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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De Nicaragua, Managua Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua Recinto Universitario "Rubén Darío" Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenierías Departamento de Biología Trabajo monográfico para optar al Título de Licenciado en Biología con Mención en Administración de Recursos Naturales. TEMA: ESPECIES DE ORQUÍDEAS DEL PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCÁN MASAYA, MASAYA 2015. Autores: Bra. Tatiana Auxiliadora Lopez Lopez. Bra. Virginia del Carmen Canales Diaz. Tutor: Msc. Ligia Rueda Hernandez. Asesor: Ing. Norman Cash Arcia. Managua, 12 de Febrero del 2016. 1 Dedicatoria A mi padre celestial, el Alfa y la Omega, el Principio y el Fin, por ser el eje principal en mi vida, por ser mi fuerza, mi esperanza en mis tiempos de angustia, en mis tribulaciones, pruebas y sobre todo en mis victorias. Por estar siempre a mi lado, por enseñarme que todo tiene su tiempo, depositar mi confianza en él y que para él LO IMPOSIBLE NO EXISTE. Por guiarme en sendas de justicia por amor a su nombre y principalmente ser el Maestro por excelencia en mi vida y PORQUE TODO SE LO DEBO A EL. A mis padres Francisco López Bravo por apoyarme siempre en todo el transcurso de mis estudios, por enseñarme buenos valores, por su confianza que deposito en mí, por mostrarme que SI SE PUEDE. A mi madre Enriqueta López por sus cuidos, por sus atenciones cuando la necesitaba, por sus llamados de atención y forjar la mujer que soy. A mi hermana Sonia Isabel López López por ser la alegría y el carisma de mi vida. Por compartir los momentos más alegres de mi vida. Y especialmente a mi hija Lauren Abisai Picado López por ser la inspiración de mi vida y la fuente para seguir adelante. A mis amigos y compañeros de clases por compartir experiencias y anécdotas en cada gira de campo y en las aulas de clases. Tatiana Auxiliadora López López. 2 Dedicatoria Este trabajo es dedicado a mi padre celestial, Rey de Reyes y Señor de Señores por su amor y misericordia por haber estado allí en cada paso de mi vida, por la fortaleza que me ha brindado siempre, su poder es grande y maravilloso. A mi padre terrenal Leonardo Ramón Canales, por haber sido un padre incondicional para mí por haberme enseñado esos valores que me ayudaron a ser la persona que hoy soy, por su amor, por haber sido un verdadero padre y un verdadero guía en mi vida. (q.e.p.d). A mi madre María Luisa Díaz Rojas, por su amor, apoyo, comprensión y ánimos en todos estos años, es uno de mis pilares para yo poder seguir adelante. A mis hermanos: Joseph Esther Rodríguez Díaz, Edith de los Ángeles, Leonardo Ramón Canales Díaz, Osmar Oranyel Canales Díaz, por haberme brindado ánimos, fuerza para salir adelante con mis estudios y ver mis sueños hechos realidad. Pero principalmente también agradezco a mis hermanas Rosa Canales, por ser un ángel de luz en mi vida y por su apoyo incondicional en esta carrera y a mi hermana Claudia Canales por haberme dado palabras de aliento, apoyo fuerza para seguir.(q.e.p.d.). A mis sobrinos Brath John Camera Otero y Thayra Alondra Castro Otero ellos han sido mi mayor inspiración y son parte de mi vida un sueño hecho realidad. A mi madrina Rosa América Rivas Picado, porque también es parte de estos 5 años de carrera por cada palabra de ánimos y de mucho esfuerzo. A mi esposo Eldimir Josué Castro Torres, por su apoyo incondicional en los últimos años de mi carrera. Solo me queda agradecerte Dios, por haber resplandecido su rostro sobre mí y hayas tenido de mi misericordia te amo Papá Dios. Virginia del Carmen Canales Díaz. 3 Agradecimientos Al Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA) por aprobarnos la solicitud para realizar este estudio científico. A la Directora del Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya Licenciada Liliana Díaz por habernos permitido realizar esta investigación en dicho lugar. A la Msc. Maria Iris Gallegos Carvajal por haber sido la fuente de apoyo para ejecutar nuestra investigación. Al Ingeniero Norman Cash Arcia por brindarnos su apoyo incondicional en las visitas a campo y su asesoria en este trabajo. A los Guardaparques Roger Medrano, Carlos Delgado, Ramon Muñoz, Carlos Balladares y Silvio Garcia por mostrarnos los senderos que transcurriamos en cada gira de campo, por su paciencia y proteccion de nuestras vidas. A la Msc. Ligia Rueda Hernández por habernos compartidos sus conocimientos en las aulas de clase y su apoyo en esta investigación. 