LIII La Influencia Española En La Introducción En Europa De Las

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LIII La Influencia Española En La Introducción En Europa De Las CUADERNOS VALENCIANOS DE HISTORIA DE LA MEDICINA Y DE LA CIENCIA LIII SERIE A (MONOGRAFÍAS) ________________________________________________________________ JOSÉ MARÍA LÓPEZ PIÑERO MARÍA LUZ LÓPEZ TERRADA La influencia española en la introducción en Europa de las plantas americanas (1493-1623) INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS DOCUMENTALES E HISTÓRICOS SOBRE LA CIENCIA UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA - C. S. I. C. VALENCIA, 1997 JOSÉ MARÍA LÓPEZ PIÑERO (Catedrático de Historia de la Medicina) y MARÍA LUZ LÓPEZ TERRADA (Colaboradora Científica del C. S. I. C. ) trabajan en la Unidad de Historia de la Ciencia del Instituto de Estudios Documentales e Históricos sobre la Ciencia (Universitat de València - C. S. I. C.) SUMARIO Introducción LAS PRIMERAS NOTICIAS Y DESCRIPCIONES SOBRE LAS PLANTAS AMERICANAS Primeras noticias y descripciones españolas sobre las plantas americanas Traducciones y ediciones en otros paíse de las primeras noticias y descripciones españolas sobre las plantas americanas Las plantas americanas en los tratados europeos de botánica y materia médica anteriores a la obra de Monardes EL TRATADO DE MONARDES: ACOGIDA Y PRIMERAS TRADUCCIONES La Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales (1565- 1574), de Nicolás Monardes, primer tratado sobre la materia médica americana La acogida del tratado de Monardes y sus primeras traducciones LAS PLANTAS AMERICANAS EN LA RELACIÓN DE CLUSIUS CON LOS NATURALISTAS ESPAÑOLES La trayectoria biográfica de Clusius Las plantas americanas en las obras de Clusius sobre las floras de la Península Ibérica y el territorio austro-húngaro La traducción anotada de la obra de Monardes Los Exoticorum libri introductorios (1605) y las Curae posteriores (1611) LAS TRADUCCIONES Y LA INFLUENCIA DEL TRATADO DE MONARDES DURANTE EL ÜLTIMO CUARTO DEL SIGLO XVI Los Países Bajos: l’Obel y Dodoens El mundo de lengua alemana: Camerarius y Tabernaemontanus Italia: traducciones del tratado de Monardes, Cesalpino y Durante Francia: traducciones del tratado de Monardes, Daléchamps Inglaterra: la traducción de Frampton, Gérard DE LA HISTORIA NATURAL Y MORAL DE LAS INDIAS (1590), DE ACOSTA, AL PINAX (1623) DE BAUHIN Las plantas en la Historia natural y moral de las Indias, de José de Acosta El Pinax de Bauhin: fuentes españolas sobre plantas americanas REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS INDICE ONOMÁSTICO ÍNDICE DE GÉNEROS Y ESPECIES BOTÁNICAS ÍNDICE DE NOMBRES VULGARES DE PLANTAS Introducción Las plantas ocupan una posición primordial en la vida humana. Por ello, la asimilación del “nuevo mundo” vegetal americano fue un proceso que condujo a profundos cambios en la sociedad y la cultura europeas. Variaron los alimentos y los medicamentos, las drogas y los venenos, los jardines y el paisaje, las maderas, los colorantes, los disolventes y otros muchos materiales de aplicación práctica. Las nuevas plantas pasaron a primer plano de la actividad económica y política, al mismo tiempo que iban incorporándose a la ciencia, el arte y la literatura, las creencias y prácticas religiosas, la magia y las supersticiones1. El estudio de un proceso tan complejo exige un acercamiento interdisciplinar que integre las aportaciones complementarias de cada perspectiva especializada, de acuerdo con los supuestos de la llamada “historia total”. El programa de investigación al que corresponde el presente volumen está planteado desde la historia de los saberes médicos y biológicos con el objetivo de estudiar la contribución científica española en la fase inicial del citado proceso, que puede situarse entre la publicación en 1493 de la carta de Colón a Luis de Santángel y los años centrales del siglo XVII, cuando ya habían aparecido las principales ediciones impresas de las aportaciones renacentistas españolas, entre ellas, los materiales procedentes de la expedición de Francisco Hernández a México. Se propone asimismo analizar la influencia que dicha contribución tuvo en el resto de los países europeos, no sólo durante el mismo período, sino en las etapas posteriores de la constitución de la botánica y la materia médica modernas. En el terreno de la botánica, esas etapas estuvieron encabezadas por John Ray a finales del siglo XVII y comienzos del XVIII, por Linneo durante la Ilustración y por Alexander von Humboldt, Aimée Bonpland, Karl Sigismund Kunth y Augustin Pyramus De Candolle en las primeras décadas de la pasada centuria. En el campo de la materia médica, los principales hitos fueron el tratado de Étienne François Geoffroy en la época ilustrada y el gran diccionario de F. V. Mérat y A. J. de Lens, publicado en el París de la primera mitad del siglo XIX que fue escenario central del punto de partida de la medicina actual2. 