COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
WILLIAM B. HAZELRIGG DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
COMMISSIONER FRANKFORT,KENTUCKY 40601 ADDRESS REPLY TO
H-2-16
MEMO TO: A. 0. Neiser, State Highway Engineer Chairman, Research Committee
DATE: April 25, 1968
SUBJECT: Landslides: Geological Correlation
Research Report: 11 The Crab Orchard and Osgood Formations, 11 R. C. Deen KYHPR-63-16; HPR-1(3), Part II
A conspicuous similarity between certain roadway slides which have occurred in our outer Bluegrass Area has emerged during the past two or three years. Searching inquiries have further disclosed a geological similitude- -which associates the eastern Crab Orchard Formation with the western Osgood Formation. Academically speaking, we understand that fauna fossils do not correlate well (except in the Brassfield limestone, which com prises the basal layer both east and west); for this reason, geologists continue to identify them by separate names but imply an epochal relationship. The question concerning the possibility of former continuity of these strata across the Cincinnati Arch remains academic. From an engineering standpoint, they are materially and stratigraphically the same. Regardless of which series of names may be assigned, it appears that these greenish shales are untrustworthy in any conceivable form of roadway earthwork--including embankment foundations. Consequently, I asked Dr. Deen to compile the specific case histories and to document pertinent information for the benefit of Design, Construction, and Maintenance. His report is submitted herewith.
Borings are now being made at the site of the major slide west of Irvine (KY 52). Judging from new roadway excavation exposures to the im mediate east and more remotely to the west, the Brassfield limestone lies per haps 20 to 30 feet below the bottom-land level. If the roadway is reconstructed on the present line, it will have to remain perched on the Estill and Lulbegrud Shales. Benches may become slippery quite soon after they are stripped. We feel that this is a case where everything will worsen with time--that is to say, stability will decay through exposure, disturbance, and intrusion of ground waters. The Waco Limestone, if present, would provide the most favorable
R. R. Brandon, Brandon, Director, Director, Division Division of of Data Data Processing Processing
G. G. F. F. Kemper, Kemper, Director, Director, Division Division of of Construction Construction
C. C. G. G. Cook, Cook, Director, Director, Division Division of of Bridges Bridges
J. J. R. R. Harbison, Harbison, Program Program Management Management Engineer Engineer
K. K. B. B. Johns, Johns, Operations Operations Management Management Engineer Engineer
J. J. T. T. Anderson, Anderson, Projects Projects Management Management Engineer Engineer
W. W. B. B. Drake, Drake, Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway Engineer Engineer
R. R. 0. 0. Beauchamp, Beauchamp, Assistant Assistant State State Highway Highway Engineer Engineer
cc's: cc's: Research Research Committee Committee
JHH/em JHH/em
Director Director of of Research Research
Jas. Jas. H. H. Havens Havens
r;::;;;;z~ r;::;;;;z~
on on the the Mountain Mountain Parkway Parkway (page (page 27 27 of of the the report). report).
instability instability on on KY KY 52 52 in in the the vicinity vicinity of of Waco- -which -which are are quite quite similar similar to to the the slide slide
De De en's en's report report fails fails to to mention mention earlier earlier instances instances of of tv.o tv.o embankment embankment
attributable attributable to to the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Shales. Shales.
was was removed removed (undercut) (undercut) an.d an.d refilled. refilled. In In this this case, case, the the trouble trouble was was only only indirectly indirectly
water water table. table. The The problem problem was was that that the the silt silt could could not not be be compacted. compacted. The The material material
silts. silts. appears appears that that the the It It silt silt overlayed overlayed the the shale, shale, and and this this caused caused a a perched perched
zone--created zone--created a a situation situation very very much much like like that that experienced experienced in in the the western western Kentucky Kentucky
just just north north of of Berea. Berea. There, There, a a silty silty soil- -apparently -apparently deposited deposited in in a a down-faulted down-faulted
only only problem problem that that has has come come to to our our attention attention in in connection connection with with these these projects projects was was
801. 801. and and KY KY Maps Maps indicate indicate outcrops outcrops along along I I 71 71 in in the the vicinity vicinity of of LaGrange. LaGrange. The The
of of Berea. Berea. They They may may have have already already been been encountered encountered on on I I 64 64 between between Owingsville Owingsville
These These shales shales were were encountered encountered in in the the construction construction of of I 7 5 5 7 I north north
Deen' Deen' s s report. report.
attached attached hereto. hereto. This This memo memo pertains pertains to to one one of of the the case case studies studies included included in in
randum randum concerning concerning the the location location of of a a new new section section 10, 10, of of KY KY in in Lewis Lewis County, County, is is
As As a a matter matter of of parallel parallel interest, interest, a a copy copy of of an an inter-office inter-office memo
staged staged or or phased. phased.
the the cost cost of of relocating relocating seems seems too too great, great, I I suggest suggest that that the the reconstruction reconstruction be be
along along the the grade. grade. Reconstruction Reconstruction will will undoubtedly undoubtedly involve involve considerable considerable risk. risk. If If
cutoffs cutoffs should should be be constructed constructed along along the the upper upper side side of of the the road road and and transversely transversely
developed developed some some natural natural internal internal drainage drainage in in the the form form of of piping piping or or veins, veins, and and
borings borings have have not not revealed revealed the the presence presence of of Waco Waco ledges. ledges. These These shales shales have have
bench bench cap; cap; even even so, so, fissures fissures and and cracks cracks or or holes holes should should be be plugged. plugged. Thus Thus far, far,
A. A. 0. 0. Neiser Neiser -2- April April 25, 25, 1968 1968 A. 0. Neiser -3- April 25, 1968
E. B. Gaither, Director, Division of Design T. J. Hopgood, Director, Division of Maintenance H. G. Mays, Director, Division of Materials J. M. Carigan, Director, Division of Photogrammetry J. W. Fehr, Director, Division of Planning C. H. Bradley, Director, Division of Right of Way K. C. Arnold, Director, Division of Roadside Development .F~.,-Farmer, Director, Division of Service and Supply W. G. Galloway, Director, Division of Traffic District Engineers J. 0. Gray, # l, Paducah A. W. Clements, # 2, Madisonville H. J. Padgett, # 3, Bowling Green H. R. Ditto, # 4, Elizabethtown R. C. Aldrich, # 5, Louisville ;:-"")- G.--e:-Iocnurn, # 6, Covington R. A. Johns on, # 7, Lexington J. P. Noonan,# 8, Somerset S. B. Riddle, # 9, Flemingsburg
B. A. Knight, # 10, Jackson A .JA:. () 'tv~~ :8:-V; Hilton, # 11, Manchester W. Bayes, # 12, Pikeville R. E. Johnson, Division Engineer, Bureau of Public Roads D. K. Blythe, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, Dean, College of Engineering, U. of Ky.
Attachments
subsurface subsurface conditions. conditions. Se·t·tlement Se·t·tlement should should be be expec·ted; expec·ted; but but
channel channel should should minimize minimize any any risk risk of of embankment embankment failure failure due due to to
a a reasonable reasonable distance distance between between the the embankment embankment and and ·the ·the stream stream
alternate. alternate. Modest Modest fill-heights, fill-heights, wide wide embankment-slopes, embankment-slopes, and and
The The bottom bottom location location seems seems to to be be the the only only possible possible
desirable. desirable. Riprap Riprap may may be be needed needed at at certain certain points. points.
improvements. improvements. Embankment Embankment slopes slopes of of 4:1 4:1 or or even even 6:1 6:1 seem seem
material material needed needed may, may, therefore, therefore, dete:rmine dete:rmine ·the ·the extent extent of of channel channel
maintained maintained well well above above flood flood level, level, and and ·the ·the amoun·t amoun·t of of fill fill
as as to to empty empty at at natural natural drainage drainage points. points. The The grade grade should should be be
event, event, di·tches di·tches should should be be constructed constructed along along t.he t.he north north side side so so
re-filled re-filled in in order order ·to ·to avoid avoid impoundment impoundment of of water; water; and, and, in in any any
throughout. throughout. Abandoned Abandoned channels channels on on the the north north side side might might be be
Sal·t Sal·t Lick Lick Creek Creek would would remain remain on on the the south south side side of of the the roadway roadway
needed needed on on the the main main line. line. The The channels channels of of Li·ttle Li·ttle Branch Branch and and
embankments. embankments. No No additional additional bridges bridges or or culverts culverts appear appear to to be be
of of material material from from channel channel improvements improvements to to construc·t construc·t the the roadway roadway
necessarily necessarily and and principally, principally, upon upon channel channel changes changes and and the the use use
lands; lands; and and the the feasibility feasibility of of this this location location is is contingent, contingent,
The The alternate alternate corridor corridor lies lies wholly wholly within within the the bot·tom bot·tom
of of cost:s cost:s and and feasibility feasibility will will be be made made by by your your staff. staff.