4 Resumen: Este estudio se realizo en el Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya ubicado en el departamento de Masaya a 23 kilómetros al sureste de Managua, el área del Volcán Masaya se presentan como una extensa depresión ovalada, o caldera volcánica, que cubre unos 54 km² de superficie aproximadamente. (Gaceta No. 114, 1979). La familia Orchidaceae es una de las más abundantes del mundo y la belleza de sus flores representa una gran potencial para la industria ornamental. La mayor diversidad de las especies se encuentran en el bosque seco y bosque sobre colada de lava. En el Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, posee una riqueza florística, por su amplia biodiversidad. A pesar de esto no existe un documento que permita al visitante identificarlas fácilmente lo que motivo la realización de este estudio. La metodología aplicada está integrada por la parte introductoria que consistió en la identificación de orquídeas encontradas en los diferentes senderos. Para su posterior ubicación taxonómica, descripción del habitat, y las amenazas que presentan las orquídeas dentro del área de estudio. El estudio es de carácter descriptivo por que describe de modo sistemático las características de una población de especies de orquídeas. Se identificaron 18 especies de orquídeas, de las cuales dos de ellas no estaban incluidas en el Plan de Manejo del Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, siendo estas Prosthechea chacaoensis y Epidendrum oerstedii. Este estudio ha sido un gran aporte para el Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, porque se han identificados la especies existentes en este lugar, a su vez existe un documento que respalde la investigación que será de mucha ayuda para el personal y tiene un objetivo, que cada Guardaparque aprenda a reconocer cada una de las especies. 5 I. INTRODUCCIÓN En la actualidad las orquideas son plantas herbaceas y perennes raramente anuales terrestre o epifitas ocasionalmente trepadoras, y algunas veces saprofitas o micoheterotroficas esta familia comprende de 25,000 a 30,000 especies posee una gran riqueza dentro de las angiosperma.Se distinguen por la complejidad de sus flores y por sus interacciones ecologicas con los agentes polinizadores. El Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, se encuentra ubicado en el departamento de Masaya en el km 23 de la carretera Managua-Masaya , en las cercanías de la ciudad de Nindirí. Las orquideas ocupan un lugar muy importante en la cadena evolutiva de las plantas superiores, debido a que estan entre las mas avanzadas y especializadas. (Linares 1993). Tambien poseen flores muy bellas y en algunos casos extrañas; la estructura de sus flores, la durabilidad, su variedad de aroma y sus distinguidos colores proporcionan una belleza estética que ha sido admirada por sus investigadores por mucho tiempo. Los olores que poseen muchas orquídeas son utlizados para atractivos sexuales de algunos insectos. Con el presente estudio se identificaran las especies de orquideas existentes dentro del parque, a su vez se ralizaran las siguientes lineas de investigación: clasificación taxonómica de las especies, descripción del hábitat y amenazas que presentan las orquídeas. Obteniendo con este estudio datos especificos y actuales para los administradores del parque, turistas nacionales y extranjeros que de esta manera puedan gozar de la belleza escenica de las especies encontradas. Cabe hacer la observación de que las orquídeas no son plantas parásitas, ya que se alimentan del agua y de la humedad del medio ambiente, a través de sus hojas y raíces aéreas, y no del árbol al que están sujetas. (Larrea, 2002). A lo largo de este estudio observaremos cada uno de los objetivos planteados en tres capítulos: 6 En el primer capítulo se identificaron las especies encontradas en el Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya, describiendo cada una de sus características generales, para luego proceder con su clasificación taxonómica. En el segundo capítulo se describio el hábitat, tutor, el sendero y principalmente las coordenadas donde estan ubicadas las especies. En el tercer capítulo se realizó un análisis de las especies amenazadas por sendero. 7 II. OBJETIVOS. 2.1 Objetivo General. Identificar las especies de orquídeas del Parque Nacional Volcán Masaya durante el período 2014-2015. 2.2 Objetivos específicos. Ubicar taxonómicamente las especies de Orquídeas. Describir el hábitat de las especies de las Orquídeas. Identificar las amenazas de las Orquídeas. 8 III. Marco Teórico 3.1 Generalidades de las Orquídeas. Etimología: La palabra orquídea deriva del griego ορχις (orchis = testículo), vocablo que se encontró por primera vez en los manuscritos de la obra De causis plantarum del filósofo griego Teofrasto y que datan aproximadamente del año 375 antes de Cristo. Tal vocablo hace referencia a la forma de los tubérculos de las especies del género Orchis, orquídeas de hábito terrestre cuyos tubérculos dobles parecen testículos. Freuler, María Julia (2008). Orquídeas. Descripción de las especie. Las orquídeas son una familia de plantas monocotiledoneas que se distingue por su complejidad de sus flores y sus interacciones ecológicas con los agentes polinizadores, la familia comprende aproximadamente de 25,000 a 30,000 especies, son reconocidas por sus flores de simetria bilateral en las que la pieza media del verticilo interno de tépalos llamada labelo está profundamente modificada, y los estambres están fusionados al estilo, al menos en la base. Las orquídeas constituyen un grupo extremadamente diverso de plantas, que pueden tener desde unos pocos milímetros de longitud hasta constituir gigantescas agregaciones de varios cientos de kilogramos de peso.
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