Unit 4 Kingdoms in the Deccan and the South*
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The Pushyabhutis and the UNIT 4 KINGDOMS IN THE DECCAN AND Rise of Harsha THE SOUTH* Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Political Situation in the Deccan till the Mid-Sixth Century CE 4.2.1 Vidarbha (Maharashtra) 4.2.2 Karnataka 4.2.3 Eastern Deccan 4.2.4 South Karnataka 4.3 Political Situation in South India 4.4 The Rise of the Chalukyas, Pallavas and the Pandyas 4.4.1 The Chalukyas 4.4.2 The Pallavas 4.4.3 The Pandyas 4.4.4 Other Powers 4.5 Conflicts Between Different Powers 4.5.1 The Role of Minor Kings 4.5.2 Other Dimensions of Political Conflicts 4.5.3 Relations with Other Countries 4.5.4 Kerala 4.6 Political Organization 4.6.1 The King and the Higher Stratum of Administration 4.6.2 Administrative Units 4.6.3 Local Associations 4.7 Relations between Different Categories of Rulers 4.8 Summary 4.9 Key Words 4.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 4.11 Suggested Readings 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to learn about: the kingdoms that arose in the Deccan and South India with special reference to the Chalukyas of Badami and Pallavas of Kanchi; the relations between these kingdoms; the role of geography in understanding the political history of our period; and how people were governed in these kingdoms. *This Unit has been adopted from EHI-02, Block-8. 47 History of India from C. 300 C.E. to 1206 4.1 INTRODUCTION People often speak of India south of the Vindhyas as South India or the Deccan. This division has been made for a long time, indeed as early as ancient India when the area south of the Vindhyas was called Dakshinapatha (Southern Territory). Dakhina became Dakkan of medieval times, from which, in turn, the term Deccan is derived. But, historians and geographers have found it more useful to distinguish the Deccan proper from the rest of south India. The Deccan consists of Maharashtra and northern Karnataka, and as far as the double deltas of Godavari and Krishna. Following this usage, we shall speak of the Deccan and south India as the two regions south of the Vindhyas while the term ‘southern India’ will stand for both the regions and as distinct from ‘northern India’. You will appreciate the value of these distinctions more and more as you go deeper into the study of the history and society of this area. You have already read about the political developments which took place in the Deccan and south India in the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. You have noticed that while the Deccan was included in the Mauryan empire, the major chiefdoms of south India i.e. those of the Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras and Satiyaputras were friendly neighbours of the Mauryas. In the post-Mauryan period, initially minor chiefs assuming the title of raja (King) appeared in the Deccan and the Deccan was politically integrated by the Satavahanas who called themselves “Lords of the Deccan”. In the south too, the chiefdoms were going through important changes resulting in the emergence of state systems in the subsequent period. In this Unit you shall be reading about the political situation which developed in the Deccan from the post-Satavahana period (beginning of the 3rd century CE to the 8th century CE). 4.2 POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE DECCAN TILL THE MID-SIXTH CENTURY CE After the decline of the Satavahanas the political control of Deccan under one dynasty came to an end. Several kingdoms arose in different regions as successors of the Satavahanas. In northern Maharashtra we see the Abhiras, who for a time served as army commanders in the Shaka kingdoms, founding a kingdom in mid-3rd century CE. The founder of this line was one Isvarasena who began an era in 248-49 CE. This era became very important later and came to be known as Kalachuri-Chedi Era. 4.2.1 Vidarbha (Maharashtra) The Maharashtra plateau soon came to be dominated by the Vakatakas. They began as minor kings from the last quarter of the 3rd century CE, but rapidly gained in power and extended their sway over most of Maharashtra and adjoining parts of Madhya Pradesh. There were two lines of Vakataka kings ruling in different areas. The main line ruled from eastern Maharashtra (the Vidarbha region), while a collateral branch called the Basin branch of the Vakatakas ruled in southern Maharashtra. The most famous Vakataka king was Pravarasena-I of the main line, who alone had the title of Samrat among the Vakatakas. He performed several Vedic sacrifices and issued many land-grants to the Brahmanas. The Vakatakas seem to have been a peace-loving people overall and had formed 48 matrimonial and diplomatic ties with their powerful neighbours such as the Kingdoms in the Deccan and Guptas in the north, the Vishnukundins in eastern Deccan and the Kadambas in the South the south. But the break-up and weakening of the kingdom could not be prevented as the Kalachuris and Kadambas carved out their territories at its cost in the first half of the 6th century CE. By the mid-6th century they were supplanted by the Chalukyas of Badami as the major power in the Deccan. 