DOCSLIB.ORG

An International Rescue for Our Biggest Airport Departure Lounge. FEATURE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An International Rescue for Our Biggest Airport Departure Lounge. FEATURE JUNE–JULY 2020 · VOLUME 19.5 RRP $14.95 PRINT POST APPROVAL NUMBER PP352532/00001 Superfly An international rescue for our biggest airport departure lounge. FEATURE Mixed opinion For a host of reasons, mixed-mode air conditioning systems have both their supporters and detractors. Sean McGowan explores the issues with Caimin McCabe, M.AIRAH, director at Cundall; Anthony Marklund, M.AIRAH, principal sustainability engineer at Floth; Jason Gaekwad, regional manager – building physics and sustainability at Inhabit; Lasath Lecamwasam, F.AIRAH, building services engineer at ESBS; and Andrew Pettifer, principal and NSW buildings group leader at Arup. Eco: Tell us how a mixed-mode The main differences are the control McCabe: A mixed-mode comfort ventilation strategy typically works? system for the natural ventilation – strategy works on the basis that heating is automatic or manual – and what the used when ambient conditions are cold, Lecamwasam: It is the fusion of natural ventilation openings look like – air conditioning when hot, and natural time-tested and proven good passive louvres, operable walls, etc. ventilation when ambient conditions suit design principles with the predictable to maintain acceptable thermal comfort. design and operation of mechanical AC Pettifer: When outdoor conditions systems. Correct design and operation are favourable, the building is naturally However, a critical design issue is that of such systems can significantly reduce ventilated and when they are not the natural ventilation system has to operating costs and improve user the mechanical systems operate. be designed to provide for effective enjoyment of buildings. The mode shift can be fully automatic, ventilation, as just meeting NCC/BCA with actuators used to open and close openable area will not suffice. Gaekwad: The most basic mixed-mode windows and/or louvres in the façade. system is your typical single dwelling Alternatively, in natural ventilation Marklund: A semi-automated approach – house or apartment – with operable mode occupants can be alerted, for can be to install reed switches on a windows and an air conditioning system. example using a traffic light system manually operable façade element that Occupants open the windows when mounted in the space or via personal when opened, turns off the local air it’s “nice” outside. When the dwelling technology, and they then manually conditioning zone. A weather sensor becomes uncomfortably hot or cold, open and close the natural ventilation operating a visual indicator light or app the windows are closed, and the air devices in their vicinity. can be used to encourage occupants to conditioning system is switched on. open windows. Outside of natural ventilation mode, A mixed-mode system operates very the system works as conventional air A fully automated system, for say an similarly for any other building typology. conditioning. open-plan office, would typically include 24 JUNE–JULY 2020 • ECOLIBRIUM Caimin McCabe Anthony Marklund Jason Gaekwad Lasath Lecamwasam Andrew Pettifer outdoor and indoor sensors linked to At present though, the risks to the BMS to control electrically actuated consultants through adopting mixed natural ventilation devices and the air mode makes such systems a rarity. Sadly, conditioning systems. building occupants have developed some Eco: In what applications does very expensive habits and expectations mixed-mode ventilation work best? over the past 50 years or so, and in an There are examples environment now facing extreme weather Pettifer: We tend to think in terms of school, university, events more commonly, the challenges of office spaces, and there are many commercial, retail and to implementing mixed mode have examples of mixed-mode systems in increased. commercial buildings around the world. even hospital buildings Eco: And what are some of the But it can and has been applied to other that have successfully building types such as sports facilities advantages and benefits? adopted mixed-mode and even theatres. Lecamwasam: The main advantages The main drivers are to reduce energy are reduced operational costs, user consumption and the perceived benefits There are examples of school, university, satisfaction and enhanced green to occupants – most people like the commercial, retail and even hospital credentials – if being environmentally idea of being able to open the façade, buildings that have successfully adopted friendly is a key ethos of the end users. breathe fresh air and hear the birds mixed-mode air conditioning. McCabe: Mixed mode can provide for