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The Speciation History of Heliconius: Inferences from Multilocus DNA Sequence Data
The speciation history of Heliconius: inferences from multilocus DNA sequence data by Margarita Sofia Beltrán A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London September 2004 Department of Biology University College London 1 Abstract Heliconius butterflies, which contain many intermediate stages between local varieties, geographic races, and sympatric species, provide an excellent biological model to study evolution at the species boundary. Heliconius butterflies are warningly coloured and mimetic, and it has been shown that these traits can act as a form of reproductive isolation. I present a species-level phylogeny for this group based on 3834bp of mtDNA (COI, COII, 16S) and nuclear loci (Ef1α, dpp, ap, wg). Using these data I test the geographic mode of speciation in Heliconius and whether mimicry could drive speciation. I found little evidence for allopatric speciation. There are frequent shifts in colour pattern within and between sister species which have a positive and significant correlation with species diversity; this suggests that speciation is facilitated by the evolution of novel mimetic patterns. My data is also consistent with the idea that two major innovations in Heliconius, adult pollen feeding and pupal-mating, each evolved only once. By comparing gene genealogies from mtDNA and introns from nuclear Tpi and Mpi genes, I investigate recent speciation in two sister species pairs, H. erato/H. himera and H. melpomene/H. cydno. There is highly significant discordance between genealogies of the three loci, which suggests recent speciation with ongoing gene flow. Finally, I explore the phylogenetic relationships between races of H. melpomene using an AFLP band tightly linked to the Yb colour pattern locus (which determines the yellow bar in the hindwing). -
Characterising Reproductive Barriers Between Three Closely Related Heliconius Butterfly Taxa
Characterising reproductive barriers between three closely related Heliconius butterfly taxa. Lucie M. Queste MSc by Research University of York, Biology November 2015 1 Abstract Debates about the possibility of divergence in the face of gene flow have been an ongoing feature in the field of speciation. However, recent theoretical studies and examples in nature have demonstrated evidence for such a process. Much research now focuses on finding more evidence of reinforcement such as stronger isolation in sympatric populations. Genomic studies have also been investigating the role of gene flow in sympatric speciation and the formation of islands of divergence. Heliconius butterflies offer extensive opportunities to answer such questions. Here, I test whether male colour pattern preference and female host plant preference act as reproductive barriers in three Heliconius taxa with varying degrees of geographic overlap. Further experiments on the F2 hybrids of two of these taxa aimed to identify the underlying genomic architecture of these traits. My results suggest that male colour pattern preference and host preference are acting as reproductive barriers. Stronger differences between the sympatric species were found demonstrating evidence for reinforcement and divergence with gene flow. Initial analyses of the F2 hybrid phenotypes suggest that several loci control these traits and pave the way for future genetic analyses to further understand the role of gene flow in speciation. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Figures 4 List of Tables 5 Acknowledgements 6 Author’s Declaration 7 Chapter 1 – Introduction 8 1. Speciation 8 2. Heliconius 15 3. Aims and Objectives 20 Chapter 2 – Identifying traits acting as reproductive barriers between three taxa of 21 Heliconius with varying levels of gene flow. -
Divergence of Chemosensing During the Early Stages of Speciation
Divergence of chemosensing during the early stages of speciation Bas van Schootena,b,1,2, Jesyka Meléndez-Rosaa,1,2, Steven M. Van Belleghema, Chris D. Jigginsc, John D. Tand, W. Owen McMillanb, and Riccardo Papaa,b,e,2 aDepartment of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00925; bSmithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Balboa Ancón, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama; cDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 8PQ Cambridge, United Kingdom; dRoche NimbleGen Inc., Madison, WI 53719; and eMolecular Sciences and Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907 Edited by Joan E. Strassmann, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, and approved June 1, 2020 (received for review December 5, 2019) Chemosensory communication is essential to insect biology, play- few studies have identified chemosensory genes involved in re- ing indispensable roles during mate-finding, foraging, and ovipo- productive isolation (9, 15, 16). sition behaviors. These traits are particularly important during To date, most of the work on the genetic basis of chemo- speciation, where chemical perception may serve to establish spe- sensory signaling has been conducted on insects, with an em- cies barriers. However, identifying genes associated with such phasis on Drosophila and moths (e.g., Heliothis and Bombyx). complex behavioral traits remains a significant challenge. Through However, in the past few years, the growing accessibility of a combination of transcriptomic and genomic approaches, we whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing has allowed us to characterize the genetic architecture of chemoperception and the describe chemosensory genes for a number of new butterfly role of chemosensing during speciation for a young species pair of species. -
