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Les Premiers Bryozoologues Et La Connaissance Des Bryozoaires De Rondelet À Linnaeus / First Bryozoologists and the Knowledge of Bryozoa from Rondelet to Linnaeus

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Les Premiers Bryozoologues Et La Connaissance Des Bryozoaires De Rondelet À Linnaeus / First Bryozoologists and the Knowledge of Bryozoa from Rondelet to Linnaeus ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Denisia Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 0016 Autor(en)/Author(s): D'Hondt Jean-Loup L. Artikel/Article: Les premiers bryozoologues et la connaissance des Bryozoaires de Rondelet à Linnaeus / First bryozoologists and the knowledge of Bryozoa from Rondelet to Linnaeus. 329-350 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Les premiers bryozoologues et la connaissance des Bryozoaires de RONDELET ä LINNAEUS J.-L.L. D'HONDT Abstract: First bryozoologists and the knowledge of Bryozoa from RONDELET to LiNNAEUS. The first specialists of the bryozoans have logically compared the organisms as animals, but a long time before they were studied by the botanists and interpreted as marine and freshwater algae. Bryozoans were fi- nally and definitively considered as animals only at the beginning of the XVIIIth century. Nationalities, areas of study, jobs, languages of publication, professional carriers of the first bryozoologists are recapi- tulated. Scientific contributions of bryozoan specialists from RONDELET to LiNNAEUS are synthetized in the various fields of the knowledge (morphology, anatomy, development, ecology, biogeography). A short biography is presented of each of the first bryozoologists working from the Renaissance to 1758 (date of thelO* edition of the LiNNAEUS' „Systema Naturae"). An annex lists the species of Bryozoa ob- served by the bryozoologists during the XVlth and XVlIth centuries. Key words: Bryozoa, pre-linnean history, biographies. A la memoire de Guillaume RONDELET (1507-1566), premier zoologiste marin et premier bryozoologue, figure mythique compagne de coute notre carriere scientifique Introduction microscopiques, mais constituent des colo- nies oü les individus sont bourgeonnes les Les chercheurs actuels definissent les uns par les autres ; ces colonies, selon les es- Bryozoaires comme etant des animaux tri- peces, regroupent de deux ä plusieurs milli- ploblastiques (c'est-a-dire comportant les ers d'individus, et leurs dimensions varient trois feuillets embryologiques qui caracteri- alors d'un millimetre ä plusieurs decimetres; sent les metazoaires superieurs, de Pexterieur ils sont toujours aquatiques et en tres grande vers Pinterieur : l'ectoderme, le mesoderme majorite marins ; 200 especes marines envi- et l'endoderme) ; ä segmentation radiaire ; ron supportent un faible degre de salinite, et ä endomesoderme ; non trimeres ni archi- une centaine sont strictement dulcicoles. La meres ; ä cavite coelomique, unique, absen- larve (Eurystomes, Stenolaemates) ou le ju- te chez I'embryon et ne se creusant (sauf venile vagile se transforment en individu chez les Phylactolaemar.es ou eile se forme fondateur d'une nouvelle colonie, l'ances- chez I'embryon) par schizocoelie que pen- trula, qui bourgeonnera ses premiers indivi- dant la metamorphose larvaire ; dont l'indi- vidu adulte a conserve les capacites mor- dus-fils de premiere generation. 11 en a ete phogenetiques d'une gastrula ; presentant decrit environ 5700 especes actuelles et en- plusieurs types de reproduction sexuee et viron 20000 fossiles, depuis l'Ordovicien. asexuee ; sans appareils circulatoire, respi- Mais au cours des siecles les Bryozoaires ratoire et excreteur ; presentant un poly- n'ont pas toujours ete consideres comme des morphisme zoecial tres accentue ; ä tube di- animaux. Leur decouverte remonte ä 1555. gestif recourbe en U debutant par un lopho- Peu d'auteurs se sont interesses ä ces orga- Denisia 16, zugleich Kataloge phore peri-buccal. 11s sont individuellement der OÖ. Landesmuseen nismes du milieu du XVle siecle jusqu'ä ce- Neue Serie 28 (2005), 329-350 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at lui du XVIIIe siecle. Jusqu'ä la publication zoaires sont longtemps passes inapercus, et en 1758 de la lOe edition du « Systema Na- de ce fait ont ete ignores en tant que tels turae » de LlNNAEUS, annee conventionnel- aussi bien par les auteurs des bestiaires que lement admise comme point de depart de la par les premiers decouvreurs de la nature. La nomenclature binominale encore en usage premiere espece a ete decrite et figuree par de nos jours, seuls 42 travaux (soit 40 ouvra- RONDELET, qui supposait avoir retrouve un ges et 2 publications dans des revues scienti- organisme signale au Ve siecle par Athenee fiques - dont ce n'etait encore alors que le sous le nom d'Escharos. Certains des auteurs debut -) rediges par 42 auteurs (dont 40 seu- des XVle et XVIIe siecles avaient dejä pro- lement ont publie leurs observations) ont pose des noms latins pour les Bryozoaires traite partiellement ou en totalite des Bryo- qu'ils avaient observes ; mais anterieurs ä zoaires : soit en figurant ou en decrivant des 1758 et souvent non binominaux, ils n'ont especes, soit en synthetisant des observa- pas pu etre admis par le Code