sing. If the air outside is polluted and all you can hear is traffic noise it’s not Marklund: Mixed-mode air improved energy efficiency – assuming quite the same effect! So it works best conditioning has been successfully effective controls are in place such as in suburban or rural locations with applied to many types of buildings avoiding windows being open and air temperate climates. internationally. conditioning is on – improved indoor air quality through higher rates of When designed, installed, operated and Gaekwad: The application of mixed- outside air when natural ventilation is maintained correctly, particularly in mode ventilation is wholly dependent in operation, and improved health and on climate and outdoor environment, conjunction with an adaptive thermal comfort strategy where individuals wellbeing of occupants by providing building form and use, and indoor greater connection to outside, as well as environment. East coast cities tend have visual connection to the outdoors and are appropriately educated – and providing them greater control over their to have a mild and desirable climate environment. for the majority of the year, which allowed control over their environment has led to an “indoor/outdoor” type – international studies indicate that But it is critical that the natural of lifestyle. Mixed-mode systems can occupant satisfaction and productivity ventilation part of the mixed-mode air contribute to this design and lifestyle can be improved while significantly conditioning system be designed to philosophy. During summer in reducing air conditioning energy use, cost provide effective ventilation and not just and associated carbon emissions. Melbourne, the ambient temperature meeting NCC/BCA openable area, as this is generally within the comfort range; Lecamwasam: Mandated building will not suffice and lead to complaints. natural ventilation could be utilised to rating schemes such as NABERS and Gaekwad: If done well, mixed-mode remove heat load from, for example, Green Star could complement the densely occupied office buildings. For adoption of mixed mode very well. ventilation can provide a greater regions with a high diurnal variation in connection to the outdoors, including temperature, a night-purge system can If end user groups such as the to thermal variability and ventilation be used, where cool air is brought into Commonwealth and state governments, velocity variability. This can dramatically the building at night. retail, education, hospitality industries improve comfort, and represents a move etc., redefined lease requirements for towards a more “human centred” method McCabe: Subject to prevailing climate more environmentally friendly minimum of HVAC design. being suitable and functional usage, there service requirements for temperature are not many building types or areas and occupant comfort, then mixed However the building operation should where a mixed-mode air conditioning mode would be far widely adopted by also reflect this design philosophy when approach cannot be adopted. consultants. the HVAC system is running. JUNE–JULY 2020 • ECOLIBRIUM 25 FEATURE Eco: What types of mechanical systems work best in a mixed- MIXED MODE IN OPERATION mode ventilation strategy? McCabe: ASB HEADQUARTERS, $477 million Cooler Cleaner Schools Mixed-mode designs can program. This could see naturally work with any air conditioning systems AUCKLAND NZ ventilated schools being enabled for – the key is that effective operation is The design of ASB North Wharf in manual mixed-mode air conditioning controlled so that a space or building Auckland reflected the desire of its subject to the teachers being instructed is not being air conditioned with tenant for a world-class building that to operate them this way. the windows or vents are open. The places staff and customers at the only systems where the combination centre of the sustainability equation. SUZANNE CORY of natural ventilation needs to be carefully considered from a controls Featuring a mechanical service HIGH SCHOOL, perspective are chilled ceiling and design by Arup, the seven-storey WERRIBEE, VIC chilled beam systems, so that unwanted commercial office building maximises When designing the mechanical condensation does not occur. daylight, views and the fresh air of the services solution at the Suzanne Cory Waitemata Harbour through the use Pettifer: Chilled beams are High School, Cundall in association of a green light/red light system to problematic because you have to control with Brand Architects adopted a strong alert occupants when conditions are humidity in the building to prevent passive design approach through the favourable for windows to be opened. condensation, and that’s not easy to combination of a high-performance do in a building that is intermittently To read more about the ASB North envelope (including effective use of naturally ventilated. All-air systems Wharf, see Ecolibrium December 2013. thermal mass) as well as a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vision and Transition Strategy for A