herewith. herewith. It It .is .is my my understanding understanding that that preliminary preliminary estimates estimates
propose propose an an alternate alternate line line or or corridor--which corridor--which is is submi·tted submi·tted
formation formation at at several several points. points. The The matter matter was was left left ·to ·to me me t:o t:o
the the hills. hills. That That line line involves involves cuts cuts and and fills fills .in .in and and on on this this
Crab Crab Orchard Orchard formation formation which which outcrops outcrops along along the the lower lower slopes slopes of of
this this sec·tion sec·tion of of road road be be .if .if ted ted far far enough enough to to avoid avoid the the sh sh ·treacherous ·treacherous
recommendation recommendation that that proposed proposed line line drawn drawn by by the the consultant consultant for for
Messers Messers Lukin, Lukin, Dwyer, Dwyer, and and Armit.idge Armit.idge attended, attended, I I submitted submitted a a
At At a a design-cons·truction design-cons·truction meeting, meeting, March March l, l, 1968, 1968, which which
Sta. Sta. 291+00 291+00 to to Sta. Sta. 651+97.02 651+97.02
Lewis Lewis Coun·ty, Coun·ty, SP SP 68-114 68-114
SUBJECT: SUBJECT: KY KY 10, 10, Maysville-Vanceburg Maysville-Vanceburg Road Road
DATE: DATE: March March 25, 25, 1968 1968
Division Division of of Research Research
FROM: FROM: Jas. Jas. H. H. Havens, Havens, Director Director
.Flemingsburg, .Flemingsburg, Kentucky Kentucky
District District Engineer Engineer
MEMO MEMO TO: TO: S.B. S.B. Riddle Riddle Mr. Riddle -2- March 25, 1968
it is not likely ·to be any more severe than that which might. be encountered at the two bridge sit.es on ·the consultant's line (Sta. 487+ and Sta. 510+) , Improvement of drainage as necessary to construc·t the road may enh:o,nce the agr:icul tural value of the bottom land along ·the route. Channel changes were required already at two sites along the consult.ant' s line.
I am aware now that earlier re-con.s·truction on KY 10, west of ·the s'libjec·t project, traversed the Crab Orcha:r·d shales; unfortunately, I had no opportunity or compelling reason to visit the project or to be familiar wi·th ·the work; however, we would be ve:r:y interested in knowing of any difficulties (slides) encountered there during construction or aft.erward.
We note that ·the Crab Orchard dips underground .in the vicinity of Clarksburg; for some dis·tance beyond there (toward Vanceburg), any fu·ture re-const.ruction should be completely side-hill or bottom locat.ions--tha·t .is, avoid locations at the toe of the h.ill--·especially where portions of an. embankment might rest on talus or· alluvium.
In recent months, we have been. able to correlate the occurran.ce of slides w.it.h the Crab Orchard formation ·to such a degree that it now seems .impruden·t to loca·te a road along i·ts contacts.
The upper reaches of ·the offensive format.. ion :is shown by arrow points on the base map.
The line we have drawn .is violable--as is t.he channel line, et.c.
JHH:em Attachments cc: J.T. Anderson E.B. Gaither H.G. Mays
Ap:ril Ap:ril 1968 1968
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Bu:reau Bu:reau of of Public Public Roads Roads
Federal Federal Hi9hway Hi9hway Administration Administration
s. s. U. U. Department Department of of Transportation Transportation
In In Cooperation Cooperation with with the the
Commonwealth Commonwealth of of Kentucky Kentucky
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF OF HIGHWAYS HIGHWAYS
Division Division of of Resea:rch Resea:rch
Assistant Assistant Di:recto:r Di:recto:r of of Resea:rch Resea:rch
c. c. Robe:rt Robe:rt Deen Deen
by by
KYHPR-63-16, KYHPR-63-16, HPR-1(3} HPR-1(3}
The The Case Case Fo:r Fo:r Slope Slope Instability Instability
THE THE CRAB CRAB ORCHARD ORCHARD AND AND OSGOOD OSGOOD FORMATION FORMATION
Resea:rch Resea:rch Repo:rt Repo:rt
weathers weathers to to a a yellowish-brown yellowish-brown or or grayish-orange. grayish-orange. The The dolomite dolomite beds beds range range
gray, gray, white-olive, white-olive, or or greenish-gray greenish-gray fine- to to medium-grained medium-grained material material which which
deposit deposit ranging ranging between between 0 0 to to 14 14 feet feet in in thickness. thickness. The The dolomite dolomite is is a a light light
Above Above the the Plum Plum Creek Creek is is the the Oldham Oldham Member, Member, a a dolomite dolomite and and shale shale
50 50 percent. percent. The The unit, unit, when when exposed, exposed, forms forms gentle gentle slopes, slopes,
is is less less than than 20 20 percent percent of of member member the the but but locally locally may may compose compose as as much much as as
discontinuous discontinuous beds beds from from 1/4 1/4 to to several several inches inches thick. thick. The The dolomite dolomite commonly commonly
ing ing to to yellowish-brown, yellowish-brown, fine- to to medium-grained medium-grained material. material. It It occurs occurs in in
is is very very plastic plastic and and swells swells when when wet. wet. The The dolomite dolomite is is a a light light gray, gray, weather
The The shale shale is is a a yellowish-green yellowish-green to to grayish-olive, grayish-olive, thin-bedded thin-bedded material material which which
Creek Creek Member, Member, a a shale shale and and dolomite dolomite deposit deposit two two to to ten ten feet feet in in thickness. thickness.
At At the the baseofthe baseofthe Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation (see (see Figure Figure 1) 1) is is the the Plum Plum
found found in in the the lower lower part part of of the the Tradewater. Tradewater.
stones stones are are subordinate subordinate and and tend tend to to be be fine fine grained grained and and shaley shaley and and are are usually usually
with with interbeds interbeds of of sandstone sandstone and and coal coal and and associated associated underclays. underclays. The The sand
Western Western Kentucky Kentucky Parmvay. Parmvay. The The Tradewater Tradewater is is predominantly predominantly a a shale shale formation formation
has has been been identified identified as as the the troublesome troublesome material material involved involved in in slides slides on on the the
Kentucky, Kentucky, the the Tradewater Tradewater Formation, Formation, also also of of the the upper upper Pottsville Pottsville Series Series
associated associated directly directly with with the the occurrence occurrence of of these these landslides, landslides, In In Western Western
formation formation often often contains contains layers layers of of coal coal and and associated associated underclays, underclays, which which are are
Breathitt Breathitt Formation, Formation, a a succession succession of of shales shales and and limestones. limestones. This This particular particular
slides slides have have occurred occurred on on highways highways from from Bell Bell County County through through Boyd Boyd County County in in the the
also also highly highly susceptible susceptible to to landslides, landslides, In In Eastern Eastern Kentucky, Kentucky, a a number number of of
tions tions of of Pennsylvanian Pennsylvanian age, age, particularly particularly of of the the Pottsville Pottsville Series, Series, are are
Experience Experience over over the the past past few few years years also also suggests suggests that that certain certain forma
the the Rockcastle, Rockcastle, Rarden, Rarden, Fleming, Fleming, and and Fawcett Fawcett series. series.
of of dolomite. dolomite. Soils Soils which which typically typically develop develop from from these these formations formations include include
Formations Formations are are primarily primarily shale shale deposits deposits with with some some thin, thin, discontinuous discontinuous beds beds
mapped mapped in in the the western western portion portion of of Kentucky. Kentucky. The The Crab Crab Orchard Orchard and and Osgood Osgood
portion portion of of the the State State and and correlates correlates geologically geologically with with the the Osgood Osgood Formation Formation
a a deposit deposit some some 50 50 to to 120 120 feet feet thick, thick, is is extensively extensively mapped mapped in in the the eastern eastern
was was deposited deposited during during the the middle middle Silurian Silurian age. age. The The Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation, Formation,
material, material, in in Eastern Eastern Kentucky, Kentucky, is is known known as as the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation and and
ular ular material material was was highly highly susceptible susceptible to to the the development development of of landslides, landslides, This This
After After a a study study of of a a number number of of landslides, landslides, it it became became evident evident that that one one partic
and and soil soil formations formations which which might might be be involved involved in in the the unstable unstable earth earth masses. masses.
and and studied studied several several sites sites in in order order to to identify identify and and delineate delineate the the geologic geologic
continuing continuing study study of of the the occurrence occurrence of of landslides landslides in in Kentucky, Kentucky, has has reviewed reviewed
For For the the past past few few years, years, the the Division Division of of Research, Research, as as a a part part of of its its
The The Case Case for for Slope Slope Instability Instability
THE THE CRAB CRAB ORCHARD ORCHARD AND AND OSGOOD OSGOOD FOR}1ATIONS FOR}1ATIONS · (L961 'AaA~ns 1E~,601088 SD 'suomm~g eJoD 'X~~n~ue~ 'sa1~unoo 11r~sa pue 118MOd 'a16Ueipeno x~,J AE1J
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of of lower lower Silurian Silurian age, age, ranging ranging between between 8 8 and and 30 30 fe.et fe.et in in thickness, thickness, being being
Formations Formations are are underlain underlain by by the the Brassfield Brassfield Dolomite Dolomite (see (see Figure Figure a a deposit deposit 1,), 1,),
In In both both \vcstc.rn \vcstc.rn and and Eastern Eastern Kentucky, Kentucky, the the Crab Crab Orc.hard Orc.hard and and Osgood Osgood
as as is is done done in in the. the. eastern eastern portion portion of of the the State. State.