1 El volumen de LÓPEZ PIÑERO, COSTA TALÉNS et al. (1996) ofrece una visión sinóptica de estos cambios. 2 Cf. los estudios generales sobre historia de la botánica y la materia médica citados a continuación, así como los monográficos que se irán mencionado posteriormente. El trabajo en este programa de investigación desde hace más de una década ha motivado una serie de publicaciones, fundamentalmente dedicadas a cuatros temas: las primeras noticias y descripciones españolas sobre plantas americanas durante el período 1493-15533; la obra de Nicolás Monardes, originalmente publicada entre 1565 y 1574, como primer tratado acerca de la materia médica americana4; la Historia de las plantas de Nueva España, de Francisco Hernández, resultante de la expedición a México desde 1571 a 1577, y su influencia en la botánica y la materia médica europeas hasta comienzos del siglo XIX5; y la incorporación de los nuevos remedios americanos a la farmacoterapia española del Renacimiento6. El objetivo del presente volumen es contribuir al análisis de la influencia que tuvieron los estudios españoles sobre las plantas americanas durante el período 1493-1623. La primera fecha corresponde, por supuesto, a la publicación de la carta de Colón a Luis de Santángel. La segunda, a la aparición del Pinax de Caspar Bauhin, gran repertorio de la mayoría de las plantas descritas en las obras impresas hasta entonces, que pesó decisivamente en la trayectoria posterior de la botánica. Bauhin lo redactó durante los años de máxima difusión europea del tratado de José de Acosta sobre la historia natural americana (1590) e inmediatamente antes de que comenzaran a editarse los materiales procedentes de la expedición de Hernández. En consecuencia, el presente trabajo se propone estudiar la influencia de tres contribuciones sucesivas: las primeras noticias y descripciones españolas sobre la flora americana publicadas hasta mediados del siglo XVI, la Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales (1565-1574), de Monardes, y la Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590), de Acosta. 3 PARDO TOMÁS y LÓPEZ TERRADA (1992, 1993), LÓPEZ TERRADA y PARDO TOMÁS (1992). 4 LÓPEZ PIÑERO (1989, 1990c, 1992a, 1992c). 5 LÓPEZ PIÑERO y PARDO TOMÁS (1994, 1996), LÓPEZ PIÑERO (1992a, 1992c). 6 FRESQUET FEBRER (1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1993). También corresponden al programa las publicaciones de LÓPEZ PIÑERO (1990a, 1991, 1992b) sobre el Códice Pomar; LÓPEZ PIÑERO y CALERO (1988) sobre la introducción de la quina en Europa; LÓPEZ PIÑERO y LÓPEZ TERRADA (1994) sobre la traducción del tratado de Leonhart Fuchs por Juan de Jarava; PARDO TOMÁS (1991) sobre las obras españolas de historia natural y materia médica en la Italia del siglo XVI; y RIPPA BONATI y PARDO TOMÁS (1989) sobre la Carta de Diego Álvarez Chanca. Con esta finalidad se ha analizado casi un centenar de libros y folletos dedicados al estudio de las plantas y editados durante el citado período principalmente en Italia, los Países Bajos y el mundo de lengua alemana, Francia e Inglaterra. Conviene recordar que la botánica no llegó entonces a constituirse como disciplina. Desde el punto de vista teórico, el estudio de los vegetales correspondía a la historia natural, pero en la práctica dependió en mayor o menor grado de sus aplicaciones médicas. Las únicas cátedras existentes en Europa eran las de “medicamentos simples” o materia médica, que se fundaron primero en varias universidades italianas, a las que siguió tempranamente la de Valencia y, en fechas más tardías, las de Montpellier y Basilea. No se planteó en forma alguna la profesionalización del estudio de las plantas, que realizaron mayoritariamente médicos y boticarios, junto a personas con diversas ocupaciones de condición civil o eclesiástica. Desde entonces hasta finales de la Ilustración, figuras tan paradigmáticas como Fuchs, Clusius, Hernández, los Bauhin, Tournefort, Linneo, los Jussieu, Mutis, Ruiz y Pavón continuaron siendo médicos o farmacéuticos de profesión. Los patrones de conducta de la actividad científica relacionada con la botánica no se definieron claramente hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. El descubrimiento y la recogida de materiales fitológicos, la publicación de descripciones e imágenes y, todavía más, la introducción de plantas en la materia médica estuvieron con frecuencia disociados durante los primeros tiempos modernos. Investigadores de primer rango, entre ellos, Ghini, Gessner, Hernández y Aldrovandi, no publicaron nada o dejaron inédita toda su producción o su principal obra botánica. En el polo opuesto, autores como Mattioli, Clusius, Dalechamps y Bauhin reunieron en sus tratados amplias series de materiales, en buena parte ajenos. La relación del estudio de las plantas y de la materia médica con las distintas mentalidades científicas de la época y la dialéctica entre tradición y renovación
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