    Vision and Transition Strategy for a Water Sensitive Greater Perth CRCWSC Integrated Research Project 1: Water Sensitive City Visions and Transition Strategies 2 | Vision and Transition Strategy for a Water Sensitive Greater Perth Vision and Transition Strategy for a Water Sensitive Greater Perth IRP1 WSC Visions and Transition Strategies IRP1-4-2018 Authors Katie Hammer1,2, Briony Rogers1,2, Chris Chesterfield2 1 School of Social Sciences, Monash University 2 CRC for Water Sensitive Cities © 2018 Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities Ltd. This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of it may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to the publisher. Publisher Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities Level 1, 8 Scenic Blvd, Clayton Campus Monash University Clayton, VIC 3800 p. +61 3 9902 4985 e. [email protected] w. www.watersensitivecities.org.au Date of publication: August 2018 An appropriate citation for this document is: Hammer, K., Rogers, B.C., Chesterfield, C. (2018) Vision and Transition Strategy for a Water Sensitive Greater Perth. Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. This report builds directly on “Shaping Perth as a Water Sensitive City: Outcomes and perspectives from a participatory process to develop a vision and strategic transition framework”, which was the output of a precursor CRCWSC project, A4.2 Mapping water sensitive city scenarios. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Water Sensitive Transition Network for their ongoing enthusiasm and commitment to the water sensitive city agenda in Perth.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Tree Master Plan Version 2 - September 2005
    City of Wanneroo Street Tree Master Plan Version 2 - September 2005 Version No. Detail List of Revisions Date Authorised by Version 1 - Aug’04 As Presented by Arbor Vitae 10 August Council and approved by Council 2004 Version 2 - Sept’05 Full Internal Review - As • Addition of List of Common Names (Appendix C) September Council/Rob K adopted at City of Wanneroo • Addition of the following tree species: 2005/August Council Meeting held on 20 1. Brachychiton gregorii 2006 September 2005 2. Callistemon “Kings Park Special” 3. Eucalyptus melliodora 4. Eucalyptus “torwood” 5. Liquidambar styraciflua 6. Melaleuca ericifolia 7. Prunus x blireana 8. Pyrus calleryana Includes revisions to Landscape Character Unit Tree Lists and Appendix D (formerly Appendix C) Plant Information Fact Sheets. • Modifications to Plant Information Fact Sheets including additional photos, more information on longevity, and amendments to the following: Olea europea (more information), correction of all “Headings” formerly spelt “Habitat” to “Habit” and spelling correction to Araucaria heterophylla. • Reference to “City of Wanneroo Recommended Climber Groundcover and Shrub Species list in Executive Summary and Appendix E. • Modification to Figure 26 – More Fire Resistant native trees. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Requirements of Trees, the Public and the City of Wanneroo.............................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Arid & Semi-Arid Areas
    Classification of Arid & Semi-Arid Areas: A Case Study in Western Australia Guy Leech Abstract Arid and semi-arid environments present challenges for ecosystems and the human activities within them. Climate classifications are one method of understanding the climate of these regions, giving regional- scale insight into parameters such as temperature and precipitation. This essay qualitatively compares the application of four different climate classification schemes (Köppen-Trewartha, Guetter-Kutzbach, De Martonne and Erinç) to a transect across Western Australia. The classification schemes show a distinct climatic gradient from the wet coast to the dry continental interior, with the most pronounced gradient located near the coast. Strong agreement is found between weather stations and classifications for wet and dry years, indicating that the weather systems on the coast also govern weather inland. Historically wet and dry periods, as well as long-term drying trends were also identified for the coastal regions, which could affect the livelihoods of many people. A long-term drying trend is also evident at Kalgoorlie- Boulder, the most arid, inland town. These results show that climate classifications can identify major trends and shifts in climate on a decadal or yearly basis, and it is hoped that they will become more widely used for this form of analysis. Introduction Arid and semi-arid environments make up a large portion of the Earth’s surface (Figure 1), and present challenges for human ecosystems located within them. These regions are generally defined as having low average rainfall, often associated with high temperatures, which impose fundamental limits on animal and plant populations, and on human activities such as agriculture (CSIRO 2011, Ludwig & Asseng 2006, Ribot et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Westerly Magazine