generally generally mapped mapped a.s a.s a a single single unit, unit, not not being being subdivided subdivided into into various various members members
be be as as thick thick as as 50 50 or or 60 60 feet feet in in the the v1estern v1estern portion portion of of the the State State and and is is
with with the the shale shale near near the the top top and and base base of of the the unit. unit. The The Osgood Osgood Formation Formation may may
overlying overlying dolomites. dolomites. The The dolomites dolomites of of the the formation formation occur occur as as thin thin interbeds interbeds
lies lies nearly nearly barren, barren, badly badly gullied gullied slopes slopes at at the the base base of of escarpments escarpments in in the the
is is the the pale pale red. red. The The unit unit w·eathers w·eathers to to plastic plastic clays clays and and in in many many places places under
two two fee.t fee.t of of shale shale 1 1 s s greenish-gray greenish-gray and and the the overlylng overlylng tt11o tt11o to to three three f:eet f:eet
of of the the formation formation contains contains pale pale red, red, oxi"ed oxi"ed zones. zones. Commonly Commonly the the basal basal one one to to
gray gray shale shale composed composed predominately predominately of of silty silty dolomitic dolomitic clay. clay. The The lower lower part part
Figure Figure 3). 3). The The Osgood Osgood Formation Formation consists consists of of at at least least 50 50 percent percent of of greenish
geologically geologically wi.th wi.th the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation is is ma])ped ma])ped as as the the Osgood Osgood (see (see
In In the the of of this this member member is is extremely extremely irregular irregular as as a a result result pre-Boyle pre-Boyle erosion. erosion. sloping sloping valley valley sides sides and and flat flat stream stream bottoms bottoms (see (see Figure. Figure. 2). 2). The The thickness thickness very very plastic plastic and and mvells mvells significantly significantly «hen «hen t>et. t>et. The The member member forms forms gently gently occurs occurs from from zero zero to to three three feet feet above above the the base base of of the the member. member. The The shale shale is is feet, feet, 15 15 A A bed bed of of slightly slightly resistant resistant gray gray sh&.le, sh&.le, one one to to three three inches inches thick, thick, tains tains a a few few beds beds of of a a brownish-red brownish-red clay clay two two to to six six inches inches thick thick in in the the lower lower dolomite dolomite which which weathers weathers to to a a d a a few few discontinuous discontinuous beds beds less less than than one one inch inch th:lck th:lck of of light light gray, gray, fine-grained fine-grained green green to to a a grayish--olive, grayish--olive, thinnly thinnly and and evenly evenly bedded bedded material. material. It It contains contains deposite deposite ranging ranging up up to to 60 60 feet feet in in thickness. thickness. This This shale shale is is a a yellowish The The top top member member of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation is is the the Estill Estill Shale, Shale, a a shales shales are are very very plastic plastic and and swell swell when when wet. wet. dolomite dolomite weathers weathers to to a a dark dark yellowish-brown, yellowish-brown, fine-graine.d fine-graine.d material. material. The The discontinuous discontinuous beds beds of of a a light light gray gray dolomite dolomite about about two two inches inches thick. thick. This This member, member, the the shale. shale. is is a a yellowish-green, yellowish-green, thLnly thLnly cEcd cEcd bedded bedded material material with with ~venly ~venly yellow-brown, yellow-brown, and and is is a a fine-grained fine-grained material. material. In In the the upper upper portion portion of of the the thick, thick, The The dolomite dolomite is is light light gray, gray, weathers weathers to to a a dark dark yellowish-orange yellowish-orange to to of of the the basal basal dolomite dolomite which which commonly commonly crops crops out out as as a a ledge ledge six six to to twelve twelve inches inches up up to to ten ten f'eet f'eet in in thickness thickness and and forms forms gentle gentle slopes, slopes, J;Vith J;Vith the the exception exception The The Waco Waco Hember Hember overlies overlies the the Lulbegrud. Lulbegrud. The. The. Hac.o Hac.o is is a a deposit deposit ranging ranging slopes. slopes. very very plastic plastic and and sv1ells sv1ells when when wet wet The The material, material, tvhen tvhen exposed, exposed, forms forms gentle gentle o o continuous continuous beds beds of of dolomite dolomite less less than than one one inch inch in in thickness. thickness. The The shale shale is is olive-·brown, olive-·brown, thin--bedded thin--bedded material. material. Locally Locally the the member member Includes Includes a a few few dis ranging ranging up up to to 18 18 feet feet in in thickness. thickness. This This shale shale '.s '.s a a grayish-olive grayish-olive to to a a light light The The next next member member of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard is is the the Lulbegrud Lulbegrud Shale, Shale, a a deposit deposit Hember Hember outcrops, outcrops, forms forms gentle gentle it it slopes slopes and, and, in in places, places, a a slight slight bench~ bench~ in in t.hin t.hin partings partings in in beds beds as as m.uch m.uch as as three three inc.hcs inc.hcs thick. thick. \.·!here \.·!here the the Oldham Oldham to to 50 50 to to 70 70 percent. percent. The The shale, shale, to to occurs occurs yellowish-~·green yellowish-~·green grayish~·olive grayish~·olive ~ ~ the the member member at at the the base. base. of of the the unft unft and and decreH.ses decreH.ses tovJax:·d tovJax:·d the. the. top top of of the the unit unit be.tween be.tween two two and and six six inches inches :ln :ln th:iekT::tt::ss th:iekT::tt::ss and and comprises comprises 80 80 to to 90 90 percent percent of of 4 4 (KY (KY 89, 89, Estill Estill County). County). the the Base Base of of the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite Escarpments Escarpments Figure Figure 2. 2. Gentle Gentle Slopes Slopes in in the the Estill Estill Shale Shale at at 5 5 Geological Geological Survey, Survey, 1966). 1966). Kentucky, Kentucky, W~ W~ Le Le Peterson, Peterson, US US 11 11 Quadrangle, Quadrangle, Nelson Nelson and and Larue Larue Counties, Counties, "Geologic "Geologic Map Map of of the the New New Haven Haven Nelson Nelson County, County, Kentucky Kentucky (from (from Figure Figure Generalized Generalized 3. 3. Columnar Columnar Section Section for for Dolomite Dolomite Brassfield Brassfield Formation Formation Osgood Osgood m m 3 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ z z Dolomite Dolomite Laurel Laurel ! ! " " ~ ~ , , and and full full thickness thickness of of the the Laurel Laurel Dolomite Dolomite occur occur only only in in northwest northwest comer comer r r part part of of the the Brassfield Brassfield Dolomite. Dolomite. The The ~ouisville ~ouisville limestone. limestone. Waldron Waldron angular angular unconformity unconformity that that cuts cuts across across ~bout ~bout 125 125 feet feet of of soclian soclian down down to to tho tho readily readily dissolved dissolved and and does does not not crop crop out out Unit Unit overl1os overl1os with with sharp sharp contact contact an an outcrops outcrops were were rarely rarely SBen. SBen. and and upper upper part part of of Price Price In In valloy valloy smooth smooth joints joints rrear rrear base base In In places places lcareous lcareous sandstone, sandstone, particularly particularly no no fossilS fossilS observed; observed; contains contains few few very very of of finely finely crystalline crystalline pyrit~ pyrit~ or or marcasite marcasite le. le. homogeneous; homogeneous; contains contains abundant abundant concl1oidal concl1oidal fracture fracture on on fresh fresh in in the the Borden Borden Formation Formation 150) 150) in in Jefferson Jefferson County County but but IS IS not not Similar Similar to to other other siltstone siltstone or or sandy sandy siltstone siltstone grain grain size size and and color color to to the the Kenwood Kenwood Sandstone Sandstone desc'lbed desc'lbed by by Butts Butts (1915, (1915, p. p. 148- 2 2 V mile mile northwest northwest of of Balltown Balltown where where It It is is 50 50 feet feet thick. thick. This This rock rock Is Is similar similar in in occurs occurs as as a a single single bed bed a a few few feet feet tllick tllick within within clay clay shale; shale; mapped mapped only only on on knob knob only only In In knol>s knol>s 1n 1n northern northern part part of of quadrangle quadrangle north north of of Blue Blue Gap. Gap. Gen~rally Gen~rally Siltstone Siltstone Is Is yellowish yellowish gray(weathered), gray(weathered), thick thick bedded, bedded, massive. massive. outcrops outcrops observed observed apparently apparently conformable conformable common, common, especially especially in in coadcuts coadcuts after after l\e"'-'Y l\e"'-'Y rains. rains. Basal Basal contact contact sharp sharp and and blocks blocks of of shale shale and and clay clay that that is is creeping creeping doWt\ doWt\ Slope_ Slope_ Small Small landslides landslides very very most most 20 20 40 40 to to feet feet of of shale shale beneath beneath surface surface has has disintegrated disintegrated into into mll in in largest largest dimension, dimension, occur occur near near base, base, commonly commonly 1n 1n lower lower 6 6 lncllos lncllos Upper tains tains bed bed with with abundant abundant crinoid crinoid columnals. columnals. Phosphatic Phosphatic nodules, nodules, several several inches inches crystals crystals occur occur locally locally in in fractures; fractures; generally generally unfossil;lorous unfossil;lorous though though rarely rarely con when when wet; wet; contains contains abundant abundant large large ironstone ironstone concretions concretions and and layers; layers; selonita selonita weathers weathers shaly shaly or or with with Irregular Irregular fracture, fracture, generally generally noncalcareous, noncalcareous, very very plastic plastic Clav Clav shale shale and and siltstone: siltstone: Clay Clay shale shale is is dark dark grBenlsl1 grBenlsl1 gray, gray, weekly weekly Indurated; Indurated; 6 6 in in Western Western Kentucky Kentucky are are conspicuous conspicuous as as ledges ledges on on hillsides hillsides and and often often form form and and Bisher Bisher in in Eastern Eastern Kentucky Kentucky and and the the Sellersburg Sellersburg and and Louisville Louisville Limestones Limestones bearing bearing dolomite dolomite in in beds beds as as much much as as two two feet feet thick, thick, Outcrops Outcrops of of the the Boyle Boyle the the limestones limestones are are very very fine-grained fine-grained and and commonly commonly occur occur belmv belmv the the chert pole pole 1rangish-gray 1rangish-gray limestone. limestone. The The dolomite dolomite is is fine- to to medium-grained medium-grained and and Kentucky Kentucky and and is is an an interbedding interbedding of of light light gray gray dolomite dolomite and and light light gray gray to to Figure Figure 5). 