Do Pollen Feeding, Pupal-Mating and Larval Gregariousness Have a Single Origin in Heliconius Butterflies? Inferences from Multilocus DNA Sequence Data
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 221-239. With 4 figures Do pollen feeding, pupal-mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in Heliconius butterflies? Inferences from multilocus DNA sequence data MARGAEITA BELTRAN1'2'3*, CHRIS D. JIGGINS3, ANDREW V. Z. BROWER4, ELDREDGE BERMINGHAM1 and JAMES MALLET2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, AA 2072, Balboa, Panama 2The Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK ^Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA Received 22 November 2005; accepted for publication 4 November 2006 Phylogenetic information is useful in understanding the evolutionary history of adaptive traits. Here, we present a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis for Heliconius butterflies and related genera. We use this tree to investigate the evolution of three traits, pollen feeding, pupal-mating behaviour and larval gregariousness. Phylogenetic relationships among 60 Heliconiina species (86% of the subtribe) were inferred from partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome oxidase II and 16S rRNA, and fragments of the nuclear genes elongation factor-la, apterous, decapentaplegic and wingless (3834 bp in total). The results corroborate previous hypotheses based on sequence data in showing that Heliconius is paraphyletic, with Laparus doris and Neruda falling within the genus, demonstrating a single origin for pollen feeding but with a loss of the trait in Neruda. However, different genes are not congruent in their placement of Neruda; therefore, monophyly of the pollen feeding species cannot be ruled out. There is also a highly supported monophyletic 'pupal-mating clade' suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the Heliconiina. -
Cryptic Speciation Associated with Geographic and Ecological
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2019, 186, 233–249. With 7 figures. Cryptic speciation associated with geographic and ecological divergence in two Amazonian Heliconius Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/186/1/233/5066664 by University of York user on 13 June 2019 butterflies NEIL ROSSER1,2*, , ANDRÉ V. L. FREITAS3, BLANCA HUERTAS4, MATHIEU JORON5, GERARDO LAMAS6, CLAIRE MÉROT7, FRASER SIMPSON8, KEITH R. WILLMOTT9, JAMES MALLET2 and KANCHON K. DASMAHAPATRA1 1Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK 2Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 3Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 4Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK 5Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France 6Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14–0434, Lima-14, Peru 7IBIS, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Canada 8Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 9McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Received 23 February 2018; revised 14 May 2018; accepted for publication 27 May 2018 The evolution of reproductive isolation via a switch in mimetic wing coloration has become the paradigm for speci- ation in aposematic Heliconius butterflies. Here, we provide a counterexample to this, by documenting two cryptic species within the taxon formerly considered Heliconius demeter Staudinger, 1897. -
Abstract Book
Species boundaries among Heliconius butterflies reflect the genetic architecture of speciation Simon Martin University of Cambridge We still lack a detailed understanding of the genetic mechanisms that allow species to coexist and hybridize without collapsing. Theory predicts that genetic incompatibilities that reduce fitness of hybrids and recombinants may form barriers to gene flow, particularly in genomic regions of reduced recombination. This has proved difficult to test empirically. Conventional methods for studying the landscape of gene flow across the genome are prone to biases, making them difficult to interpret. We addressed this issue by using novel, and less biased, approaches to study relatedness across the genome between hybridizing species of Heliconius butterflies. We compared two pairs of species using multiple resequenced genomes from multiple replicated regions of sympatry. We found that relatedness between species fluctuates on a large scale across the genome, and that patterns of introgression differ between the two species pairs. In one pair, gene flow is correlated with recombination rate, reduced at chromosome centres and in gene-rich regions. In the other pair, rates of gene flow are more even across the genome. Using simulations, we show that these patterns are consistent with biological differences between the two species pairs. One pair has distinct wing patterns that are under strong ecological selection and may provide a genome-wide barrier to gene flow. The other pair lacks this dramatic ecological difference, so the species boundary depends more on the distribution of genetic incompatibilities and recombination. Our findings therefore supplement theoretical work, showing how the shape of the species boundary reflects the genetic architecture of species differences. -