    latest release DECADE QUARRY a selection of a selection of contemporary contemporary western australian western australian short fiction poetry edited by edited by B.R. COFFEY . FAY ZWICKY Twenty-one writers, including Peter Cowan, Twenty-six poets, includes Alan Alexander, Elizabeth Jolley, Fay Zwicky, Margot Luke, Nicholas Hasluck, Wendy Jenkins, Fay Zwicky, James Legasse, Brian Dibble and Robin Sheiner. Ian Templeman and Philip Salom. ' ... it challenges the reader precisely because it 'The range and quality of the work being done offers such lively, varied and inventive stories. is most impressive' - David Brooks. No question here of recipe, even for reading, ' ... a community of voices working within a much less for writing, but rather a testimony to range of registers, showing us how we are the liveliness and questioning' - Veronica Brady. same but different in our private responses . .' recommended retail price: $9.95 - James Legasse. recommended retail price: $6.00 SCARPDANCER DESERT MOTHER poems by poems by ALAN PHIUP COLliER ALEXANDER Sazrpdoncer consolidates Alan Alexander's Desert Mother introduces a new poet with a reputation as one of Australia's finest lyric fme wit and a marvellously exact ear for the poets. He is a poet of great flexibility and tone, style and idiosyncrasies of language. fmesse whose origins are clearly with the Irish Philip Collier is a poet who has developed tradition of post-Yeatsean lyricism. himself a lively and refreshingly original voice. West Coast Writing 14 West Coast Writing 15 recommended
    [Show full text]
  • Lord Mayor and Councillors, NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN That the Next
    Lord Mayor and Councillors, NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the next meeting of the Works and Urban Development Committee will be held in Committee Room 1, Ninth Floor, Council House, 27 St Georges Terrace, Perth on Tuesday, 27 September 2016 at 5.30pm. Yours faithfully MARTIN MILEHAM CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER 22 September 2016 Committee Members: Members: 1st Deputy: 2nd Deputy: Cr Limnios (Presiding Member) The Lord Mayor Cr Harley Cr Chen Cr McEvoy Please convey apologies to Governance on 9461 3250 or email [email protected] EMERGENCY GUIDE Council House, 27 St Georges Terrace, Perth The City of Perth values the health and safety of its employees, tenants, contractors and visitors. The guide is designed for all occupants to be aware of the emergency procedures in place to help make an evacuation of the building safe and easy. BUILDING ALARMS KNOW Alert Alarm and Evacuation Alarm. YOUR EXITS ALERT ALARM beep beep beep All Wardens to respond. Other staff and visitors should remain where they are. EVACUATION ALARM/PROCEDURES whoop whoop whoop On hearing the Evacuation Alarm or on being instructed to evacuate: 1. Move to the floor assembly area as directed by your Warden. 2. People with impaired mobility (those who cannot use the stairs unaided) should report to the Floor Warden who will arrange for their safe evacuation. 3. When instructed to evacuate leave by the emergency exits. Do not use the lifts. 4. Remain calm. Move quietly and calmly to the assembly area in Stirling Gardens as shown on the map below. Visitors must remain in the company of City of Perth staff members at all times.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kwinana Air Modelling Study
    THE KWINANA AIR MODELLING STUDY • !i t .,....... ........ ~ ,; ~ ;, • 1, ' I, 'I I I. I' I ,1 ' .~ , '-.._ l I ' .•"'- ~ ,. - ,· '• ..