5). The The Boyle Boyle correlates correlates with with the the Sellersburg Sellersburg Limestone Limestone of of Western Western the the Bisher Bisher is is the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite, Dolomite, ranging ranging up up to to 22 22 feet feet in in thickness thickness (see (see very very coarse·-grained, coarse·-grained, bioclastic bioclastic whi.ch whi.ch is is porous porous and and poorly poorly bedded. bedded. Above Above a. a. dark dark yellowish-orange yellowish-orange and and moderate moderate yellowish-brown. yellowish-brown. It It is is a a fine- to to feet feet in in thickness thickness and and is is a a grayish-orange-pink grayish-orange-pink dolomite dolomite which which weathers weathers to to with with the the Louisville Louisville Limestone Limestone of of Western Western Kentueky, Kentueky, The The Bisher Bisher is is 0 0 to to 20 20 Formation Formation is is overlain overlain by by the the Bisher Bisher Limestone, Limestone, which which apparently apparently correlates correlates In In Eastern Eastern Kentucky, Kentucky, the the Estill Estill Shale Shale Member Member of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation is is found. found. carbonaceous carbonaceous shale shale and and outcrops outcrops extensively extensively in in the the areas areas in in which which the the Osgood Osgood to to 75 75 feet, feet, deposits deposits of of the the New New Albany Albany Shale, Shale, This This is is a a grayish-black, grayish-black, very very to to erosional erosional processes. processes. Above Above the the Sellersburg Sellersburg Limestone Limestone are are the the thick, thick, 50 50 Waldron Waldron Shale, Shale, and and the the Laurel Laurel Dolomite Dolomite locally locally may may be be entirely entirely missing missing due due shale shale partings. partings. The The Sellersburg Sellersburg Limestone, Limestone, the the Louisville Louisville Limestone, Limestone, the the in in many many places places but but locally locally it it is is composed composed of of two two or or more more beds beds with with thin thin and and is is thick-bedded. thick-bedded. The The unit unit often often appears appears to to be be composed composed of of a a single single bed bed grayish-orange grayish-orange or or light light brown. brown. It It is is coarse- to to very very coarse-grained, coarse-grained, clastic clastic ness ness up up to to eight eight feet. feet. This This limestone limestone is is yellowish-gray yellowish-gray and and weathers weathers to to a a deposit deposit of of middle middle Devonian Devonian age, age, overlays overlays the the Louisville Louisville Limestone Limestone in in thick the the Osgood Osgood Formation Formation is is found. found. Portions Portions of of the the Sellersburg Sellersburg Limestone, Limestone, a a the the upper upper most most formation formation of of the the middle middle Sulurian Sulurian age age in in those those areas areas in in which which which which weathers weathers to to a a cavernous cavernous surface. surface. The The Louisville Louisville Limestone Limestone represents represents Limestone, Limestone, a a light light olive-gray, olive-gray, coarse-grained, coarse-grained, clastic, clastic, thick-bedded thick-bedded limestone limestone clay clay shale. shale. Above Above the the Waldron Waldron Shale Shale is is approximately approximately 20 20 feet feet of of the the Louisville Louisville are are thin thin beds beds of of the the Waldron Waldron Shale, Shale, up up to to 12 12 feet feet of of medium-gray medium-gray dolomitic, dolomitic, ing ing and and contains contains a a number number of of very very thin thin interbeds interbeds of of shale. shale. Above Above the the Laurel Laurel lower lower portion portion of of the the unit, unit, the the Laurel Laurel lacks lacks this this cavernous cavernous nature nature of of weather thick-bedded thick-bedded and and massive massive and and weathers weathers to to a a porous porous network network of of rock. rock. In In the the feet feet in in thickness. thickness. Near Near the the middle middle portion portion of of the the Laurel, Laurel, the the deposit deposit is is Dolomite, Dolomite, a a thick- to to medium-bedded medium-bedded calcareous calcareous dolomite dolomite ranging ranging up up to to 65 65 In In Western Western Kentucky, Kentucky, the the Osgood Osgood Formation Formation is is overlain overlain by by the the Laurel Laurel mation mation of of the the upper upper Ordovician Ordovician age, age, is is 'sharp 'sharp and and conformable. conformable. lower lower hillsides hillsides and and its its contact contact '"ith '"ith the the underlying underlying Drakes Drakes Formation, Formation, a a for many many gullies. gullies. Its Its outcrops outcrops are are conspicuous conspicuous as as ledges ledges or or benches benches on on the the outcrops, outcrops, it it forms forms small small cliffs cliffs in in many many of of the the valleys valleys and and waterfalls waterfalls in in beds beds of of gray gray chert, chert, which which weathers weathers dull dull white. white. Where Where the the Brassfield Brassfield Dolomite Dolomite yellowish-brown yellowish-brown and and often often contains contains abundant abundant rounded rounded massive massive and and irregular irregular upper upper part. part. The The Brassfield Brassfield Dolomite Dolomite weathers weathers to to a a moderate moderate brown brown to to of of the the formation, formation, the the partings partings becoming becoming more more numerous numerous and and thinner thinner in in the the few few partings partings of of thin thin beds beds of of a a grayish-green grayish-green shale shale in in the the lower lower portion portion grained grained at at the the top. top. The The deposit deposit is is thickly thickly to to massively massively bedded bedded with with a a deposit deposit is is more more generally generally fine-grained fine-grained near near the the bottom bottom becoming becoming medium greenlsh-gray greenlsh-gray to to light light olive-gray, olive-gray, fine- to to medium-grained medium-grained dolomite, dolomite, The The somewhat somewhat thicker thicker in in \;]estern \;]estern Kentucky, Kentucky, The, The, Brassfield Brassfield is is a a c,alcareous, c,alcareous, 7 7 County) County) . . Shale Shale (KY (KY 52, 52, Station Station 230, 230, Estill Estill Figure Figure 5. 5. Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite and and New New Albany Albany Estill Estill County) County) . . Figure Figure 4. 4. Brassfield Brassfield Dolomite Dolomite (KY (KY 52, 52, '··'-' '··'-' 8 8 common.~~~ 11 11 during during road road hui.lding, hui.lding, slumping slumping is is more more imminent imminent and and natural natural slope slope of of the the ground ground has has been been oversteepened oversteepened seasons seasons of of unusually unusually heavy heavy precipitation. precipitation. Where Where the the of of time, time, and and i.t i.t is is l:fkely l:fkely to to be be increased increased during during perceptible perceptible sli.ps sli.ps along along ruptures ruptures over over a a long long period period The The movement movement is is generally generally by by a a series series of of almost almost :tm in in turn turn c.auses c.auses pavement pavement failures failures in in the the roads~~~., roads~~~., however, however, is is their their tendency tendency to to slide slide or or slump, slump, which which unfavorable unfavorable ~.~An ~.