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any aspects of German- 1, 1539, did he take communion in American culture and both kinds, and his church ordi - Mhistory cannot be appre - nance of 1540 retained many tra - ciated or understood without trac - ditional liturgical embellish - ing their beginnings back to past ments. 3 The vast majority of peo - times and to Ger many itself. Thus ple in Brandenburg were Lu- the present discussion will span therans, but there was also a nearly five centuries and take the Calvinist presence. Differences, in reader from Brandenburg/Prussia both belief and observance, bet - to Buffalo and Missouri. Political ween Luther ans and Calvinists history, history of religion, and find expression even today in the biography conspire to tell a interior of Lutheran and Calvinist remarkable story of conflicts, (Reformed) churches respectively. struggles, successes, and failures. On Christmas Day of 1613 The Background the Elector John Sigismund took communion according to the The Protestant , be - Calvinist rite, signifying his con - gin ning with Luther’s posting of version to the Calvinist faith, and the Ninety-five Theses in 1517 in so doing creating a division and his famous stand at the Diet of between the bulk of the population Worms in 1521, did not follow the in the Electorate, who were same course in all the German Lutheran, and the ruling dynasty. 4 lands. It was introduced in the A few months later, in 1614, he Mar graviate of Brandenburg ra - defended his move in a document ther late and only gradually by the known as the Confessio Sigis - Elector Joachim II Hektor (r. mundi and at the same time 1535– 1571) and took a rather con - announced a policy of toleration. 5 servative course, leaving behind His and his successors’ efforts to some “strands of papalism,” to the bring about a “Se cond Refor ma - dismay of the Calvinists. 1 The tion” were to encounter many dif - elector did not abandon his devo - ficulties. One such difficulty lay in tion to relics, 2 for instance, and in the fact that the religious peace of other ways was far removed from Augsburg, in 1555, had extended fully embracing . recognition to Lutheranism and Only on All Saints Day, November Catho licism, but not to . Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 60

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Only the in had prevailed between the 1648 was to do that. 6 Another dif - Lutheran and Cal vinist confes - ficulty lay right in the Hohen - sions in Branden burg-Prussia for zollern family itself. the two centuries prior. He did so John Sigismund’s wife, Anna when, on September 27, 1817, the of Prussia, was a strong defender tercentenary year of Luther’s of Lutheranism, even after her Ninety-five Theses, he announced husband’s conversion; separate that he intended to merge the two 11 Lutheran services were held for confessions in a single church. her in the chapel of the castle. 7 The text of the proclamation sug - While John Sigismund’s succes - gests that he underestimated the sors adhered to the Calvinist faith, differences between the two con - they generally married women of fessions. On Octo ber 31, 1817, the Lutheran faith. Reformation Day, he and his fam - ily took communion in the Court- In 1788, King Frederick and-Garrison Church in Pots- William II, nephew and successor dam. 12 The next day he attended of Frederick the Great, issued an service in Wit tenberg and laid the edict which affirmed the right of foundation stone for Johann the three major Christian confes - Gottfried Schadow’s monument to sions to the protection of the . 13 His actions were monarch. 8 The General Code of quite in the spirit of the union and 1794 once more affirmed this cooperation he hoped to bring right, while, in a limited way, about. allowing for freedom of con - science and belief. 9 The union which he desired was not to be limited to gover - The Prussian union nance, but was to encompass con - In 1793, Frederick William III (r. fession, , and liturgy as 1797–1840) married a Luthe ran well. He himself took the lead in princess, Luise of Mecklenburg- designing a new liturgy (or Strelitz, who was much beloved “Agende”). He issued regulations for her charm, intelligence, kind - for the decoration of altars and the ness, and cour age and much use of candles, vestments, and cru - mourned at her early death. 10 But cifixes. 14 The new church was first it is he who brought about a major named the “Evangelische Lan des - change in the relationship which kirche,” then the “Evan gelische —60 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 61

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Kirche der altpreußischen union” A case in point: In Hönigern (APu), and finally the “Evange - (now Miedary), a small town in lische Kirche der union” (EKu), the district of Namslau (now but is often simply called the Namyslów), east of Breslau, “Prussian union.” 15 The king Eduard Kellner, a firmly himself was the “supreme bishop” opposed to joining the govern - of this new entity. 16 He was aided ment-ordered union, was first sus - by Karl von Altenstein, his minis - pended and then, when he contin - ter for education and culture ued to minister to his congrega - (Kultus­minister ). 17 tion, arrested and imprisoned. His parishioners refused to surrender In the remaining years of his the church to his appointed suc - reign, Frederick William devoted cessor. Soldiers were sent, who much of his energy to bringing broke into the church on Christ - about the union of the two confes - mas Eve 1834, overwhelmed the 18 sions. Little resistance was parishioners who guarded their offered initially. Then, in 1830, the church, and made numerous Lutherans observed the tricenten - arrests. Nonetheless, coercive nial anniversary of the Augsburg measures proved ineffective. In Confes sion, which may have 1836, seventy-two families from served to encourage opposition to Hönigern formally declared their the king’s policy of integration. 19 withdrawal from the state church Opposition did increase in the (the Prussian union). 24 Kellner 1830s, and the government’s was imprisoned for four years; he measures became increasingly died in 1878, while still serving as coercive. 20 Opponents of the a pastor. In the neighboring king’s policy were especially Neumark, in the district of Zülli - numerous in Silesia, where they chau (now Sulechów), approxi- sought to establish an autono- mately 600 separatists were count - mous, self-governing church of ed in 1836. 25 their own. 21 These separatists Another case in point: Johann became known as “Old Luthe - Gottfried Scheibel (1783–1843) rans.” 22 The government did not was a professor of at the shy away from employing harsh university of Breslau and pastor of measures against the separatist the Lutheran Church of St. Elisa - movement. 23 beth in Breslau. He was consis - —61 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 62

