good will that made this work possible. One final note: this is a work of journalism, but it is also a work of technical documentation. 12 In the process of writing and editing this book, the editors and I have weighed the comments and factual input of various participants in the story, including Richard Stallman himself. We realize there are many technical details in this story that may benefit from additional or refined information. As this book is released under the GFDL, we are accepting patches just like we would with any free software program. Accepted changes will be posted electronically and will eventually be incorporated into future printed versions of this work. If you would like to contribute to the further improvement of this book, you can reach me at [email protected] SiSU www.gnu.org4 Free as in Freedom Comments and Questions 13 Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: 14 15 O’Reilly and Associates, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol, CA 95472 (800) 998-9938 (in the United States or Canada) (707) 829-0515 (international/local) (707) 829-0104 (fax) There is a web page for this book, which lists errata, examples, or any additional information. 16 The site also includes a link to a forum where you can discuss the book with the author and other readers. You can access this site at: <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/freedom/> 17 To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to: 18 [email protected] 19 For more information about books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the O’Reilly Network, 20 see the O’Reilly web site at: <http://www.oreilly.com> 21 Acknowledgments 22 Special thanks to Henning Gutmann for sticking by this book. Special thanks to Aaron Oas 23 for suggesting the idea to Tracy in the first place. Thanks to Laurie Petrycki, Jeffrey Holcomb, and all the others at O’Reilly and Associates. Thanks to Tim O’Reilly for backing this book. Thanks to all the first-draft reviewers: Bruce Perens, Eric Raymond, Eric Allman, Jon Orwant, Julie and Gerald Jay Sussman, Hal Abelson, and Guy Steele. I hope you enjoy this typo-free version. Thanks to Alice Lippman for the interviews, cookies, and photographs. Thanks to my family, Steve, Jane, Tish, and Dave. And finally, last but not least: thanks to Richard Stallman for having the guts and endurance to “show us the code.” Sam Williams 24 SiSU www.gnu.org5 Free as in Freedom Chapter 1 - For Want of a Printer 25 I fear the Greeks. Even when they bring gifts. —Virgil The Aeneid 26 The new printer was jammed, again. 27 Richard M. Stallman, a staff software programmer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 28 ogy’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab), discovered the malfunction the hard way. An hour after sending off a 50-page file to the office laser printer, Stallman, 27, broke off a pro- ductive work session to retrieve his documents. Upon arrival, he found only four pages in the printer’s tray. To make matters even more frustrating, the four pages belonged to another user, meaning that Stallman’s print job and the unfinished portion of somebody else’s print job were still trapped somewhere within the electrical plumbing of the lab’s computer network. Waiting for machines is an occupational hazard when you’re a software programmer, so Stall- 29 man took his frustration with a grain of salt. Still, the difference between waiting for a machine and waiting on a machine is a sizable one. It wasn’t the first time he’d been forced to stand over the printer, watching pages print out one by one.
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