- ... - Ca) Department of Conservation & Environment Perth Western Australia Report 10 1982 THE KWINANA AIR MODELLING STUDY A study promoted by the Department of Conservation and Environment and the Department of Public Health in co-operation with the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology State Energy Commission of Western Australia Western Australian Institute of Technology Murdoch University University of Western Australia and Kwinana Industry . • Department of Conservation and Environment Perth Western Australia Report 10 December 1982 Acknowledgements Editor: Vincent Paparo Report preparation: Vincent Paparo Ken Rayner Peter Rye John Rosher Contributions: Bruce Hamilton Charlie Welk er Proof reading: June Hutchison Artwork: Tony Berman Design/ layout: Brian Stewart Cover photography: Stuart Chape Front Cover: Kwinana industry with Wattleup and Thompson Lake in the background. Back Cover: K winana industrial strip looking south. PREFACE In 1974, the Coogee Air Pollution Study recommended that an area of land to the north of major industry at K winana was unsuitable for urban development as a result of the levels of air pollution it experienced. The Kwinana Air Modelling Study (KAMS) grew out of the need to determine the air pollution impact on a wider scale at Kwinana and built upon the earlier pioneering work. As suggested by its name, KAMS was largely concerned with the development and use of mathematical models to estimate air pollution dispersion. The choice of K winana as the location of the first major air dispersion modelling study attempted in Western Australia was ideal. In the first instance, the results of KAMS have an important and immediate planning application to ensure that the adverse impact of air pollution at K winana is kept to a minimum.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitat Suitability for the Queensland Fruit Fy Received: 13 June 2017 Sabira Sultana1, John B
    www.nature.com/scientificreports Correction: Author Correction OPEN Potential impacts of climate change on habitat suitability for the Queensland fruit fy Received: 13 June 2017 Sabira Sultana1, John B. Baumgartner1, Bernard C. Dominiak2, Jane E. Royer3 & Accepted: 21 September 2017 Linda J. Beaumont1 Published: xx xx xxxx Anthropogenic climate change is a major factor driving shifts in the distributions of pests and invasive species. The Queensland fruit fy, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Qfy), is the most economically damaging insect pest of Australia’s horticultural industry, and its management is a key priority for plant protection and biosecurity. Identifying the extent to which climate change may alter the distribution of suitable habitat for Qfy is important for the development and continuation of efective monitoring programs, phytosanitary measures, and management strategies. We used Maxent, a species distribution model, to map suitable habitat for Qfy under current climate, and six climate scenarios for 2030, 2050 and 2070. Our results highlight that south-western Australia, northern regions of the Northern Territory, eastern Queensland, and much of south-eastern Australia are currently suitable for Qfy. This includes southern Victoria and eastern Tasmania, which are currently free of breeding populations. There is substantial agreement across future climate scenarios that most areas currently suitable will remain so until at least 2070. Our projections provide an initial estimate of the potential exposure of Australia’s horticultural industry to Qfy as climate changes, highlighting the need for long- term vigilance across southern Australia to prevent further range expansion of this species. Te Queensland fruit fy (Qfy), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is the most devastating pest of Australia’s $9 bil- lion p.a.
    [Show full text]
  • Q2 2019 Research
    RESIDENTIAL RESEARCH LIVING & STUDYING BUYING PROPERTY WHY INVEST? Contents 1. Perth—The lifestyle city page 2 2. Living in Perth page 4 3. Studying in Perth Whilst fortunate to tap into world-class page 7 reserves of natural minerals and energy Knight Frank City Wealth Index resources, Perth has evolved to grow an 4. Housing in Perth 2018, Perth equally important highly educated, skilled 314 international cities ranked in each category page 10 and productive workforce strengthened 5. Renting in Perth by innovation and cultural diversity. This Ranking page 11 guide focuses on living, studying and buying residential property in Perth. Wealth 63 6. Buying in Perth Investment 88 page 12 Liveability Lifestyle 142 7. Buying as a First Home Buyer Perth ranked in 12th place of the World’s Future 56 page 13 Most Liveable Cities in 2018, according OVERALL 53 to the Economist Intelligence Unit, as 8. Buying as a Foreign Investor shown in Table 1. The index is based on page 14 30 factors spread across five areas: 9. Owning in Perth stability, infrastructure, education, health page 19 care and environment. 10. Selling in Perth page 20 Perth was also 13 places higher (63rd) than Brisbane for ‘wealth’. The two Most Liveable Cities 2018 Feature: elements that contributed to this Index of 140 global cities based on Stability, category include the number of 10 reasons to invest in Perth Infrastructure, Education, Health Care page 22 & Environment households earning US$250,000 in 2017, and the other being how fast this price 1. Vienna, Austria bracket is expected to grow over the next 2.