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tently opposed to the Prussian persecution by emigrating or union church and the new Agende whether to stay and fight for the (liturgy). The conflict came to a good cause. Scheibel was strongly head in 1830, apparently occa - opposed to emigration, 29 while sioned by the tricentennial anni - Grabau argued forcefully in favor versary of the Augsburg Con - of it. 30 Both sides sought and fession. Scheibel’s petitions to the found support for their position in government were rejected; he was various passages of scripture. dismissed and ordered to leave Thus “Wer glaubt, der braucht Breslau. For the remaining years nicht zu fliehen” (Isaiah 28:16 of his life he lived in , Einheitsübersetzung ) was em - Hermsdorf near Dresden, Glau- ployed to support one view, and chau in Saxony, and finally in “Wenn man euch in der einen . 26 Scheibel had a Stadt verfolgt, so fliehet in eine strong and capable supporter in andere” (Matt. 10:23 Einheits-­ Philipp (1801– übersetzung ) the other. 1886), a professor of law at the Several thousand of the 27 university of Breslau. Lutheran separatists did respond There were old Lutherans to to the government’s oppression by be found elsewhere in Prussian emigrating to or Ame - lands, especially in Pomerania. rica. 31 By 1840 some 2000 Old Among activist leaders of the Old Lutherans had emigrated; approxi - Lutheran movement elsewhere mately 10,000 remained. 32 That so Johannes Andreas August Grabau many felt it necessary to leave to (1804–1879) takes on special im - avoid persecution for their reli - por tance. He studied theology and gious beliefs is both sad and iron - philosophy at the university of ic given the official policy of reli - Halle from 1825 to 1829 and in gious toleration and a history of 1834 became pastor of St. putting word to deed. Frederick Andrew’s Church in . In William, the Great Elector, had 1837 he was dismissed from his opened his lands to the Hugue - post and subsequently twice jailed nots 33 with his “edict of Potsdam” for his resistance to the king’s in 1685, and King Frederick ecclesiastical . 28 He and William I had received 12,000 Schei bel were at opposite ends of Protestants (Lutherans) a difficult issue: whether to escape in 1732. 34 Indeed, Frede rick —62 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 63

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William III himself granted asy - right, there were various legal lum to some Protestant exiles from requirements to be met before the in the Tyrol in 1837. 35 necessary exit permits were As crown prince Frederick issued. 42 Thus the emigrants were William IV had not supported his long held up by the Prussian gov - father’s policy of oppression. He ernment and were not able to was, rather, inclined to be toler - begin their journey until 1838. ant. 36 One of his first acts upon They traveled to Hamburg on succeeding to the throne was to barges via the Oder, the Friedrich grant amnesty to political and reli - Wilhelm Canal, the Spree, the gious dissidents. All Old Luthe - Havel, and the Elbe. 43 On July 8, rans serving prison time were 1838, they set sail on the ships released. 37 Further more, the Old Prince George and Bengalee; Lutherans were given the right to nearly five months later they land - establish a separate church of their ed at Port Misery, just north of own in 1845. 38 Thus the first inde - Adelaide. They numbered 250 pendent, autonomous Evangelical people in fifty-three families. Lutheran church on German soil They were accompanied by their was born. 39 It should also be noted pastor, August Ludwig Christian that Prussia made no attempt to Kavel, who had made the neces - merge the Lutheran church of sary arrangements with George Han nover into the Prussian Fife Angas and the South Aus- 40 union. when it annexed the tralian Company of London. They king dom of Hannover in 1866. established their own settlement The exodus and named it Klemzig after their former home. 44 Three more In 1835 a group of Old Lutherans groups followed later in 1838, in in the villages of Klemzig and 45 Lang meil, district of Züllichau, in 1839, and in 1841. the Neu mark of Brandenburg Other Old Lutherans, the (now Klepsk and Okunin in the greater number of them, were anx - Polish province of Lubaskie) ious to make their way to decided to emigrate. Having first America; the government required considered Russia and America as of them that they be accompanied possible destinations, 41 they final - by a pastor. At the same time ly decided on South Australia. Pastor Grabau had been released Although emigration was a basic from prison on the condition that —63 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 64

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he should emigrate as soon as his old luTherans in Buffalo 46 health had improved. The two Once he had reached Buffalo, parties found each other and Grabau lost no time in organizing reached an agreement. The king his followers in a church of their on this occasion made it very clear own rather than having them join that he considered the Lutheran any of the churches already exist - church as being contained within ing in Buffalo. Rented quarters at the new united church which he various locations were found and had created and that he would tol - services were held from the first erate no other Lutheran church. 47 Sunday on. The new church was Pastor Grabau was reunited incorporated in 1840 as the Old with his family in Hamburg, Lutheran Church, but became where some 1000 persons were known as the Evangelical- awaiting transportation to Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity ( Dreifaltigkeitskirche ) or America. 48 Between June 28 and as Trinity Old Lutheran. Still in July 27, 1839, five steamships that first year a lot was bought and trans ported them to Hull construction of a church building (Kingston-upon-Hull), and from was begun. The first service in the there canal boats took them to the new church was held on June 7, port of Liverpool. From there 1840 (Pentecost Day), and the again five sailing vessels took building was dedicated on October them to New York. The last of 6, 1843. Grabau served as pastor these, carrying Pastor Grabau and of the church until his death. The his family, left Liverpool on church was located at the corner of August 14, was badly beaten up in Goodell and Maple Streets. 50 a violent storm, but arrived in New At meeting in on York without any loss of lives on June 25, 1845, four , led by September 18. A few members of Grabau, and eighteen lay delegates the group stayed in New York, but formed a , which was origi - most continued to Buffalo, utiliz - nally known as the Synod of the ing river boats on the Hudson as Lutheran Church Emigrated from far as Albany and then canal boats Prussia, but later became known on the Erie Canal. At Buffalo they as the . 51 The joined a small advance party of Buffalo Synod, the Ohio Synod, Old Lutherans. 49 and the Iowa Synod joined in 1930 —64 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 65

