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PARÁMETROS POBLACIONALES Y APORTES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO HELICONIUS KLUK, 1780 EN HÁBITATS DE DIFERENTE GRADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA NICOL MAGALY RUEDA MUÑOZ UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA 2015 PARÁMETROS POBLACIONALES Y APORTES PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DEL GÉNERO HELICONIUS (KLUK, 1780) EN HÁBITATS DE DIFERENTE GRADO DE CONSERVACIÓN DE LA AMAZONIA COLOMBIANA NICOL MAGALY RUEDA MUÑOZ Tesis de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias-Biología Director: M. GONZALO ANDRADE C. Profesor Asociado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Codirector: ANDRE VICTOR LUCCI FREITAS Ph. D. Universidad de Campinas Línea de Investigación: Biodiversidad y Conservación UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA 2015 I Agradecimientos En primer lugar a Dios y a la vida que han abierto los espacios para que mis sueños cada día se hagan realidad. A mis Padres y Hermanos por su apoyo incondicional en el desarrollo de este proceso educativo. Muchas gracias por estar presentes de cuerpo y corazón en todos los momentos de mi vida. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, el Instituto de Ciencias Naturales y al Departamento de Biología por los espacios y tiempos brindados para el desarrollo de este trabajo. Al Profesor Miguel Gonzalo Andrade por su apoyo, por lo aportes oportunos a este trabajo, por sus innumerables enseñanzas y por el tiempo brindado y compartido. Al Profesor André Lucci Freitas por sus valiosos aportes, por la invitación a su país y Universidad, donde aprendi más de lo necesario para el desarrollo de esta tesis. Muchas gracias por palabras siempre llenas de aliento. A la Secretaria de Educación del Distrito quienes me brindaron una Comisión de estudios remunerada que permitio el desarrollo de la salida de campo de este trabajo. A Fernando Trujillo quién en representación de la Fundación Omacha me brindo todo el apoyo logistico para el desarrollo de la salida de campo en el Municipio de Puerto Nariño - Amazonas. A Carlos Pinto y Graciela Gutierrez quienes en representación de la Empresa Mariposas del Amazonas me brindarón no solo el apoyo logístico en el Municipio de Leticia – Amazonas, sino que también abrieron su hogar para hacerme sentir como en casa durante todo el desarrollo de la salida de campo. A la Profesora Amalia Ramiréz por su invaluable ayuda en todos los sentidos durante mi permanencia en el Amazonas. Gracias por brindarme una casa y una amistad llena de interesantes charlas y momentos de alegría. A Don José Becerra, mi auxiliar de campo en el Municipio de Puerto Nariño – Amazonas, quién con su amplio conocimiento de la selva aporto significativamente al buen desarrollo de la salida de campo. Gracias por las interesantes charlas sobre la historia de las comunidades indígenas, sobre la vida y principalmente por motivarme a continuar en los días difíciles. A todos mis compañeros de la Universidad y en particular a Efraín Henao, Paola Triviño y Carlos Gantiva quienes en muchos momentos me brindaron su apoyo, su amistad e innumerables enseñanzas. II Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si el grado de conservación del hábitat en los bosques lluviosos de la Amazonia Colombiana están afectando los parámetros poblacionales de las especies del género Heliconius, esto a partir de la medición de siete parámetros poblacionales (Tamaño poblacional, Tiempo de permanencia, la estructura etaria, la distribución espacial, la dispersión, la proporción de sexos y los picos de actividad) mediante la metodología de CMR en dos sitios con grados de conservación distintos (Puerto Nariño – “Con mayor grado de Conservación” y Km 9.3 – Leticia - “Con menor grado de Conservación”). Los parámetros poblacionales fueron categorizados como “Significativamente diferentes” y “No Significativamente diferentes” entre los sitios, esto con el fin de llevar a cabo la comparación. De los siete parámetros poblacionales analizados, cuatro de ellos mostraron ser significativamente diferentes (Tamaño poblacional de la subespecie H. melpomene, tiempo de permanencia, distribución espacial y dispersión o movimiento) a favor del sitio N. 2, tres parámetros son diferentes entre los sitios pero no significativamente (Tamaño poblacional de H, numata y H. erato y estructura etaria) y dos parámetros no mostraron diferencias (proporción de sexos y los picos de actividad). Estos resultados, permiten inferir que un bosque con menor estado de conservación del hábitat afecta negativamente a la mayoría de los parámetros poblaciones de este género de mariposas y que el sitio más conservado al presentar un hábitat más continuo, con una estructura de la vegetación más homogénea y con menor presencia de problemas de fragmentación, contaminación y presencia humana constante proporciona condiciones similares de habitabilidad a las subespecies. Palabras claves: Parámetros poblacionales, Heliconius, Conservación, Amazonia. Abstract The objective of the present study is to determine if the degree of conservation of habitat in the rainforests of the Colombian Amazon are affecting the population parameters of the species of the genus Heliconius, this measurement from seven population parameters (population size, residence time, age structure, spatial distribution, vagility, sex ratio and peak activity) through CMR methodology in two places with different degrees of Conservation (Puerto nariño – “With greater degree conservation” and Km 9.3 – Leticia – “With less degree of Conservation”. Population parameters were categorized as " significantly different " and " not significantly different " between sites, this in order to carry out the comparison. Of the seven analyzed population parameters, four of which were shown to be significantly different (Population size of H. melpomene, residence time, spatial distribution and vagility or movement) for Site No. 2, three parameters are different between sites but not significantly (population size of H. numata and H. erato and age structure) and two parameters don´t showed differences (sex ratio and peak activity). These results allow us to infer that the less conserved site negatively affects most populations parameters of this kind of butterflies and that the most conserved site has a more continuous habitat, with a homogeneous structure of the vegetation and less presence of fragmentation problems, pollution and constant human presence, which provides similar living conditions to subspecies. Palabras claves: Population parameters, Heliconius, Conservation, Amazon. III Tabla de contenido Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................................. I Resumen ........................................................................................................................................ II Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... II Tabla de contenido ........................................................................................................................... III Lista de figuras .................................................................................................................................. VI Lista de ilustraciones y fotografías .................................................................................................... IX Lista de tablas .................................................................................................................................... IX Introducción ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1: Planteamiento del proyecto ............................................................................................ 4 1.1 Problema de Investigación ................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Hipótesis ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Objetivos ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1 Objetivo general ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................................. 4 2 Capítulo 2: Marco Teórico .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 El Sur de la Amazonia Colombiana ..................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Ubicación .................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Clima ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Vegetación ................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Familia Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815 ............................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Subfamilia Heliconiinae Swainson, 1822.................................................................
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  • Abstract Book

