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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Ecological impacts of a new invasive species in UK rivers the quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis (bivalva: dreissenidae; Andrusov 1897) Mills, Daniel Nash Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF A NEW INVASIVE SPECIES IN UK RIVERS: THE QUAGGA MUSSEL, DREISSENA ROSTRIFORMIS BUGENSIS (BIVALVA: DREISSENIDAE; ANDRUSOV 1897) Daniel Nash Mills 1154577 A thesis submitted to King’s College London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography, King’s College London December 2018 I, Daniel Nash Mills, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below, and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis.I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Date: 19th December 2018 Details of collaborations: 1. The author is indebted to the geography department of Loughborough Univeirsty for use of a laboratory flume facility in their Rivers Laboratory alongside significant advice and tutelage from the head of department Professor Steven Rice and laboratory manager Dr. Richard Harland. Experiments described in chapter 4 could not have been achieved otherwise. 2. The author’s NERC innovation internship at the Thames Estuary partnership provided valuable contacts for site permissions and technical advice helpful in the compilation of this document. 3. Funding was supplied by the Natural Environment Research Council and the author was supported by the London NERC Doctoral Training Partnership (NERC Reference: NE/L002485/1). 2 Project Summary The primary objective of this project was to conduct quantitative investigations on impacts of non-native ‘quagga mussel,’ Dreissena rostriformis bugensis in the UK range. A freshwater bivalve mollusc from the Ponto Caspian region, the quagga mussel was considered, prior to first record, a threatening invasive species to UK biodiversity. Given lack of regional knowledge regarding the influence of D. r. bugensis on native ecology, quantitative research into observable and potential impacts of the species was considered important. Following a general introduction and statement of project aims, this dissertation was divided into three parts. Part 1, titled ‘observable impacts,’ comprised two data chapters; each explored influences of D. r. bugensis on invertebrate communities in situ. The first chapter presented an annual-scale benthic survey to compare invertebrate communities between invaded and uninvaded lotic reaches within the UK range. The second described benthos colonisation experiments testing the influence of mussel shells at higher densities than found at the time. Part 2 was titled ‘impact mechanisms’ and contained three chapters. The first presented results from laboratory flume experiments to assess geomorphic impacts of D. r. bugensis in rivers. The second chapter provided extended discussion on the impacts of suspension feeding Dreissena spp. in rivers, incorporating a series of ex situ and in situ experiments on D. r. bugensis in the the UK invaded range. The third chapter was derived following first record of invasive shrimp Dikerogammarus haemobaphes within the D. r. bugensis range. Possible commensalism between Dreissena spp. and other Ponto Caspian species was investigated in the context of Invasional Meltdown Hypothesis (Simberloff and Von Holle 1999). Part 3 of the dissertation, titled ‘likelihood of impacts,’ included two final chapters. The first aimed to assess the preferred habitats of D. r. bugensis within the known invaded range. Additionally, this work analysed change in reach-scale mussel densities since the annual-term survey of part 1. Further, discussing whether other regional environments could be at risk of future invasion. The final dissertation chapter contained a summary of project conclusions with synthesis of all findings to comment on potential impacts of D. r. bugensis in the invasive range and other UK freshwaters. 3 Acknowledgments I have many friends and collegues to thank for helping me construct this dissertation. Firstly, I am hugely grateful for the incredible field assistance, company and advice provided by a host of incredible people. In no particular order, Kelly Gunnell, Fenner Holman, Yukyung Oh, Pratik Mishra, Claudia Gutierezz, Payal Majmudar, Ellie Mackay, Naresh Patel, Lauren Koerner, Chiara Bancone, Matt Spencer, Giacomo Morreti, Nando Lewis, Harry Sanders, Richard Mason, Bekah East, Eleri Pritchard, Rory Walshe, Dan Etherley, Felicia liu, Olivia Pang, Hester Hanegraef and Rebecca Farnum. Particular thanks must go to Professor Steve Rice, Professor Paul Wood and Dr. Richard Harland at Loughborough University. Thanks too, for the help of both Amy Pryor and Meghna Shah of the Thames Esturary Partnership and Joe Pecorelli at the Zoological Society of London. Also, for encouraging an enduring love of freshwater ecology; I must thank Nina Birkby, Drew Constable and Nathan Hall at the Environment Agency in Brampton. My secondary supervisor Dr. Robert Francis has also provided huge advice, but I am perhaps most indebted to the careful and patient tutelage of my primary supervisor, Dr. Michael Chadwick. Mike has helped me every step as a developing scientist. His love for teaching and passion for the subject will always remain an inspiration. More thanks must go to my closest friends and companions Daniel Chadwick, Anna Lavelle, Eleanore Heasley, Luke Langlands and Marta Niezgoda. Whether they know it or not, their support has been of immesurable value to me throughout. I must finally mention the constant and seemingly unconditional support of my parents, to whom I dedicate this work. 4 Table of Contents List of Figures .......................................................................................................................7 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................11 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................15 Part 1: Observed Impacts Chapter 2: Impact of invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, Bivalva: Dreissenidae) on the macroinvertebrate community structure of a UK river ........................30 Blank space hereIntroduction ................................................................................................31 Blank space hereMethodology ...............................................................................................33 Blank space hereResults ........................................................................................................39 Blank space hereDiscussion ...................................................................................................51 Blank space hereConclusions ................................................................................................55 Blank space here Blank space here Chapter 3: Artificial substrate experiments to investigate potential impacts of invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis, Bivalva: Dreissenidae) on macroinvertebrate communities in a UK river. ....................................................................................................57 Blank space hereIntroduction ................................................................................................59 Blank space hereMethodology ...............................................................................................61
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