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to form the American Lutheran toral letter) of Decem ber, 1840, Church. In 1988 that organization, addressed to the Saxon Lutherans in turn, joined with the Lutheran in Missouri (see below), he Church in America and the defended his position. 56 Association of Evangelical Luthe - In 1864 the pastor’s residence ran Churches to form the Evan - at Maple and Goodell Streets was gelical Lutheran Church in destroyed by arson. In 1866 half of America, which is headquartered the parishioners left and joined in Chicago. 52 First Trinity Lutheran Church, Beginning in 1840 Grabau which was affiliated with the had informally given instruction to Lutheran Church—Missouri Sy - candidates for the ministry, but in nod. 57 1845 he formally founded Martin Pastor Grabau continued in Luther Seminary. The older of his his ministry to the very end. He two sons, William [Wilhelm Hein - died peacefully, surrounded by his rich] Grabau (1836–1906), be - family, on June 2, 1879. He was came a professor in the new insti - buried in Holy Rest ( Zur­heiligen tution. The seminary ceased oper - Ruhe ) Cemetery, which is located ation in 1929. 53 on Delevan Avenue near Pine In 1858 a branch congrega - Ridge Road. 58 tion, St. Andrew’s, was established Martin Burk, having previ - and a new church was built on ously served as an assistant to Peckham Street in the eastern part Pastor Grabau, served as pastor of of the city. William Grabau the church from 1879 until his became the pastor of this new death in 1893. He, in turn, was church. 54 succeeded by John Nathaniel Being very authoritarian by Grabau, a grandson of the founder, nature, Grabau had to contend who served until his retirement with dissension within his congre - and death in 1940. 59 gation. He believed strongly in A new church building for pastoral authority based on ordina - Trinity Old Lutheran was erected tion and expected obedience, in 1923 and 1924 at a new loca - while many in the various tion, 26 Brunswick Blvd. The Lutheran churches held a more older building on Goodell and congregational view of the min - Maple Streets eventually was istry. 55 In a long Hirtenbrief (pas - acquired by St. John Baptist —65 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 66

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Church. 60 Finally, in 1960, when phia. There was a political rather demographic changes in the city than a religious dimension to this made yet another move advisable, founding. The town was to be part Trinity Old Lutheran joined with of an island of Sheridan Drive Lutheran Church, and culture; some even hoped to and thus 3445 Sheridan Drive is establish a German state. 63 The now its new location. 61 The for - town partakes of a distinctly mer building now houses the German character to this day and Lutheran Church of Our Savior. cultivates its German heritage. Yet one other member of the A closer parallel to the settle - Grabau family needs to be recog - ment of the Old Lutherans in nized here: Amadeus William Buffalo is found in the so-called Grabau (1870 Cedarburgh, WI – Stephanite emigration, which 1946 Peking, China), son of Wil - takes its name from Martin Ste - helm Heinrich Grabau and grand - phan, a Saxon Lutheran minister son of Johannes Andreas Grabau, and long-time pastor of St. John’s was a renowned paleontologist Church in Dresden. Stephan led and geologist and the author of some 600 Lutheran emigrants numerous books in his field. He from Saxony to St. Louis and to earned his D.Sc. degree at Harvard nearby Perry County, Missouri. university and held faculty He and his followers, of a conser - appoint ments first at Columbia vative and orthodox persuasion, university and then at the were protesting the unionism and National university of China in the Rationalism which, in the Peking. 62 wake of the Enlightenment, had oTher luTheran immigranTs come to prevail in the Lutheran 64 The Old Lutherans whom Grabau churches of Saxony. Not too led from Prussia to Buffalo were long after arrival in the united neither the only Lutherans nor the States, in May, 1839, Stephan was only Germans who came to accused of financial and sexual America in the years 1838–1840. misconduct, deposed, and ex-com - Perhaps most famously the small municated. 65 In 1847 the Luthe - town of Hermann in the “Missouri rans of Missouri, then under the Rhineland” was founded during strong leadership of C. F. W. those same years by the German Walther, formed the Missouri Settlement Society of Phila del - Synod. 66 The relationship between —66 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 67

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the Missouri Synod and the in America which was formed in 68 Buffalo Synod was a contentious 1988. one at all times. 67 The Missouri The Old Lutherans deserve Synod has remained outside the our attention not only in the con - text of German-American studies which but in the larger context of the his - was formed in 1930 and outside tory of and in the Evangelical Lutheran Church the .