~An economic economic aspect aspect of of these these clays, clays, 11 11 Quadrangle, Quadrangle, Kentucky" Kentucky" by by Robert Robert H. H. l1orris l1orris ( ( U, U, S. S. Geological Geological Survey, Survey, 1965): 1965): the the importance importance of of this, this, the the following following is is quoted quoted from from "Geology "Geology of of the the Charters Charters Orchard Orchard are are not not suitable suitable as as fill fill material material or or as as a a foundation. foundation. To To illustrate illustrate the the if if material material is is green, green, it it should should be be <;•astecl. <;•astecl. Clays Clays derived derived from from the the Crab Crab distinctive distinctive color color of of green green or or greenish-·gray, greenish-·gray, might might it it in in general general be be said said that that encountered. encountered. Since Since these these particuiar particuiar formations formations often often are are exposed exposed with with a a and and construction construction of of engineering engineering facilities facilities in in areas areas where where the the materials materials are are said said that that special special engineering engineering considerations considerations should should be be involved involved in in the the design design Formations, Formations, as as illustrated illustrated by by the the following following examples, examples, it it can can be be generally generally Because Because of of the the expc=rience expc=rience with with the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard and(or) and(or) the the Osgood Osgood Osgood Osgood Formations. Formations. materials materials involved involved in in the the unstable unstable earth earth masses masses ,,,ere ,,,ere of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard or or s. s. of of the the U. U. Geological Geological Survey Survey and and the the Kentucky Kentucky Geological Geological Survey, Survey, that that the the reference reference to to geologic geologic and and soils soils maps maps and and reports reports and and interviews interviews with with personnel personnel In In each each of of these these instances instances it it has has been been very very definitely definitely establi.shed, establi.shed, by by which which have have been been observed observed during during the the past past four four or or five five years years will will be be cited. cited. Formations Formations are are susceptible susceptible to to slope slope instability, instability, a a number number of of case case histories histories To To indicate indicate the the extent extent to to which which the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard and(or) and(or) the the Osgood Osgood from from wells wells in in valley valley bottoms. bottoms. 4 Formation Formation may may yield yield small small quantities quantities of of highiy highiy mineralized mineralized (Caso ) ) water water the the making making of of brick brick and and drain drain tile. tile. In In Eastern Eastern Kentucky, Kentucky, the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Lulbegrud Lulbegrud and and Estill Estill !1embers !1embers of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation are are suitable suitable for for and and replaced replaced by by stabie stabie material. material. Clay Clay derived derived from from the the "eathering "eathering of of the the suitable suitable foundations foundations and and drainage, drainage, or or the the clay clay should should be. be. completely completely removed removed natural natural slopes slopes (see (see Figure Figure 6). 6). Construction Construction on on these these clays clays should should have have particularly particularly susceptible susceptible and and small small slumps slumps and and slides slides are are noted noted even even in in very very plastic plastic clays clays that that slump slump < and and Lulbegrud Lulbegrud Shale Shale members, members, and and the the Osgood Osgood Formation Formation readily readily weather weather to to Shales Shales of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation, Formation, particularly particularly the the Estill Estill Shale Shale 130 130 to to 150 150 feet. feet. Formation Formation are are capped capped the the by by New New Albany Albany Shale, Shale, which which may may be be as as thick thick as as the the cliffs cliffs many many of: of: of of the the hills. hills. Many Many the the of of hills hills the the ln ln Crab Crab Orchard Orchard 6 •(X~uno~ 11>~sa 'ES ~) a1eqs 11J~sa UJ ado1s 1e~n~eN UJ sdmn1s •g a~n6J~ 10 10 and and dolomite dolomite formation. formation. The The Haco Haco may, may, in in places, places, be be sufficiently sufficiently strong strong to to In In places, places, the the Estill Estill Shale Shale is is underlain underlain by by the the Haco Haco Hember, Hember, a a shale shale Dolomite. Dolomite. to to the the west west of of the the landslide landslide site site exposes exposes the the New New Albany Albany Shale Shale and and the the Boyle Boyle feet feet thick thick in in the the area area (see (see Figure Figure 14). 14). The The deep deep cut cut (Station (Station 230) 230) just just Shale Shale and and the the Chattanooga Chattanooga Shale), Shale), primarily primarily a a g·rayish-black g·rayish-black shale shale to to 80 80 120 120 Above Above the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite L L the the New New Albany Albany Shale Shale (also (also knmm knmm as as the the Ohio Ohio contributing contributing to to the the formation formation of of the the ridge ridge to to the the north north of of the the highway. highway. just just to to the the north north of of the the roadway roadway construction construction and and is is the the significant significant material material Dolom:Lte. Dolom:Lte. This This dolomite dolomite can can be. be. seen seen outcropping outcropping in in a a cliff cliff (see (see Figure Figure 13) 13) At At the the landslide landslide site, site, the the Estill Estill Shale Shale is is overlain overlain by by the the Boyle Boyle the the engineering engineering characteristics characteristics of of the the Estill Estill Shale Shale clays. clays. presence presence of of illite, illite, chlorite, chlorite, and and some some bentonite bentonite clays. clays. Table Table 1 1 summarizes summarizes site site and and several several other other points points on on KY KY 52 52 in in the the general general vicinity vicinity :!.ndicate :!.ndicate the the when when moist. moist. X-ray X-ray analysis analysis (see (see Figure Figure 12) 12) of of the the clays clays from from the the landslide landslide evenly evenly bedded bedded shale shale whi.ch whi.ch weathers weathers very very readily readily to to plastic plastic clays clays that that slump slump is is the the Estill Estill Shale Shale Hember, Hember, a a yellowi.sh-green yellowi.sh-green to to grayish-olive, grayish-olive, thinnly thinnly and and Formation. Formation. The The unstable unstable material material involved involved in in the the slide slide at at Rice's Rice's Station Station revealed revealed that that the the unstable unstable material material a a portion portion of of the the •~as •~as Crab Crab Orchard Orchard interviews interviews with with the the U. U. S. S. Geological Geological Survey Survey personnel personnel working working in in that that area area A A critical critical review review of of geologic geologic maps maps for for the the Estill Estill County County area area and and 254+00 254+00 (see. (see. Figures Figures 9, 9, and and 10 10 11). 11). the the slide slide now now (February, (February, 1968) 1968) extends extends at at least least from from Station Station 239+00 239+00 to to area area was was postponed. postponed. Hovement Hovement of of the the unstable unstable soil soil mass mass has has continued continued and and material material (see (see Figure Figure 8). 8). Hovement Hovement continued continued and and construction construction in in the the immediate immediate or or feet feet 30 30 below below the the limits limits of of construction, construction, to to develop develop in in the the foundation foundation to to cause cause significant significant movement, movement, first first noted noted in in the the original original ground ground some some 20 20 Figure Figure 7). 7). However, However, the the additional additional loading loading due due to to the the fill fill was was sufficient sufficient not not particularly particularly high, high, being being only only twenty twenty feet feet at at the the deepest deepest point point (see (see to to develop develop near near Station Station 241+00 241+00 on on a a side-hill side-hill fill fill situation. situation. The The fill fill was was During During the the 1967 1967 construction construction season season (November, (November, 1967), 1967), a a slide slide began began unstable unstable earth earth masse masse identify identify and and delineate delineate the the geologic geologic and and soil soil formations formations involved involved in in the the of of landslides landslides in in Kentucky, Kentucky, undertook undertook a a review review of of the the situation situation in in order order to to Division Division of of Research, Research, as as a a part part of of i.ts i.ts continuing continuing studies studies of of the the occurrenc.e occurrenc.e miles miles west west of of Irving, Irving, by by personnel personnel of of the the Division Division of of Construction. Construction. The The slide, slide, which which was was developing developing on on KY KY 52 52 in in Estill Estill County County approximately approximately four four The The attention attention of of the the Division Division of of Research Research was was directed directed to to a a land SP·-33-83, SP·-33-83, S S 616 616 (13) (13) KY KY 52, 52, Estill Estill County County Figure 7. View of Landslide Site on KY 52, Estill County (December 1967) . Figure 8. Distress in Embankment on KY 52, Estill County (December 1967). 11 13 13 Estill Estill County County (February (February 1968). 1968). Figure Figure lla lla Distress Distress in in Embankmen·t Embankmen·t on on KY KY 52, 52, Estill Estill County County (February (February 1968) 1968) . . Figure Figure lOa lOa Distress Distress in in Embankment Embankment on on KY KY 52, 52, 14 14 Illite, Illite, Bentonite, Bentonite, Chlorite Chlorite MINERALOGY MINERALOGY (X-Ray (X-Ray Diffraction) Diffraction) Mississippi Mississippi River River Con~~~.1ss1on) Con~~~.1ss1on) Textural Textural (US (US Bureau Bureau of of Soils Soils ~lay ~lay and and Unified Unified CL CL MSIIO MSIIO A-7-6(15) A-7-6(15) CLASSIFICATIONS CLASSIFICATIONS Percent Percent Swe~l Swe~l 20.6% 20.6% Moisture Moisture Content Content After After 21.n: 21.n: Swell Swell Dry Dry Unit Unit Weight Weight After After Swell Swell 94.1 94.1 Pounds Pounds ller ller Cubic Cubic Foot Foot Moisture Moisture Content Content After After 14.7% 14.7% Compaction Compaction Dry Dry Unit Unit We:l.ght We:l.ght After After Compaction Compaction 119.7 119.7 Pounds Pounds Per Per Cubic Cubic Foot Foot Miniml!fll Miniml!fll Laboratory Laboratory CBR CBR 0.4 0.4 CBR CBR (Kentucky (Kentucky Method) Method) Optimum Optimum Moisturli\l Moisturli\l Content Content 16,4% 16,4% Mp.ximum Mp.ximum Density Density 112 112 Pounds Pounds Per Per Cubic Cubic Foot Foot MOISTURE-DENSITY MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP (ASTM (ASTM D D 698-SST, 698-SST, Method Method A) A) SPECIFIC SPECIFIC 2.78 2.78 GRAVITY GRAVITY (ASTM (ASTM D D 854-58) 854-58) l'lasticity l'lasticity Index Index 23% 23% Liquid Liquid Lilllit Lilllit 47% 47% ATTERBERG ATTERBERG LIMITS LIMITS (ASTM (ASTM 423-61T 423-61T I;l I;l &1!