International tions anterieures. Pour 16 de ces auteurs, en de Nomenclature zoologique. LlNNAEUS a effet, les Bryozoaires etaient des algues ; toutefois repris certains d'entre eux dans la pour les deux premiers bryozoologues, RON- litterature preexistante pour designer des es- DELET et GESNER, les Bryozoaires appartenai- peces qu'il a lui-meme decrites ou redecrir.es, ent effectivement bien au regne animal. et est considere comme le createur officiel Mais de 1558 ä 1711, tous les auteurs ä l'ex- des taxons correspondants. Leur nom de ception de LlSTER ont vu en eux des vege- Bryozoaires, propose par Ehrenberg en 1831, taux aquatiques. provient de l'aspect presente par leurs colo- nies observees sur le vivant ä un faible gros- La periode de trois ans comprise entre sissement ; leur partie viscerale (ou polypi- 1755 ä 1758 correspond par ailleurs ä une de) devagine son panache tentaculaire peri- phase-charniere dans revolution des con- buccal pour la capture de la nourriture ; cel- naissances sur les Bryozoaires. En effet, en le-ci est essentiellement de nature vegetale, 1755, le negociant et botaniste amateur an- plus accessoirement animate (le regime est glais John ELLIS proposa une premiere classi- microphage) ; lorsque de nombreux pana- fication des Bryozoaires connus ä son epo- ches tentaculaires sont devagines simultane- que, en considerant qu'il ne s'agissait pas ment, la surface de la colonie presente un d'algues corallines, mais d'animaux. En aspect veloute simulant un coussinet de 1689, le naturaliste anglais Eduard Chwyd mousses (du grec « bruon », mousse). publia les premieres descriptions de Bryozo- CANU (1916) a cru recenser l'ensemble aires fossiles identifies comme animaux. En de la bibliographie primitive relative aux 1758 parut l'ouvrage fundamental de LlN- Bryozoaires ; en fait, pres de la moitie des NAEUS, la lOe edition du «Systema Na- references avait echappe ä sa sagacite. II turae», et c'est cette date que nous adop- faut par ailleurs remarquer que plusieurs des terons comme limite pour la presente etude. grands auteurs classiques des XVle et XVIIe II nous a paru legitime de considerer que la siecles n'ont pas mentionne de Bryozoaires, bibliographie primitive sur les Bryozoaires qu'il s'agisse par exemple de Colonna, de correspondait ä Pensemble des travaux pu- Van Joenckema (dit Dodens), de Mathiole blies avant cette date. ou de Nierenberg qui, s'interessant aux al- Dans les differents pays europeens, la de- gues, auraient pu ä l'epoque les confondre couverte des Bryozoaires est de peu posteri- avec des Bryozoaires. L'etude et l'interpreta- eure ä l'eveil de la zoologie, en tant que ve- tion de la bibliographie ancienne requierent ritable discipline scientifique. Ainsi, les pre- par ailleurs une certaine prudence. MORI- miers zoologistes italiens ont-ils ete Leonar- SON (Tab. 10,3 et p. 656) et BESLER ont fi- do da Vinci (1452-1519) et Paolo Giovio gure des echantillons qui pourraient mor- (1483-1552), le premier francais Pierre Gil- phologiquement etre des Bryozoaires ; mais les - dit Gyllius - (1489-1552), le premier leurs dimensions apparentes laissent planer anglais Edward Wotton (1492-1555), les un doute et il n'est pas impossible qu'il fail- premiers allemands Caspar Schwechenfeld le plutot les considerer comme des Sclerac- (1563-1609) et Georgius Fabricius (1589- tiniaires et, dans 1'affirmative, probablement 1645). Du fait de leur petite taille, les Bryo- du genre Acropora. Les plus anciens auteurs 330 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at n'ont fburni aucune information ni sur l'an- Fig. 1 : Guillaume atomie, ni sur le developpement des Bryozo- RONDELET (frontispice de son ouvrage de aires, domaines inaccessibles avec les moy- 1555). Avec ens materiels de 1'epoque ; en effet, ce n'est I'aimable qu'au debut du XVIIIe siecle que Bernard de autorisation du JUSSIEU et REAUMUR observerent pour la Laboratoire d'lchtyologie du premiere fois des polypides vivants, et en Museum national 1816 que Jean-Baptiste Monet de LAMARCK d'Histoire naturelle vit les premieres larves de Bryozoaires ma- de Paris. rins. Les bryozoologues pre-linneens: brefs rappels biographiques Remarques preliminaires - Les auteurs sont classes chronologi- quement en fonction de la date de partition de leur ouvrage (ou de sa premiere edition s'il y en a eu plusieurs), et non selon leur da- te de naissance ou de 1'ordre alphabetique. Plusieurs de ces titres ont par la suite fait l'objet de renditions (RONDELET, GESNER, IMPERATO, JOHNSON, RAY, PLUKENET). - Les dates de publication des travaux portant sur les Bryozoaires sont indiqu£es ä la suite des noms des auteurs ; leurs referen- ces figurent ä la fin de ce travail. S'ils ont 1747) n'a pas ete prise en consideration, pu- specifiquement considere ces organismes, isque seulement publiee dans le courant du soit corarae des animaux, soit comme des XVIIIe siecle. MEUNIER & D'HONDT (2002) vegetaux, ces dates sont respectivement sui- ont publie une longue analyse de l'ceuvre vies des lettres A ou V. Par ailleurs, « ed » scientifique de RONDELET ä l'occasion de la indique que les auteurs ont observe des es- recente reedition de « PHistoire entiere des peces d'eau douce et « f » des specimens poissons ».
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