―HANS A. P OHLSANDER EAST GREENBuSH , NY

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nOtes

1 Allgemeine­Deutsche­Biographie David A. Gerber, “The Pathos of [ADB] 14 (1881), 78–85; Neue Exile: Old Lutheran Refugees in the Deutsche­Biographie­ [NDB] 10 united States and South Australia,” (1974), 436–438; Deutsche Comparative­Studies­in­Society­and Biographische­Enzyklopädie [DBE] History 26 (1984), 498–522; Volker 5 (1997), 329; Brandenburgisches Press, Kriege­und­Krisen:­Deutsch­- Biogra­phi­sches­Lexikon (Potsdam, land­1600–1715 (Munich, 1991), 2002) [BBL], 198–199; Sebastian 106–107 and 183; Nischan, Prince, Haffner, Preußen­ohne­Legende , 4th ed., (Hamburg, 1980) 27 and 47; People,­and­Confession , 92–94; Sebastian Haffner, The­Rise­and­Fall Wilhelm Iwan, Um­des­Glaubens of­Prussia (London, 1980), 17; willen­nach­Australien:­Eine­Episode Helmut Neuhaus, “Die brandenbur - deutscher­Auswanderung (Breslau, gischen Kur fürsten im Jahrhundert 1931); English: Because­of­Their der Refor mation (1499–1598),” in Beliefs:­Emigration­from­Prussia­to Frank-Lothar Kroll, ed., Preußische Australia , tr. and ed. David Schubert Herrscher­von­den­ersten (Highgate, South Australia, 1995), 5; Hohenzollern­bis­Wilhelm­II. hereafter cited as Iwan-Schubert; (Munich, 2000), 52–73; Christopher Bodo Nischan, Lutherans­and Clark, Iron­Kingdom:­The­Rise­and Calvinists­in­the­Age­of­Confes­- Downfall­of­Prussia,­1600–1947 sionalism (Aldershot, Hampshire, (Cambridge, MA, 2006) 118–119. and Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 2 Bodo Nischan, Prince,­People,­and Variorum, 1999), I:207, IV:18, Confession:­The­Second­Reformation VIII:155 and 163–164, IX:203, in­Brandenburg (Philadelphia,1994), X:181 and 200, and XII:392–393; 18 and 32. Rodney Gothelf in Philip G. Dwyer, 3 Nischan, Prince,­People,­and The­Rise­of­Prussia,­1700–1830 Confession, 20–21. (Harlow, Essex, 2000), 71; Philip S. 4 ADB, 14 (1881), 169–175; NDB 10 Gorski, The­Disciplinary­Revolution: (1974), 475–476; DBE 5 (1997), Calvinism­and­the­Rise­of­the­State­in 338–339; BBL 205; Andrew Landale Early­Modern­Europe (Chicago Drummond, German­ 2003), 86; Clark, Iron­Kingdom , 17 since­Luther (London, 1951), 185; and 115. Hajo Holborn, A­History­of­Modern 5 Drummond, German­Protestantism Germany (New York, 1959–1964), since­Luther , 185; Martin Lackner, I:301; Haffner, Preußen­ohne Die­Kirchenpolitik­des­Großen Legende , 83; Haffner, The­Rise­and Kurfürsten (Witten, 1973), 47–48; Fall­of­Prussia , 45; Klaus Gorski, The­Disciplinary­Revolution , Deppermann, “Die Kirchenpolitik 86; Nischan, Lutherans­and­Cal­- des Großen Kurfürsten,” Pietismus vinists,­I : 209 and 212, III:44, und­Neuzeit , 6 (1980), 99–114; VIII:166, and XII:393. The text of Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 70

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the Confessio is found in Ernst dem­Thron (Munich, 1992), passim; Gottfried Adolf Böckel, Die Heinz Ohff, Ein­Stern­in Bekenntnisschriften­der­evangelisch- Wetterwolken:­Königin­Luise­von reformierten­Kirche , Pt. 1 (Leipzig, Preußen (Munich, 1989, 1992, and 1847) 432–440. 1994); Karin Feuerstein-Praßer, Die 6 Press, Kriege­und­Krisen , 135 and preußischen Königinnen (Regens - 263–64; Hans-Walter Krumwiede, burg, 2000), 215–275, with pedigree “Konfessionelle Tradition und lan - chart, p. 216; Günter de Bruyn, deskirchliche Identität in Hannover Preußens­Luise:­Vom­Entstehen­und (luth.) 1814–1869,” in Wolf-Dieter Ergehen­einer­Legende­ (, Hauschild, ed., Das­deutsche 2001); Friedrich Ludwig Müller, Luthertum­und­die­Unions- Luise:­Auf­zeich­nungen­über­eine Problematik­im­19.­Jahrhundert preußische­Königin , 3rd ed. (Bonn, (Gütersloh, 1991), 216; Steven E. 2003); Philipp Demandt, Luisenkult: Ozment, A­Mighty­Fortress:­A­New Die­Unsterblichkeit­der­Königin­von History­of­the­German­People ( New Preußen­ (Cologne 2003); Dagmar York, 2004), 121–122; Clark, Iron von Gersdorff, Königin­Luise­und Kingdom ,115. Friedrich­Wilhelm­III.:­Eine­Liebe­in 7 Iselin Gundermann, “Die Salbung Preußen , 5th ed. (Hamburg, 2004). Königs Friedrich I. in Königsberg,” 11 Walter O. Forster, Zion­on­the Jahrbuch­für­Berlin-Branden-­ Mississippi:­The­Settlement­of­the burgische­Kirchen­ge­schich­te 63 Saxon­Lutherans­in­Missouri (2001), 73–88; Clark, Iron­Kingdom , 1839–1841 (St. Louis, 1953) 16–17; 120. Bernhard Klaus, “Der Theologe 8 Christopher Clark, “Confessional unter den Königen: Friedrich Policy and the Limits of State Action: Wilhelm III.,” in Friedrich Wilhelm Frederick William III and the Prinz von Preußen, ed., Preußens Prussian union 1817–1840,” The Könige (Gütersloh, 1971) 127–158; Historical­Journal 39 (1996), Clifford Neal Smith, Nineteenth- 985–1004 at 995; Clark, Iron Century­Emigration­of­“Old­Luthe­- Kingdom , 418. rans”­from­Eastern­Germany­to 9 Ernst Rudolf Huber, Deutsche­Ver­- Australia,­,­and­the­United fas­sungs­geschichte­seit­1789 (3 vols. States (McNeal, AZ, 1980), 1–2; Stuttgart 1957–1963) I:106–107 and Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile” 109; H. M. Scott in Dwyer, The­Rise 498–499; Stamm-Kuhlmann, König of­Prussia , 197; Clark, Iron in­Preußens­großer­Zeit , 477; Kingdom , 281–83, 418, and 430. Iwan–Schubert, Because­of­Their 10 Thomas Stamm-Kuhlmann, König­in Beliefs , 5–6; Christopher Clark, Preußens­großer­Zeit:­Friedrich “Germany 1815–1848: Wilhelm­III.:­Der­Melancholiker­auf or pre-March?” in John Breuilly, ed., —70 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 71