Conservation and Flexibility in the Gene Regulatory Landscape of Heliconiine Butterfly Wings 1
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/541599; this version posted February 5, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Hanly et al, Conservation and flexibility in the gene regulatory landscape of Heliconiine butterfly wings 1 1 Conservation and flexibility in the gene regulatory 2 landscape of Heliconiine butterfly wings 3 Joseph J Hanly1,2,3*, Richard WR Wallbank1,2, W Owen 4 McMillan2, Chris D Jiggins1,2 5 1. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge 6 CB2 3EJ, UK 7 2. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama 8 3. The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA 9 * = corresponding author. [email protected] 10 Abstract 11 Background 12 Many traits evolve by cis-regulatory modification, by which changes to non-coding 13 sequences affect the binding affinity for available transcription factors and thus 14 modify the expression profile of genes. Multiple examples of cis-regulatory evolution 15 have been described at pattern switch genes responsible for butterfly wing pattern 16 polymorphism, including in the diverse neotropical genus Heliconius, but the 17 identities of the factors that can regulate these switch genes have not been identified. 18 Results 19 We investigated the spatial transcriptomic landscape across the wings of three closely 20 related butterfly species, two of which have a convergently-evolved, co-mimetic 21 pattern, the other having a divergent pattern. -
Butterflies in Ologbo Forest
BUTTERFLIES IN OLOGBO FOREST Dr. Oskar Brattström [email protected] Survey efforts and methodology This survey combines data from tree visits to Ologbo. Initially Robert Warren made a two day survey 8-9 June 2006 and this brief visit produced a number of interesting records. I made a preliminary visit 27-31 October 2008 to asses if the area had potential for future butterfly studies. The result from these two shorter was promising and I therefore returned 22 March – 2 April 2009 to make a more detailed study. The main survey efforts have been concentrated two the South and North-west parts of the Ologbo Forest. Butterflies were captured using hand netting (most days between 09:30-14:00) and banana/pineapple baited traps, in most cases traps were left in the field over nights and re-baited at regular intervals. Captured specimens were either identified immediately in the field or brought back for later identification. There are still a large number of specimens waiting identification. Some species were also indentified on the wings when capture was not possible. One day was spent in the plantation itself (South of the Dura Club) to get an idea of what species of butterflies are present in an area with fully matured oil palms some distance away from a semi-natural forest. In this area only hand netting and visual observation was used, as the typical canopy species which can often only be recorded using traps hardly occur in this type habitat. In general it was very easy to detect and identify butterflies in this more open type of habitat and most of the species were well known savannah butterflies. -
BUTTERFLIES at AFI MOUNTAINS WILDLIFE SANCTUARY --- Report of Work Progress July 2010 (Update of Previous Report, Feb 2009)
BUTTERFLIES AT AFI MOUNTAINS WILDLIFE SANCTUARY --- Report of work progress July 2010 (Update of previous report, Feb 2009) OSKAR BRATTSTRÖM ([email protected]) Previous efforts As far as I know the only published report of butterflies from Afi Mountains Wildlife Sanctuary is from a joint report on Cross River butterflies (Knoop & Warren 2005). In this report there is included at list of butterflies from Afi Mountains documented by Duke P. Knoop and Inaoyom Sunday Imong who collected within the sanctuary for some days (exact number not reported) and recorded 139 species. The species found in this survey are listed in Appendix 1. Some records have been deleted since new revisions in taxonomy/ phylogeography have made them obsolete (Falcuna gitte, Euriphene veronica, Euriphene simplex). Survey efforts I have surveyed butterflies at Afi Mountains Wildlife Sanctuary at four different occasions. The first two visits were just quick stops as tourist at Afi Drill Ranch and the “survey” consisted of visual identification and some photographic work and resulted in 101 recorded species. My initial experience of the region was positive and therefore two longer periods have now been spent (20 Nov-2 Dec 2008 and 11-25 Feb 2009) with the sole purpose of surveying the butterflies in the area. At both occasions Drill Ranch has been used as base for daily surveys but an additional five nights were recently spent at higher elevations (see special section). After this initial survey a first report was written (February 2009) and this report is an updated version of the previous report including new records from two visits made 25-27 Jun 2009 and 25-30 Mar 2010. -