    Abstract Book

    Species boundaries among Heliconius butterflies reflect the genetic architecture of speciation Simon Martin University of Cambridge We still lack a detailed understanding of the genetic mechanisms that allow species to coexist and hybridize without collapsing. Theory predicts that genetic incompatibilities that reduce fitness of hybrids and recombinants may form barriers to gene flow, particularly in genomic regions of reduced recombination. This has proved difficult to test empirically. Conventional methods for studying the landscape of gene flow across the genome are prone to biases, making them difficult to interpret. We addressed this issue by using novel, and less biased, approaches to study relatedness across the genome between hybridizing species of Heliconius butterflies. We compared two pairs of species using multiple resequenced genomes from multiple replicated regions of sympatry. We found that relatedness between species fluctuates on a large scale across the genome, and that patterns of introgression differ between the two species pairs. In one pair, gene flow is correlated with recombination rate, reduced at chromosome centres and in gene-rich regions. In the other pair, rates of gene flow are more even across the genome. Using simulations, we show that these patterns are consistent with biological differences between the two species pairs. One pair has distinct wing patterns that are under strong ecological selection and may provide a genome-wide barrier to gene flow. The other pair lacks this dramatic ecological difference, so the species boundary depends more on the distribution of genetic incompatibilities and recombination. Our findings therefore supplement theoretical work, showing how the shape of the species boundary reflects the genetic architecture of species differences.
  • Conservation and Flexibility in the Gene Regulatory Landscape of Heliconiine Butterfly Wings 1

    Conservation and Flexibility in the Gene Regulatory Landscape of Heliconiine Butterfly Wings 1

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/541599; this version posted February 5, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Hanly et al, Conservation and flexibility in the gene regulatory landscape of Heliconiine butterfly wings 1 1 Conservation and flexibility in the gene regulatory 2 landscape of Heliconiine butterfly wings 3 Joseph J Hanly1,2,3*, Richard WR Wallbank1,2, W Owen 4 McMillan2, Chris D Jiggins1,2 5 1. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge 6 CB2 3EJ, UK 7 2. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama 8 3. The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA 9 * = corresponding author. [email protected] 10 Abstract 11 Background 12 Many traits evolve by cis-regulatory modification, by which changes to non-coding 13 sequences affect the binding affinity for available transcription factors and thus 14 modify the expression profile of genes. Multiple examples of cis-regulatory evolution 15 have been described at pattern switch genes responsible for butterfly wing pattern 16 polymorphism, including in the diverse neotropical genus Heliconius, but the 17 identities of the factors that can regulate these switch genes have not been identified. 18 Results 19 We investigated the spatial transcriptomic landscape across the wings of three closely 20 related butterfly species, two of which have a convergently-evolved, co-mimetic 21 pattern, the other having a divergent pattern.