Ethics in Security Testing
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Ethics of Hacktivism by Tennille W
Ethics of Hacktivism by Tennille W. Scott and O. Shawn Cupp Introduction Do hacktivists have ethics? Some would say yes and others suggest that no, they do not. Are there rules that those who engage in hacking follow or abide by during the conduct of their activities? Does the hacktivist maintain any semblance of actions described under the just war theory? If so, it would seem to be only in jus in bello1 or the just conduct in war, due to the perpetual nature of hacker activities and hacktivist operations. First, what is a hacktivist?2 They are defined as those who through the nonviolent use for political ends of “illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools” like website defacements, information theft, website parodies, denial-of-service attacks, virtual sit-ins, and virtual sabotage.3 This provides the basis for understanding more about where hacktivists’ motivations come from and what kinds of ideologies they may exhibit. Nevertheless, hacktivists must conform to some sort of norm. Based upon the nature of hacktivist activities, there must be a way to categorize or identify their overarching ethic. Understanding the motivation of this group is a huge undertaking because of the great variance and diversity of the people who make up the hacktivist collective. Unlike cyberterrorists, who typically belong to a hierarchical group structure and have a common cause, hacktivists are not bound in the same way, which makes them more dynamic and difficult to analyze. A prime example is the hacktivist group known as Anonymous and its spinoff group, Lulz Security (LulzSec), who eventually participated in different activities with different motives. -
How Hackers Think: a Mixed Method Study of Mental Models and Cognitive Patterns of High-Tech Wizards
HOW HACKERS THINK: A MIXED METHOD STUDY OF MENTAL MODELS AND COGNITIVE PATTERNS OF HIGH-TECH WIZARDS by TIMOTHY C. SUMMERS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Committee: Kalle Lyytinen, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University (chair) Mark Turner, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Mikko Siponen, Ph.D., University of Jyväskylä James Gaskin, Ph.D., Brigham Young University Weatherhead School of Management Designing Sustainable Systems CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVESITY May, 2015 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Timothy C. Summers candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree*. (signed) Kalle Lyytinen (chair of the committee) Mark Turner Mikko Siponen James Gaskin (date) February 17, 2015 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. © Copyright by Timothy C. Summers, 2014 All Rights Reserved Dedication I am honored to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Dr. Gloria D. Frelix and Dr. Timothy Summers, who introduced me to excellence by example and practice. I am especially thankful to my mother for all of her relentless support. Thanks Mom. DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this dissertation are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense, the United States Government, or Booz Allen Hamilton. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... -
Anarchy and Source Code – What Does the Free Software Movement Have to Do with Anarchism?
Anarchy and Source Code – What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism? Christian Imhorst Preface In a restaurant in New York two men were sitting together having lunch and they considered the next steps of their little revolution. One of them, Eben Moglen, briefly thought about how they must have looked like to the people passing by. ‘Here we were, these two little bearded anarchists, plotting and planning the next steps. Anybody who overheard our conversation would have thought we were crazy, but I knew: I knew the revolution was right here at this table.’ And the man sitting next to him, Richard Stallman, was the person who was supposed to make it happen. (Cp. Williams 2002, 184) Not only Eben Moglen, Professor of Law and Legal History at Columbia Law School, considered himself to be an anarchist. Also Richard Stallman, one of the most exceptional persons of the Free Software Movement saw himself as an anarchist. We should not imagine the anarchists of the Free Software Movement to be like the cartoon image: A scruffy looking lunatic, with a crazy glint in his eyes and bristling with weapons. On the contrary: Instead of chaos, Stallman postulates a new form of order for the intellectual property This Paper is the translation of my article “Anarchie und Quellcode” for the German “Open Source Jahrbuch 2005” (Open Source Yearbook 2005). You can find it here: http://www. imhorst.com/en/anarchy and sourcecode.html. The article is more or less an abstract of my book “Die Anarchie der Hacker” (The Anarchy of Hackers). -
History & Impact of Hacking: Final Paper
History & Impact of Hacking: Final Paper From HistoryOfComputing Contents 1 Introduction by everyone 2 The Word "Hacker" by Carmelo Kintana 2.1 Survey of Common Definitions 2.2 Etymology 2.3 Evolution 2.4 Perceptions 2.4.1 Public Perceptions 2.4.2 Insider Perceptions 2.5 Timeline of the word “Hack” 3 Expert Programmer by Vikas Rajvanshy 3.1 Hacker as an expert programmer 3.2 Impact on society 3.3 Famous hackers 3.4 Where did all the hardware hackers go? 3.5 Why are the top hackers today affiliated with Open Source? 3.6 What is the role of hackers in corporations? 4 Black Hat by Sandra Lemon & Hansen Liou 4.1 History 4.2 Early Examples 4.3 Modern Examples & Motivations 4.4 Impact of Hacking on Businesses and Governments 5 White Hat by Michael Frederick 5.1 Motivations 5.1.1 Kevin Mitnick 5.1.2 H.D. Moore 5.2 History 5.2.1 Rising out of the black hat community 5.2.2 Reformation of former black hats 5.2.3 Hacker literature 5.3 Popular culture 5.4 Impact 5.4.1 Society 5.4.2 Security 6 Conclusion by everyone 7 References History & Impact of Hacking > Final Paper Introduction by everyone The hacker culture began in the 1960s and 1970s as an intellectual movement: exploring the unknown, documenting the arcane, and doing what others cannot. Many hacker subcultures developed independently and in parallel at various universities throughout the United States: Stanford, MIT, CalTech, Carnegie Mellon, UC Berkeley, and many others. The completion of the ARPANET linked these campuses and they were able to share their collective experiences, their knowledge, humor and skills. -