-d &1!-d D D 424-.$9) 424-.$9) '" '" CQlloids CQlloids (-0,001 (-0,001 mm) mm) Clay Clay 52% 52% {-0,005 {-0,005 mm) mm) Silt Silt mm, mm, (-0.05 (-0.05 32% 32% mm) mm) +0,005 +0,005 Fine Fine Sand Sand (-140 (-140 sieve, sieve, +0.05 +0.05 :lllll) :lllll) 10% 10% Coarse Coarse Sand(-110 Sand(-110 sieve, sieve, +140 +140 sieve} sieve} 6% 6% GRAIN GRAIN SIZE SIZE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION (ASTM (ASTM D D 422-63) 422-63) of of Estill Estill Sbale Sbale Clays Clays Table Table 1. 1. SUIIIIIIBry SUIIIIIIBry of of Engineering Engineering Charaetertstiea Charaetertstiea of of the the Estill Estill Shale. Shale. Figure Figure 12. 12. Typical Typical X-Ray X-Ray Diffraction Diffraction Patterns Patterns • • ~ ~ ' ' 15 15 on on KY KY 52, 52, Estill Estill County. County. (Ohio (Ohio Shale Shale or or Chattanooga Chattanooga Shale) Shale) Dolomite, Dolomite, and and New New Albany Albany Shale Shale Figure Figure 14. 14. Exposures Exposures of of Estill Estill Shale, Shale, Boyle Boyle KY KY 52, 52, Estill Estill County. County. Figure Figure 13. 13. Cliffs Cliffs of of Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite on on 16 16 angles angles to to its its strike, strike, and and placing placing the the highway highway in in the the "V" "V" of of the the stream stream valleys. valleys. This This suggests suggests a a relocation relocation of of the the highway, highway, crossing crossing the the Estill Estill Shale Shale at at right right as as quickly quickly as as possible possible and and in in such such ways ways that that earth earth movements movements are are minimized. minimized. is is to to relocate relocate the the highway highway in in such such a a way way that that the the poor poor materials materials are are crossed crossed method method of of minimizing minimizing landslide landslide occurrences occurrences and and to to correct correct the the existing existing ones ones Since Since the the undesirable undesirable materials materials are are so so thick thick in in the the area, area, the the most most feasible feasible activity activity in in the the material material is is sure sure to to result result in in some some difficulties difficulties in in the the future. future. slides slides often often occur occur in in the the natural natural slopes. slopes. The The minimum minimum amount amount of of construction construction one one to to two two miles miles in in the the landslide landslide area. area. The The shale shale is is so so unstable unstable that that land KY KY 52 52 parallels parallels the the strike strike of of the the outcrops outcrops of of the the Estill Estill Shale Shale for for approximately approximately It It is is extremely extremely unfortunate unfortunate that that the the centerline centerline of of the the relocation relocation of of which which is is causing causing the the slide. slide. the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite is is underlain underlain by by the the Estill Estill Shale, Shale, the the unstable unstable material material particularly particularly common common at at or or near near the the base base of of the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite. Dolomite. Remember Remember that that the the Irvine Irvine Formation. Formation. It It has has also also been been noted noted that that perennial perennial springs springs are are area area indicate indicate that that numerous numerous small, small, soft soft water water springs springs are are often often observed observed in in Statements Statements from from the the recently recently published published geologic geologic maps maps for for the the general general bricks, bricks, the the Lulbegrud Lulbegrud Shale Shale of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation is is suitable suitable for for making making impure impure clays, clays, silt silt and and sand. sand. Much Much of of clay clay forming forming from from the the Estill Estill Shale Shale and and for for pottery pottery making. making. This This clay clay occurs occurs as as lenses lenses that that are are interbedded interbedded with with terrace terrace deposits deposits of of the the Kentucky Kentucky River River and and its its tributaries, tributaries, are are often often suitable suitable The The alluvial alluvial clays clays which which occur occur in in the the Irvine Irvine Formation, Formation, the the Quarternary Quarternary will will be be highly highly susceptible susceptible to to surface surface and and groundwater groundwater erosion. erosion. drainage drainage of of water water from from these these sands sands and and it it is is anticipated anticipated that that the the cut cut slopes slopes reddish-brown reddish-brown sand sand are are encountered. encountered. At At places places there there has has been been significant significant KY KY 52, 52, where where it it cuts cuts the the ridge tops, tops, ridge significant significant quantities quantities and and depths depths of of the the of of silt, silt, clay, clay, sand, sand, gravel, gravel, sandstone, sandstone, and and conglomerate. conglomerate. Along Along the the route route of of the the west west of of Irvine Irvine are are covered covered by by the the Irvine Irvine Formation, Formation, a a terrace terrace deposite deposite It It is is interesting interesting to to note note that that extensive extensive areas areas of of the the ridges ridges lying lying to to may may be be as as thick thick as as 60 60 to to 80 80 feet feet at at the the landslide landslide site, site, particular particular site site is is probably probably located located over over plastic plastic and and s«elling s«elling clays, clays, all all «hich «hich grud grud is is just just as as bad bad a a material material as as the the Estill Estill and and thus thus the the high«ay high«ay at at this this in in the the absence absence of of the the Haco, Haco, lies lies directly directly under under the the Estill Estill Shale. Shale. The The Lulbe often often missing missing entirely. entirely. The The Lulbegrud Lulbegrud Shale Shale Member Member underlied underlied the the Waco Waco and, and, support support a a high>Jay. high>Jay. However, However, it it should should be be pointed pointed out out that that the the Waco Waco Hember Hember is is 17 17 when when wet, wet, and and had had tendencies tendencies within within itself itself to to become become unstable unstable and and to to slip slip down down slope slope It It should should be be pointed pointed out out that that the the original original material material was was also also extremely extremely weak weak saturated saturated and and loosing loosing strength strength and and therefore therefore slipping slipping down down the the original original slope. slope. subsurface subsurface seepage seepage has has been been dammed dammed by by the the embankment--the embankment--the embankment embankment becoming becoming been been covered covered with with the the embankment embankment portion portion of of the the section. section. It It is is felt felt that that Shales Shales (Figure (Figure 15), 15), known known to to be be paths paths along along which which subsurface subsurface water water seeps, seeps, have have sites sites are are side-hill side-hill cut-fill cut-fill sections. sections. Outcrops Outcrops of of the the thinly thinly bedded bedded Osgood Osgood have have been been identified identified as as portions portions of of the the Osgood Osgood Formation. Formation. These These landslide landslide The The material material involved involved in in the the unstable unstable masses masses at at three three landslide landslide sites sites of of the the guardrails guardrails and and the the pavement, pavement, ations ations of of continuing continuing movement movement manifested manifested by by cracked cracked shoulders shoulders and and settlement settlement convenience convenience to to the the public public at at these these two two slides, slides, However, However, there there has has been been indic Since Since the the Parkway Parkway has has been been opened opened to to traffic, traffic, there there has has been been no no serious serious in construction construction period, period, and and the the material material was was removed removed and and replaced replaced at at that that time. time. slips, slips, as as the the one one at at Mile Mile Post Post 20 20 described described above, above, first first occurred occurred during during the the Bluegrass Bluegrass Parkway Parkway within within two two miles miles of of the the US US 31E 31E interchange. interchange. Both Both of of these these It It is is interesting interesting to to note note that that two two other other slips slips have have occurred occurred on on the the September, September, 1966). 1966). Aoalyses Aoalyses of of Earth Earth Masses" Masses" by by R. R. C. C. Deen, Deen, G, G, D. D. Scott, Scott, and and W, W, W. W. McGraw, McGraw, site site and and of of the the corrective corrective measures measures have have been been reported reported previously previously ("Stability ("Stability eastbound eastbound lanes lanes had had to to be be closed closed to to traffic. traffic. A A detailed detailed discussion discussion of of the the the the Parkway Parkway was was opened opened to to traffic. traffic. Movement Movement continued continued in in this this area area until until the the US US 31E 31E interchange. interchange. The The pavement, pavement, which which was was damaged, damaged, was was patched patched just just before before eastbound eastbound lane lane of of the the Bluegrass Bluegrass Parkway Parkway approximately approximately 1.5 1.5 miles miles west west of of the the Just Just prior prior to to the the completion completion of of construction, construction, a a slide slide occurred occurred in in the the Nelson Nelson County County Bluegrass Bluegrass Parkway, Parkway, Mile Mile Post Post 20 20 81 "9961 'X1nr e~e~ u1 oz ~soa a11W ~e ·~saM 6u1~oo~ 'ea~v ap11s JO M61~ ""1 a~n61d 19 19 there there has has bef~n bef~n no no signifi-c.ant signifi-c.ant movement movement of of the the area area for for a a couple couple of of years~ years~ the the slope. slope. According According to to comments comments made·by made·by local local people people in in February February 1968, 1968, and and apparently apparently penetrated penetrated st:abl.e st:abl.e J.:Htu J.:Htu . . .m.atectal .m.atectal su.fflc.iently su.fflc.iently to to stabil:tze stabil:tze (see (see Figure Figure 24). 