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19 th Century­Germany:­Politics, Preußen­ohne­Legende , 217; Haffner, Culture­and­Society­1780–1918 The­Rise­and­Fall­of­Prussia , 96 and (London­and­New­York,­1997­and 98; Clark, “Confessional Policy and 2001) , 40–65 at 62–63; Jens Grühn, the Limits of State Action,” 985–986; “Preußische union,” in Lexikon­für Clark, Iron­Kingdom , 415 and 420. Theologie­und­Kirche [LThK] 8 17 NDB 1 (1953), 216–217; DBE 1 (1999), col. 556. An earlier account (1995), 98–99; Martin Kiunke, is that of Erich Foerster, Die Johann­Gottfried­Scheibel­und­sein Entstehung­der­preussischen­Landes­- Ringen­um­die­Kirche­der kirche­unter­der­Regierung­König lutherischen­Reformation (Kassel Friedrich­Wilhelms­des­Dritten­nach 1941; repr. Göttingen 1985), passim ; den­Quellen­erzählt , 2 vols. Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, “Alten - (Tübingen, 1905–1907). The text of stein, Karl Freiherr vom Stein zum the proclamation is given in Klaus Altenstein,” Biographisch-Biblio-­ Wappler, Der­theologische­Ort­der gra­phisches­Kir­chen­lexikon [BBKL] preußischen­Unionsurkunde­vom­27. 1 (1990), cols. 127– 128; Stamm- 9.­1817 (Berlin 1978), 9–10; also in Kuhlmann, König­in­Preußens J. F. Gerhard Goeters and Rudolf großer­Zeit:­Friedrich­Wilhelm­III , Mau, eds., Die­Geschichte­der­Evan­- passim ; Wappler in Goeters and Mau, gelischen­Kirche­der­Union , I (Leip - Die­Geschichte­der­Evangelischen zig 1992), 88–92 with commentary by Klaus Wappler, 93–115. Kirche­der­Union , I:115–125; Iwan–Schubert, Be­cause­of­Their 12 Wappler in Goeters and Mau, Beliefs , 7–8; Clark, Iron­Kingdom , 112–113. 416. 13 Hans A. Pohlsander, National 18 Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile,” 502; Monuments­and­Nationalism­in­19 th Century­Germany­ (Bern 2008) Stamm-Kuhlmann, König­in­Preu­- 106–107. ßens­großer­Zeit , 481; Iwan– Schubert, Because­of­Their­Beliefs , 14 Stamm-Kuhlmann, König­in 7; Clark, “Confessional Policy and Preußens­großer­Zeit , 480–481. the Limits of State Action,” 1003. 15 Wilhelm Hüffmeier, “Evangelische 19 Clark, “Confessional Policy and the Kirche der union (EKu),” in LThK 3 (1995), col. 1044. Limits of State Action,” 991. 16 Drummond, German Protestantism 20 Wolfgang Nixdorf in Goeters and since Luther, 194, 233, and 242; Mau, Die­Geschichte­der­Evan­ge­- Huber, Deutsche­Verfassungs­ge­- lischen­Kirche­der­Union , I:231–36. schichte , I:453– 454 and 464–472; 21 Clark, “Confessional Policy and the Holborn, A­History­of­Modern Limits of State Action,” 987; Clark, Germany,­II :488–490; Haffner, Iron­King­dom , 416–17. —71 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 72

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22 Iwan–Schubert, Because­of­Their 26 ADB 30 (1890), 693–699; DBE 8 Beliefs , 6–7; Clark, “Confessional (1998), 586.; NDB 22 (2005) Policy and the Limits of State 623–624; Gerhard Gesch, “Scheibel, Action,” 989. Johann Gottfried,” The­Encyclopedia 23 Werner Klän, “Johann Gottfried of­the­Lutheran­Church [ELC] 3 Scheibel,” in Peter Hauptmann, ed., (1965) 2117; Friedrich Wilhelm Gerettete­Kirche:­Studien­zum Kantzenbach, “Johann Gottfried Anliegen­des­Breslauer­Lutheraners Scheibel und der Breslauer Protest Johann­Gottfried­Scheibel , gegen die preu ßische union,” in 1783–1843 (Göttingen 1987), 11–29; Kantzenbach, Gestalten­und­Typen Charles Meyer, A­History­of des­Neuluthertums:­Beiträge­zur Germans­in­Australia,­1839–1945 Erforschung­des­Neokonfes­sionalis­- (Monash university 1990), 82. mus­im­19.­Jahrhundert (Gütersloh, 1968), 44–65; Kiunke, Johann 24 Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile,” 504; Gottfried Scheibel, esp. 278–290, Klaus-Gunther Wesseling, “Kellner, 309–320, and 411; Volker Stolle, Eduard Gustav” in BBKL 3 (1992), “Johann Gottfried Scheibel: Zur 200. 1326–1328; , “Das Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages am Jahrhundert der preußischen Kirche: 16. 9. 1983,” Lutherische­Theologie Zur Erinnerung an das Weihnachts - und­Kirche 3 (1983), 81–107; fest 1834 in Hönigern,” in Sasse, In Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile” Statu­Confessionis , 2 vols. (Berlin, 502–503; Peter Hauptmann, ed., 1975–1976) II:184–193.; Wolf gang Gerettete­Kirche:­Studien­zum Nixdorf in Goeters and Mau, Die­Ge­- Anliegen­des­Breslauer­Lutheraners schichte­der­Evangelischen­Kirche Johann­Gottfried­Scheibel, der­Union , I:232–233; Clark, 1783–1843­ (Göttingen, 1987), with “Confessional Policy and the Limits selected texts, 138–185; Werner of State Action,” 992; Arthur Klän, “Die altlutherische Kalkbrenner, “Aus der Ge schichte Kirchenbildung in Preußen,” in unserer Heimat: Kriegerisches Hauschild, Das­deutsche­Luthertum Christ fest in Hönigern, Kreis und­die­Unionsproblematik , 153– Namslau, im Jahr 1834,” Namslauer 170; Wolfgang Nixdorf in Goeters Heimatruf 48, No. 195 (December and Mau, Die­Geschichte­der 2007) 5–11; online www. namslau- Evangelischen­Kirche­der­Union , schlesien.de/heft 195.pdf. (erro - I:221– 229; Wolfgang Heinrichs, neously referring to Frederick “Scheibel, Johann Gottfried,” in William II, instead of Frederick BBKL 9 (1995), cols. 48–56; Peter William III). Hauptmann, ed., Vom­innersten 25 Clark, “Confessional Policy and the Wesen­des­Christentums:Auszüge­aus Limits of State Action,” 992. dem­Schrifttum­des­Breslauer­Luthe­- —72 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 73