Butterflies of the Nimba Mountains, Liberia Report on the Butterfly Surveys
Nimba Western Range Iron Ore Project, Liberia Biodiversity Conservation Programme 2011-2015 Butterflies of the Nimba Mountains, Liberia Report on the butterfly surveys (2013-2014) for ArcelorMittal, Liberia Photo by André Coetzer Szabolcs Sáfián VERSION DATE: DEC 2014 ArcelorMittal Liberia Ltd. P.O. Box 1275 Tubman Boulevard at 15th Street Sinkor, Monrovia Liberia T +231 77 018 056 www.arcelormittal.com Western Range Iron Ore Project, Liberia Biodiversity Conservation Programme, 2011-2015 Butterflies of the Nimba mountains, Liberia: Report on the butterfly surveys 2013-2014 for Arcelormittal Liberia Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS ......................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Survey areas and habitats ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Survey methods ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Faunal surveys (non-standardised methods) .......................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Butterfly monitoring (standardised methods) ........................................................................ -
Ghana Trip Report: 02 May – 15 May 2016
GHANA TRIP REPORT: 02 MAY – 15 MAY 2016 Bare-headed Rock-fowl (Original name by BANNERMAN) Yellow-headed Picathartes (Suzi van de Reep) Some of the participants arrived three days before the commencement of the tour to acclimatize and look around Accra before the other participants arrived on the evening of the 1 May. During this time two visits were made to the University Botanical Gardens (Legon Botanical Gardens) where several excellent and photographic opportunities were had by those present. All in all a very productive tour was had by all with a total of 313 species of birds being seen and a further 16 heard in the two weeks trip, a few others were seen only by the guide and thus not included. Although the hot humid conditions took a while to adapt to, everyone had some very good experiences from bird sightings, a visit to the largest open air market in West Africa in Kumasi and the most incredible butterflies of Bobiri Forest and Butterfly Sanctuary. The various vegetation types and forests were also spell bounding with many species of trees and shrubs not identifiable but nevertheless remaining interesting. Yellow-billed Shrike on left and Bearded Barbet at Botanical Gardens, Accra (Louise Braine) Senegal Parrot left and Senegal Thicknee at Botanical Gardens, Accra (Louise Braine) Blue-bellied Roller left and Accra Botanical Gardens (Louise Braine) The participants were mainly from Namibia: Jan and Suzi van de Reep from Huab Lodge (who had joined us on an Antarctic trip a few years ago), Katy Sharpe from Tutwa Travel, Katima Mulilo, Sue Roux, Louise, myself and Patty Hopp, who had travelled from the States. -
Dasmahapatra Et Al. 2007
Biol. Lett. morphology both between species and among geo- doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0401 graphical races within species. The bright wing Published online colours act as a warning of their unpalatability to Evolutionary biology potential predators. Many species share similar pat- terns with unrelated Heliconiinae and Ithomiinae, leading to impressive Mu¨llerian mimicry rings (Bates Genetic analysis of a 1862; Turner 1981; Beccaloni 1997; Joron & Mallet 1998). Although hybrids are rare within most wild-caught hybrid between Heliconius populations, the existence of naturally occurring hybrids is intriguing because it suggests non-sister Heliconius that gene flow will be possible between species. Hence, this could lead to the transfer of adaptive butterfly species genes between species (Gilbert 2003). Kanchon K. Dasmahapatra*, Hybridization in Heliconius has hitherto been Armando Silva-Va´squez, Jae-Woo Chung examined genetically only in a few cases that involve and James Mallet closely related species: Heliconius erato and Heliconius himera,orHeliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK (Jiggins et al. 1997; Bull et al. 2006; Kronforst et al. *Author for correspondence ([email protected]). 2006). In all other cases, inferences of hybridization have been made on the basis of phenotypes of wild- Interspecific hybridization occurs regularly in caught specimens. In contrast, the extremely rare wild Heliconius butterflies, although hybrid individuals are usually very rare. However, hybrids between H. melpomene and the more distant hybridization generally occurs only between the species in the ‘silvaniform’ Heliconius (Mallet et al. most closely related species. We report a rare 2007) have never been examined genetically.