    [Show full text]
  • WC Technical Report 2002
    Climate variability and change in south west Western Australia Indian Ocean Climate Initiative Perth, September 2002 Abstract This report integrates the understandings of climate variability and change for south western Australia developed over a five year program of strategic research under the auspices of the Indian Ocean Climate Initiative (IOCI). IOCI is a strategic program of research and information transfer aimed at supporting decision-making in climate affected industries. Research directed at developing inter-seasonal forecasting and better understanding climate variability on longer time-scales became progressively focussed on issues of decadal variability and climate change because of the dominance of these issues in any analyses of the observed record. Key findings include: ❖ Winter rainfall has decreased sharply and suddenly in the region since the mid 70s. ❖ The decline was not gradual but more of a switching to an alternative rainfall regime. ❖ The rainfall decrease accompanied and was apparently associated with, documented change in large scale atmospheric circulation at the time. ❖ The decrease in rainfall, and associated circulation changes, bear some resemblance to model projections for an enhanced greenhouse effect (EGE) but are not sufficiently similar to indicate, beyond doubt, that the EGE is responsible. ❖ Most likely both natural variability and the EGE have contributed to the rainfall decrease. ❖ The climatic shifts, which include warming have resulted in an even sharper fall in regional streamflows. ❖ Findings have altered previous interpretations of the climate of the region and decision-makers need to alter their decision base-lines to reflect observed and projected changes but also to include increased levels of uncertainty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of Perth's Urban Parks : Factors Influencing Their Distribution and Community Attitudes Towards Them
    Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 1997 The birds of Perth's urban parks : Factors influencing their distribution and community attitudes towards them Jodi S. Mansell Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Nature and Society Relations Commons, and the Ornithology Commons Recommended Citation Mansell, J. S. (1997). The birds of Perth's urban parks : Factors influencing their distribution and community attitudes towards them. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/290 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/290 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of the Garden Island Causeway on the Environmental Values of the Southern End of Cockburn Sound
    p:\csmc\manglesbay\reports\mangles_bay_study.doc 16/09/2002; 3:26 PM THE INFLUENCE OF THE GARDEN ISLAND CAUSEWAY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES OF THE SOUTHERN END OF COCKBURN SOUND Prepared for: COCKBURN SOUND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL Prepared by: DAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PTY LTD AUGUST 2002 REPORT NO. 02/247/1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY __________________________________________________ iv 1. INTRODUCTION________________________________________________________ 9 1.1 GENERAL_________________________________________________________________________9 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THIS STUDY ____________________________________________________10 1.3 STUDY SCOPE AND APPROACH ____________________________________________________10 1.3.1 Scope ________________________________________________________________________10 1.3.2 Approach_____________________________________________________________________11 2. REVIEW OF COCKBURN SOUND CIRCULATION AND MODELLING ______ 14 2.1 CIRCULATION IN COCKBURN SOUND ______________________________________________14 2.2 DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE (FLUSHING) ______________________________________15 2.3 INFLUENCE OF THE CAUSEWAY ___________________________________________________16 3. CAUSEWAY CIRCULATION MODELLING _______________________________ 18 3.1 APPROACH ______________________________________________________________________18 3.2 MODEL FORCING_________________________________________________________________18 3.3 MODEL GRID_____________________________________________________________________18 3.4 CAUSEWAY CONFIGURATIONS MODELLED
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Public Parks Under Resilience Theory: a Framework for Negotiating Ecosystem Services and Organised Community Sport
    School of Built Environment Department of Urban and Regional Planning Planning Public Parks under Resilience Theory: A Framework for Negotiating Ecosystem Services and Organised Community Sport Isaac Samuel Middle This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University September 2016 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This thesis contains no material that has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: Date: 24/09/2016 Abstract While public park planning in the middle of the 20th century focus mainly on the provision of opportunities for organized community sport, contemporary parks now serve a fundamentally ecological role combining environmental conservation with the provision of opportunities for contact with nature. Despite government policy initiatives acting to increase participation in community sport, this planning shift has seen a decrease in the amount of sporting playing fields provided within new residential areas. This thesis is a response to this emerging situation – identified in several Australian cities but most notably through recent research in Perth – and has the aim of investigating how demand for space for organised community sport can be met in a way that acknowledges and complements the fundamental ecological role of contemporary public parks. To meet its aim, this thesis begins by outlining a theoretical framework for planning public parks to achieve its ecological role, which is understood as the provision of both regulating and cultural ecosystem services. Using insights from urban ecological resilience theory, it outlines three practices that can allow parks to support the conservation and management of biodiversity and urban water resources: complementary spatial planning, ongoing adaptive management by diverse social networks and multi-functional design.
    [Show full text]