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ra­ners­Johann­Gottfried­Scheibel Clark, “Confessional Policy and the (1783–1843) (Göttingen, 2009), Limits of State Action,” 998; Clark, 21–125, esp. 62–82. Iron­Kingdom , 419. 27 Kiunke, Gottfried­Scheibel , passim; 32 Clark, “Confessional Policy and the Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz, “Huschke, Limits of State Action,” 1003. Eduard,” in BBKL 2 (1990), cols. 33 Lackner, Die­Kirchenpolitik­des 1198– 1204; Werner Klän, “Die alt - Großen­Kurfürsten, 302–303; Hans- lutherische Kirchenbildung in Preu - Georg Tauto rat, Um­des­Glaubens ßen,” in Hauschild, Das­deutsche willen:­Toleranz­in­Preußen—Huge­- Luthertum­und­die­Unions-­ notten­und­Salzburger (Düsseldorf problematik , 153–170; Wolfgang 1985) 21–34; Clark, Iron­Kingdom, Nixdorf in Goeters and Mau, Die­Ge­- 122–23. The text of the edict is found schichte­der­Evangelischen­Kirche in Christian Otto Mylius, ed., Corpus der­Union , I:222 and 225– 227; Constitutionum­Marchicarum (Ber lin Haupt mann, Vom­innersten­Wesen and Halle, 1737–1751; repr. des­Christentums , 72–73 and 469– Genschmar, 2003) II, section 1, 470. 183–188, no. 65 (German), and VI, 28 NDB 6 (1964), 693–694; ELC 2 Appendix 8, 43–48 (French); also in (1965), 946–947; DBE 4 (1996), Ernst Mengin, Das­Recht­der­franzö - 115; Johannes Andreas Grabau, sisch-reformierten­Kirche­in­Preußen Lebenslauf­des­Ehr­würdigen­J.­An. (Berlin, 1929), 186–196 (Ger man A.­Grabau (Buffalo, 1879), 3–35; and French), and in Tautorat, Um­des Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die­Ge­- Glaubens­willen 174–181 (German). schichte­der­Familie­Grabau 34 Tautorat, Um­des­Glaubens­willen , (Leipzig, 1929) 185; Gerber, “The 93–98 and 188–190; Mack Walker, Pathos of Exile,” 508–509; Friedrich The­Salzburg­Transaction:­Expulsion Wilhelm Bautz, “Grabau, Johannes” and­Redemption­in­Eighteenth­Cen­- in BBKL 2 (1990), cols. 278–279. tury­Germany (Ithaca, 1992); Clark, 29 Wilhelm Iwan, Die­Altlutherische “Confessional Policy and the Limits Aus­wanderung­um­die­Mitte­des­19. of State Action,” 998; Robert A. Jahr­hunderts , 2 vols. (Ludwigsburg Selig, “The Salzburger Exulanten of 1943), II:19–26; Gerber, “The Pathos 1731 to 1732,” German­Life , Feb - of Exile” 505. ruary/ March 2011, 36–39 and 62. 30 Iwan, Die­Altlutherische­Auswan­- 35 Iwan–Schubert, Because­of­Their derung , II:26–32 and 80–94; Gerber, Beliefs , 13; Wilfried Beimrohr, “Die “The Pathos of Exile” 505. Zillertaler Protestanten oder Inkli - 31 Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile” 500; nanten und ihre Austreibung 1837,” Wolfgang Nixdorf in Goeters and Tiroler­Landesarchiv , 2007 [http:// Mau, Die­Geschichte­der­Evange­- www. tirol.gv.at/filead min/ www. lischen­Kirche­der­Union , I:234–235; tirol.gv.at/themen/kultur/landes —73 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 74