24). These These piles piles "'ere "'ere placed placed to to depths depths of of some some 60 60 to to 80 80 feet feet concrete-filled, concrete-filled, 6·-inch 6·-inch steel steel pipe pipe piles piles in in the the slide slide area area Clark Clark i.n i.n County County In In September September 1963, 1963, the the Division Division of of Halntenance Halntenance installed installed a a number number of of 23), 23), where where the the highway highway c.onstruction c.onstruction is is more more or or lE~ss lE~ss "wedged "wedged i.n" i.n" (see (see Figure Figure and, and, more more often often as as not, not, is is located located in in the the bottom bottom "V" "V" of of the the of of the the valleys, valleys, noted noted that that it it crosses crosses more more or or less less at at right right angles angles to to the the strike strike of of the the beds beds River. River. At At other other places places w·here w·here the the highway highway must must cross cross the the Estill Estill Shale, Shale, is is it it have have been been encountered encountered is is the the site site approximately approximately 0.6 0.6 miles miles north north of of the the Red· Red· entire entire length. length. The The only only area area in in ·which ·which significant significant landslide landslide difficulties difficulties two two termini termini corsses corsses into into and and out out of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard !'ormation !'ormation throughout throughout the the Winchester Winchester to to Irving Irving has has a a lesson lesson to to teach. teach. The The route route of of KY KY 89 89 between between these these more more less less parallel parallel to to its its outcroping. outcroping. A A study study of of the the location location of of KY KY 89 89 from from in in a a highway highway location location was was observed observed where where the the highway highway crossed crossed the the Estill Estill Shale Shale Again, Again, it it is is interesting interesting to to note note that that the the development development of of major major distress distress stability stability of of the the material. material. of of large large amounts amounts of of seepage seepage water, water, wh:ieh wh:ieh of of course course contributes contributes to to a a loss loss of of During During different different inspections inspections of of the the site, site, there there had had been been numerous numerous indi.cations indi.cations indic.ations indic.ations that that the the natural natural slope slope in in the the area area had had been been movi.ng movi.ng for for a a long long time. time. movements movements in in the the area. area. It It should should be be pointed pointed out, out, however, however, that that there there are are and and the the construction construction activity activity was was probably probably sufficient sufficient to to initiate initiate significant significant The The higlway higlway through through this this particular particular location location is is a a side-··hill side-··hill cut-·fill cut-·fill section section east: east: of of the the roadway roadway as as the the topography topography drops drops sharply sharply to to the the Red Red River River valley. valley. slopes slopes formed formed by by the the Estill Estill Shale. Shale. This This slope slope steepens steepens significantly significantly to to the the New New Albany Albany Shale. Shale. At At the the foot foot of of the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite cliff cliff are are the the gentle gentle 2.2). 2.2). Above Above this this dolomite dolomite and and forming forming the the rounded rounded portion portion of of the the ridge ridge is is the the the the roadway roadway is is a a 20- to to 25-foot 25-foot cliff cliff formed formed by by the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite (see (see Figure Figure Shale, Shale, a a member member of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation. Formation. To To the the west west of of and and paralleling paralleling in in this this particular particular area area parallels parallels the the outcrops outcrops of of and and is is located located on on the the Estill Estill A A review review of of geologic geologic maps maps and and reports reports indicate indicate that that the the location location of of KY KY 89 89 sketch sketch by by the the movements movements of of the. the. fence fence lines lines (see (see Figures Figures 17 17 through through 21). 21). KY KY 89. 89. The The extent extent of of lateral lateral displacement, displacement, for for example, example, is is illustrated illustrated in in the the on on a a steep steep slope slope above above the the point point where where the the Red Red River River approaches approaches most most closely closely probably probably one one of of the the largest largest to to be be observed observed in in the the area. area. The The slide slide is is located located landslide landslide area area made made on on June June 12, 12, 1963, 1963, illustrates illustrates the the extent extent of of this this slide, slide, Haintenance Haintenance Division Division in in early early summer, summer, 1963. 1963. A A sketch sketch (see (see Figure Figure 16) 16) of of the the landslide landslide was was brought brought to to the the attention attention of of the the Division Division of of Research Research by by the the 0. 0. 6 6 miles miles north north of of the the Clark·" Clark·" Estill Estill County County line line (Red (Red River). River). This This particular particular Division Division for for several several years, years, is is located located on on KY KY 89 89 in in Clark Clark County, County, approximately approximately A A large large landslide, landslide, whieh whieh has has been been eausing eausing difficulty difficulty for for the the Haintenance Haintenance KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark County County oz • 91 e.rnfi·r.i! ··. "' ----~--wrrAFUA 21 21 KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark Coun·ty. Coun·ty. Figure Figure 18. 18. Photograph Photograph 2 2 (See (See Figure Figure 15) 15) of of Slide Slide Area, Area, Slope Slope Material, Material, KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark County. County. Figure Figure 17. 17. Photograph Photograph l l (See (See Figure Figure 15) 15) Showing Showing Saturated Saturated 22 22 KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark Coun·ty. Coun·ty. Figure Figure 20. 20. Photograph Photograph 4 4 (See (See Figure Figure 15} 15} of of Slide Slide Area, Area, KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark county. county. Figure Figure 19. 19. Photograph Photograph 3 3 (See (See Figure Figure 15} 15} of of Slide Slide Area, Area, 23 23 Photograph Photograph 6 6 (See (See Figure Figure 15). 15). Figure Figure 22. 22. Boyle Boyle Dolomite Dolomite Cliff, Cliff, KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark County, County, KY KY 89, 89, Clark Clark County. County. Figure Figure 21. 21. Photograph Photograph 5 5 (See (See Figure Figure 15) 15) of of Slide Slide Area, Area, 24 24 Location Location of of Highways Highways in in Estill Estill Shale. Shale. Figure Figure 23. 23. Illustration Illustration of of Most Most Advantageous Advantageous OYakes OYakes Farrnatiot~ Farrnatiot~ ~ ~ s s ...... and and sfi sfi .. .. DoloiY\mt DoloiY\mt ld ld l.Dweo-pa.t l.Dweo-pa.t FO,.,..ttion FO,.,..ttion Lu.I~.Shala Lu.I~.Shala W.,o W.,o llleotl>tt Estill Estill Shale Shale Meo~l>ot- era& era& Upper Upper brchllnt brchllnt par+ par+ of of farm4ti011 farm4ti011 N.w N.w Albany Albany sMie sMie G G Allu.vil.lnt Allu.vil.lnt ~ ~ • (S1 a~nfi1a aas} L qd~~fio~oqd 'X~uno~ ~~~1~ '68 ~ 'aa~1d u1 ad>a pa111a-a~a~auo~ ·vz a~nfi>a KY 1840, Estill County Significant difficulties were encountered with slides during the construction of KY 1840 in the area where it junctions with KY 89, approxi mately 1-1/2 miles north of Irving. This county road was built along a line parallel to the contours of the ridge and more or less parallel to the out crops of the Estill Shale. The road was built at the base of the Boyle Dolomite cliff which was overlain by the New Albany Shale (see Figure 25). In order to correct the landslide situation, the location of the road was abandoned and relocated in the bottom of the "V" of the small valley between the two ridges. Even though the roadway crossed the Estill Shale, this particular location was the most advantageous. The crossing is made at right angles to the strike of the outcropping and the roadway is "wedged in" the bottom of the small valley. In this manner, the likelihood of a landslide was minimized. To date (February 1968) there has been no significant difficulty with the relocated section of KY 1840 where it crosses the.Estill Shale. Figure 25. Landslide Area, KY 1840, Estill County. 