4.2.2 Karnataka In the coastal strip of northern Karnataka (North Kanara) and adjoining areas a small kingdom was carved out by the Chutus. They ruled till about the mid-4th century CE when they were supplanted by the Kadambas. This kingdom was founded by the famous Mayurasarman who was an expert in guerrilla warfare and compelled the Pallavas of Kanchi to recognize his sovereignty. He, then, performed horse sacrifices (ashvamedha) and became Mayuravarman from Mayurasarman, that is, a kshatriya from a brahmana (Varman was a typical kshatriya surname while Sarman was a brahmana surname). Early in its history there was a division of the Kadamba kingdom into two parts between the two lines of the family, with Vaijayanti (Banavasi) and Palasika (Halsi) as the capitals. The two lines were never at peace with each other, and both were threatened by their more powerful neighbours – the Pallavas, the Western Gangas, and above all, the Chalukyas of Badami. The Chalukyas gradually entered into their territory and by about 575 CE completely vanquished them. 4.2.3 Eastern Deccan Politically, the most disturbed region in the post-Satavahana Deccan was the fertile Krishna-Godavari delta (Andhra delta) in the east. Here, the Satavahanas were succeeded by the Ikshvakus who were in control of this region from 225 CE. There was a break in their rule by the coming of Abhiras from the west but it was a brief interregnum and the Ikshvakus came back and ruled for the next 50 years or so. Then, the area was apparently split up into a number of principalities. From copper-plate inscriptions we come to know of the kings of Brihatphalayana gotra followed by those of Salankayana gotra, while the Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga-prashasti) which praises Samudragupta, informs us about half a dozen kingdoms in this area about 350 CE. These included kingdoms of Vengi and of Kurala, with capitals at Pishtapura and at Avamukta of Devarashtra, and so on. Political stability returned to the Andhra delta from the mid-5th century with the coming of the Vishnukundins. They had good relations with the Vakatakas, but had prolonged, continued conflicts with the Western Gangas of south Karnataka. Madhavarman-I (440-60 CE), the founder of the line who performed many horse sacrifices, and Madhavavarman-II (556-616 CE) are among the famous rulers of the line. The Vishnukundins ruled till about the first quarter of the 7th century CE when the Chalukyas came in. 4.2.4 South Karnataka In south Karnataka there arose a dynasty at the beginning of the 5th century CE. The kings of this dynasty are called Gangas or Western Gangas to distinguish them from the Eastern Ganges of Odisha. The Western Gangas ruled over south Karnataka for the next 600 years. Because of such a long association the area 49 History of India from came to be called Gangavadi. Gangavadi is an isolated territory surrounded by C. 300 C.E. to 1206 mountains and is relatively less prosperous agriculturally. Both these factors allowed the Gangas to rule without much interference from outsiders for such a long time. They were, however, very advantageously situated from a military point of view. They were to play a very important role in the mutual conflicts between the Pallavas and the Chalukyas of Badami, mostly as subordinate allies of the latter, as well as in the conflict between the Pallavas and Pandyas. They did not generally have cordial relations with the Pallavas who were well placed to harass them from their lofty mountain fortress of Nandidrug. 4.3 POLITICAL SITUATION IN SOUTH INDIA The Sangam period in Tamilnadu and Kerala drew to a close about the end of the 3rd century CE. The history of this area from the 4th to the mid-6th century CE is very obscure. The early history of the Pallavas belongs to this period. We have their copper-plate charters that were issued from Kanchi. Pallava rule was traditionally associated with the Kanchi region (Palar river valley) or Tondaimandalam (Tondai is Tamil for Pallava). But it seems that during this period the Kanchi region was not under their effective control as they had been pushed north by mountainous tribes called Kalabhras. In fact, from the end of the Sangam period to the mid-6th century CE Tamilnadu and Kerala were dominated by the Kalabhras.