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archiv/downloads/Zillertaler- liche Identität in Hannover (luth.) Inklinanten-ProtestantenAB.PDF]; 1814–1869,” in Haus child, Das Clark, “Confes sional Policy and the deutsche­Luthertum­und­die Limits of State Action,” 998, n. 56. Unionsproblematik , 213–268. The Zillertal Protes tants, ca. 400 of 41 Clifford Neal Smith, Nineteenth- them, were settled at Erdmannsdorf Century­Emigration , 2. (now Myslakowice), Kreis Hirsch - 42 Iwan, Die­Altlutherische­Auswan­- berg (now Jelenia Góra), Lower derung , II:59–81; Gerber, “The Silesia. Pathos of Exile,” 506–507. 36 Walter Bußmann, Zwischen­Preußen 43 Maps in David Schubert, Kavel’s und­Deutschland:­Friedrich­Wilhelm People (Adelaide, 1985) 25 and 50. IV.:­Eine­Biographie (Berlin, 1990) See also Barry Shef field, Inland 121; Goeters in Goeters and Mau, Waterways­of­Germany (St. Ives, Die­Geschichte­der­Evangelischen Cambridgeshire, 1995), 8–9, 91–92, Kirche­der­Union , I: 36; David E. 113–14, and 117. Barclay, Frederick­William­IV­and 44 E. Clifford Nelson, The­Lutherans­in the­Prussian­Monarchy­1840–1861 North­America , rev. ed. (Phila - (Oxford, 1995), 93. delphia, 1980), 154; Gerber, “The 37 Wolfgang Nixdorf in Goeters and Pathos of Exile” 506 and 515; Ian Mau, Die­Geschichte­der Harmstorf and Michael Cigler, The Evangelischen­Kirche­der­Union, Germans­in­Australia (Mel bourne, I:239; Clark, Iron­Kingdom , 438; 1985) 12–14; Gordon Young, “Early Hauptmann, Vom­innersten­Wesen German Settlements in South Aus - des­Christentums , 113. tralia,” Australian­Historical 38 Goeters in Goeters and Mau, Die­Ge­- Archaeo­logy 3 (1985), 43–55, with schichte­der­Evangelischen­Kirche map; http:// ashadocs.org.aha/03/ der­Union , I:36; Christopher Clark, 03_O4_Young.pdf; Schubert, Kavel’s “Germany 1815–1848: Restoration People , 72–74 and 145–159; Johan - or pre-March?” in Breuilly, 19th nes H. Voigt, Australien­und Century­Germany , 40–65; Clark, Deutsch­land:­200­Jahre­Begeg-­ Iron­Kingdom , 41. nungen,­Beziehungen­und­Verbin­- 39 Werner Klän, “Johann Gottfried dungen (Hamburg, 1988); English: Scheibel” in Peter Hauptmann, ed., Australia–Germany:­Two­Hundred Gerettete­Kirche:­Studien­zum Years­of­Contacts,­Relations­and Anliegen­des­Breslauer­Lutheraners Connections (Bonn, 1987), 17–18 Johann­Gottfried­Scheibel , and ill. 35; Meyer, A­History­of 1783–1843 (Göttingen, 1987), Germans­in­Aus­tralia , 82; Ian A. 11–29. Harmstorf, Insight­into­South 40 Hans-Walter Krumwiede, “Konfes - Australian­History , II: South sionelle Tradition und landeskirch - Australia’s German Heritage and —74 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 75

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History (Adelaide, 1994), 18 and 33; counts 1156 Old Lu therans emigrat - Iwan– Schu bert, Because­of­Their ing to America in 1839. Beliefs , 17–25; Jürgen Tampke, The 49 Johannes Andreas Grabau, Germans­in­Australia­ (Cambridge, Lebenslauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An. 2006), 25–31; Clark, Iron­Kingdom , A.Grabau , 42; Ge­schichte­der 418–419. For Kavel, Angas, and the Deutschen­in­Buffalo­und­Erie South Australian Company see: County,­N.Y. (Buffalo 1898) 268–269 George Sutherland, The­South (English) and 269–270 (German); Australian­Company:­A­Study­in Iwan, Die­Altlutherische­Auswan­- Colo­nisation (Lon don and New derung , II:91; Abdell Ross Wentz, A York, 1898); Siegfried P. Hebar Basic­History­of­Lu­theran­ism­in “Lutheranism in Australia and America , rev. ed. (Phila delphia, Oceania,” in ELC I (1965), 144–154 1964), 100; “The Story of Trinity Old at 144–145; Schubert, Kavel’s Lutheran Church” (see n. 47); Nel- People , 61–63 and 149. son, The­Lutherans­in­North 45 Iwan, Um­des­Glaubens­willen­nach America , 154–155. Australien , 28; Schubert, Kavel’s 50 Johannes Andreas Grabau, Lebens­- People , 160–176; Harmstorf and lauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An.­A. Cigler, The­Germans­in­Australia , 14 Grabau , 42–43; Geschichte­der and 16–17; Voigt, Australia- Deutschen­in­Buffalo , 269–270 Germany , 18–19; Iwan-Schubert, (English) and 270–271 (German); Because­of­Their­Beliefs , 25–32; Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die­Ge­- Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile,” 518; schichte­der­Familie­Grabau , Meyer, A­History­of­Germans­in 185–86; “The Story of Trinity Old Australia , 82–84; Tampke, The Lutheran Church” (see n. 47). Germans­in­Australia , 31. 51 Johannes Andreas Grabau, Lebens­- 46 Johannes Andreas Grabau, lauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An.­A. Lebenslauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An. Grabau , 50; Nelson, The­Lutherans A.­Grabau , 35. in­North­America , 176. Abdel Ross 47 Johannes Andreas Grabau, ibid .; Wentz, The­Lutheran­Church­in Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile,” 506. American­History (Philadel phia, 48 150 th Anniversary Committee, Tri - 1923), 157, observes that the synod nity Old Lutheran Church, “The was very rigid in doctrine and disci - Story of Trinity Old Lutheran pline and has not grown very rapidly; Church: 150 Years under God’s similarly Wentz, A­Basic­History­of Guidance, 1839–1989;” Eggerts ville, Lutheranism­in­America 114 . NY, 1989; http:// trinity old 52 Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die lutheran.org/ TOL/ history _of Geschichte­der­Familie­Grabau , 186; _tol_07.htm. Clifford Neal Smith, Gerber, “The Pathos of Exile,” 513; Nineteenth-Century­Emi­gration , 16, “The Story of Trinity Old Lutheran —75 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 76

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Church” (see n. 47); Fred W. Meuser, www.ctsfw. net/ media/ The­Formation­of­the­American­Lu­- pdfs/grabauhirtenbrief.pdf. theran­Church:­A­Case­Study­in­Lu­- 57 Johannes Andreas Grabau, Lebens­- theran­Unity (Columbus, 1958), esp. lauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An.­A. 226–27; Wentz, A­Basic­History­of Grabau , 44–49; Geschichte­der Lutheranism­in­America , 67 and Deutschen­in­Buffalo , 270 (English) 287–291; Nelson, The­Lutherans­in and 271 (German); Baepler, A North­America , 176–177. Century­of­Grace , 142; Gerber, “The 53 Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die Pathos of Exile,” 512; “The Story of Geschichte­der­Familie­Grabau , 187. Trinity Old Lutheran Church” (see n. 54 Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die 47). Geschichte­der­Familie­Grabau , 186; 58 Johannes Andreas Grabau, Lebens­- “The Story of Trinity Old Lutheran lauf­des­Ehrwürdigen­J.­An.­A. Church” (see n. 47). Grabau , 74–75; “The Story of Trinity Old Lutheran Church” (see n. 55 Theodore G. Tappert, ed., Lutheran 47). Confessional­Theology­in­America 1840–1880 (New York, 1972) 59 Geschichte­der­Deutschen­in­Buffal o, 252–254; Tappert, ibid ., 29, speaks 270–71 (English) and 271 (German); of Grabau’s “hierarchical preten - Wilhelm Albert Grabau, Die­Ge­- sions.” schichte­der­Familie­Grabau , 189. 56 Wentz, The­Lutheran­Church­in 60 “The Story of Trinity Old Lutheran American­History , 156; Walter A. Church” (see n. 47). Baepler, A­Century­of­Grace;­A 61 “The Story of Trinity Old Lutheran History­of­the­Missouri­Synod Church” (see n. 47). 1847–1947 (St. Louis: Concordia 62 Dictionary­of­Scientific­Biography , 5 Pub lishing House, 1947), 137–142; (1972), 486–488. The catalog of the Wentz, A­Basic­History­of New York Public Library lists twen - Lutheranism­in­America , 113; ty-five different titles. Wilhelm Nelson, The­Lutherans­in­North Albert Grabau, Die­Geschichte­der America , 176–177. The text of this Familie­Grabau , 188. letter, in an English translation by 63 Gustav Philipp Körner, Das­deutsche William Schumacher, together with Element­in­den­Vereinigten­Staaten an introductory essay, is found in von­Nordamerika,­1818–1848 (Cin - Robert A. Kolb and Thomas E. cinnati, 1880), new ed., Patricia A. Manteufel, eds., Soli­Deo­Gloria: Herminghouse (New York, 1986), 71 Essays­on­C.­F.­W.­Walther­in and 313–14; William G. Bek, The Memory­of­August­R.­Suelflow (St. German­Settlement­Society­of Louis: Concordia Publishing House, Philadelphia­and­Its­Colony, 2000) 133– 154; for the text see also Hermann,­Missouri (Philadelphia, —76 — Pohlsander Old Lutherans_Steinwehr.qxd 12/23/2011 11:44 AM Page 77

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1907), rev. ed. Dorothy Heckmann 65 Baepler, A­Century­of­Grace , 32–33; Shrader (Boston, 1984); Richard Forster, Zion­on­the­Mississippi , O’Connor, The­German-Americans: 418–422; Nelson, The­Lutherans­in An­Informal­History (Boston, 1968) North­America , 178. 80–82; Forster, Zion­on­the 66 Wentz, The­Lutheran­Church­in Mississippi , 250; Gustav Koerner, American­History , 154–155; Baepler, “German Immigration and Settle - A­Century­of­Grace , 97–106; Wentz, ment,” in Don Heinrich Tolzmann, A­Basic­History­of­Lutheranism­in Missouri’s­German­Heritage , 2nd ed. America ,112 and 202; Forster, Zion (Milford, OH, 2006), 6–37. The town on­the­Mississippi , 532–533; Nelson, is named after Hermann, better called The­Lutherans­in­North­America , Arminius, the Ger manic chieftain 178; August R. Suelflow, Servant­of who defeated the Romans in the the­Word:­Life­and­Ministry­of­C.­F. Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 W.­Walther (St. Louis, 2000); Daniel A.D. The town observed the two- Schwenzer, “Walther, Carl Ferdinand thousandth anniversary of that battle Wilhelm,” in BBKL 18 (2001) with elaborate festivities in 2009. 1472–1476; Koerner, “St. Louis as a 64 Forster, Zion­on­the­Mississippi , German-American Center,” in Chapters I–IX; O’Connor 230–232; Tolzmann, Missouri’s­German­Heri­- Wentz, A­Basic­History­of tage , 58, n. 4, and 61, n. 19. Lutheranism­in­America , 100; 67 Roy A. Suelflow, “The Relations of Nelson, The­Lutherans­in­North the Missouri Synod with the Buffalo America , 155–157; Oliver K. Olson, Synod up to 1866,” Concordia “The Landing of the Saxons Historical­Institute­Quarterly 27 1839–1989,” Lutheran­Quarterly (1954), 1–19, 57–73, and 97–132; (new series, Milwaukee, WI), 3 Wentz, A­Basic­History­of­Lu­- (1989), 357–411; Thomas K. Kuhn, theranism­in­America , 139 and 203; “Stephan, Martin,” in BBKL 10, Nel son, The­Lutherans­in­North (1995) 1402–1403; Koerner, “St. Ame­rica , 227–228. Louis as a German-American 68 Baepler, A­Century­of­Grace , Center,” in Tolzmann, Missouri’s 319–330; Wentz, A­Basic­History­of German­Heritage , 58, n. 4. Lutheranism­in­America , 342–343.

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maP of The area under discussion courTesy hans a. P ohlsander