26 27 27 by by feed feed be be may may embankment embankment the the and and pond pond the the both both rather rather but, but, seepage seepage of of source source the the not not is is pond pond the the that that however, however, possible, possible, is is It It drained. drained. be be should should and and of of seepage seepage source source likely likely a a is is pond pond the the Thus, Thus, feet. feet. 705 705 of of elevation elevation pool pool normal normal a a at at water water with with pond pond a a is is feet feet 100 100 about about northeast northeast the the To To east. east. the the from from embankment embankment unstable unstable the the entering entering be be to to appears appears water water The The outlet. outlet. an an as as serves serves culvert culvert the the that that indication indication further further a a joints, joints, open open of of tops tops the the through through culvert culvert the the entering entering ually ually contin be be to to noted noted was was Water Water culvert. culvert. concrete concrete 48-inch 48-inch the the of of vicinity vicinity the the in in outlet outlet drainage drainage the the places places which which 633+00, 633+00, Station Station at at lane lane eastbound eastbound the the in in is is point point low low groundwater groundwater The The direction. direction. southerly southerly a a in in embankment embankment the the from from draining draining is is water water the the that that indicate indicate contours contours The The roadway. roadway. the the of of width width entire entire the the extending extending and and 634+00 634+00 and and 633+50 633+50 Stations Stations between between water water ground of of mound mound a a show show contours contours water·-table water·-table These These 28. 28. Figure Figure in in contours contours water-table water-table of of form form the the in in presented presented are are data data this this of of results results The The area. area. slide slide the the into into water water seepage seepage of of sources sources possible possible other other detect detect to to effort effort an an in in months months several several for for intervals intervals frequent frequent at at made made were were holes holes drill drill the the in in elevations elevations water water of of observations observations suspect, suspect, prime prime a a as as eliminated eliminated being being source source obvious obvious most most the the With With properly. properly. functioning functioning is is flow, flow, large large the the by by indicated indicated as as which, which, 631+80, 631+80, Station Station at at box box spring spring the the to to way way its its finds finds probably probably water water this this that that and and factor factor major major a a actually actually not not was was seepage seepage of of source source suspected suspected the the that that indicating indicating lime, lime, the the to to due due change change any any indicate indicate not not did did samples samples these these of of \?ate~r \?ate~r Analyses Analyses etc. etc. content, content, calcium calcium ductivity, ductivity, con ph, ph, for for laboratory laboratory the the in in tested tested and and months months several several of of period period a a over over intervals intervals frequent frequent at at 1966, 1966, and and 1965 1965 of of summers summers the the during during installed installed been been had had which which holes, holes, drill drill from from obtained obtained were were samples samples Water Water ground, ground, the the into into disappearing disappearing observed observed was was water water where where 625+00, 625+00, Station Station at at inlets inlets ditch ditch two two and and inlet inlet median median the the at at surface surface ground ground the the below below just just placed placed was was lime lime hydrated hydrated 1966, 1966, September September In In site. site. the the of of west west the the to to cut cut the the through through subsurface subsurface rock rock and and ditches ditches the the down down coming coming water water be be to to thought thought was was water water this this of of source source suspected suspected A A area. area. fill fill the the in in noted noted were were seepage seepage groundwater groundwater significant significant of of areas areas numerous numerous site, site, landslide landslide the the of of inspections inspections the the all all During During grade, grade, proper proper the the maintain maintain to to patching patching and and mudjacking mudjacking included included have have operations operations Maintenance Maintenance involved. involved. been been have have lanes, lanes, traffic traffic (westbound) (westbound) left left the the extent extent lesser lesser a a to to and and lanes, lanes, traffic traffic (eastbound) (eastbound) right right both both that that so so weather weather wet wet of of periods periods during during increased increased has has subsidence subsidence of of area area the the time time that that Since Since 27), 27), and and 26 26 Figures Figures lsee lsee slightly slightly subsided subsided shoulder shoulder (eastbound) (eastbound) right right the the of of section section 50-foot 50-foot to to opened opened was was traffic,~ traffic,~ project project the the after after Soon Soon line, line, County County Powell Powell the the near near section section fill fill short short a a on on located located is is slide slide The The slopes, slopes, unstable unstable in in water water seepage seepage tracing tracing of of methods methods on on research research with with conjunction conjunction in in 635+00 635+00 and and 633+00 633+00 Stations Stations between between County County Clark Clark in in Parkway Parkway Mountain Mountain the the on on slide slide a a observing observing been been has has Research Research of of Division Division The The County County Clark Clark Parkway, Parkway, Mountain Mountain •:Jilt 1'¥1 "A~uno~ ~~et~ 'Ae~~~ea ,. .... ule~unow •ea~v aPltspue~ }O qo~a~s ·gz a~n614 n - :1: 0 -·~ 0 Cll "'V 8= ....,. .. z 0 Ill.. (jlfl 0\ .... Ill -I 0- Cll 1'¥1 f\1 jl:.•.:'' ~ Q ,. ~ :','.' ~ ..- .... \1\ :Ill 1'¥1 I :Iii> I I I I ------~------~--·~--- 29 29 west west (to (to the the direction direction of of decreasing decreasing stations). stations). vicinity vicinity of of the the slide slide apparently apparently dip dip slightly slightly from from the the southeast southeast to to the the north Shale Shale rather rather than than a a part part of of the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite. Dolomite. The The geologic geologic strata strata in in the the and and for for this this reason reason is is often often regarded regarded as as the the basal basal member member of of the the New New Albany Albany often often found found interbedded interbedded with with the the basal basal 9 9 to to 15 15 feet feet of of the the New New Albany Albany Shale Shale layer, layer, a a massive massive sandy, sandy, gray gray dolomitic dolomitic limestone. limestone. This This particular particular layer layer is is portion portion of of the the layer layer is is a a sandy sandy limestone, limestone, which which is is thought thought to to be be the the Duffin Duffin These These are are probably probably the the Bisher Bisher Limestone Limestone and and the the Boyle Boyle Dolomite. Dolomite. The The top top limestone limestone bioclastic bioclastic over over a a cherty cherty limestone, limestone, both both about about eight eight inches inches thick. thick. to to a a sandy sandy limestone. limestone. The The lower lower part part of of the.layer the.layer is is composed composed of of a a hard hard the the green green shale shale of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation are are layers layers ranging ranging from from dolomite dolomite above above an an elevation elevation of of approximately approximately 715 715 feet. feet. Between Between the the black black shale shale and and the the Chattanooga Chattanooga Shale) Shale) is is observed observed (see (see Figure Figure 29) 29) on on the the ridge ridge tops tops Orchard Orchard Formation, Formation, The The New New Albany Albany Shale Shale (also (also known, known, as as the the Ohio Ohio Shale Shale and and green green shale shale is is mapped mapped geologically geologically in in the the area area as as the the upper upper part part of of the the Crab Crab the the vicinity vicinity of of the the slide slide with with its its top top at at an an elevation elevation of of 705 705 feet. feet. This This into into a a plastic plastic clay. clay. The The green green shale shale appears appears to to be be 15 15 to to 20 20 feet feet thick thick in in The The embankment embankment is is founded founded on on a a greenish greenish shale shale which which weathers weathers readily readily to to the the vertical vertical seepage. seepage. 700 700 which which is is well well below below the the top top of of a a green green shale, shale, thought thought to to act act as as a a barrier barrier the the fill. fill. Such Such a a ditch ditch 10 10 feet feet deep deep would would have have its its bottom bottom near near elevation elevation 633+50 633+50 to to 635+00 635+00 in in the the left left ditch ditch line line would would cut cut off off the the flow flow of of water water to to ceptor ceptor trench trench about about 10 10 feet feet deep deep and and extending extending from from approximately approximately Stations Stations groundwater. groundwater. Regardless Regardless of of the the ultimate ultimate source, source, it it is is likely likely that that an an inter Clark Clark County. County. Figure Figure 27 27 .. .. Landslide Landslide Area, Area, Mountain Mountain Parkway, Parkway, 30 30 Clark Clark County. County. Figure Figure 29§ 29§ Slide Slide Area, Area, Mountain Mountain Parkway, Parkway, Area, Area, Mountain Mountain Parkway, Parkway, Clark Clark County. County. Figure Figure 28. 28. Water-Table Water-Table Contour Contour Map Map of of Slide Slide 31 31 numerous numerous landslides landslides have have been been observed observed in in roadway roadway cuts. cuts. further further states states that that the the material material is is unstable unstable even even on on low low slopes slopes and and that that has has a a low low permeability permeability and and springs springs are are common common at at the the upper upper contact. contact. It It Geologic Geologic reports reports further further point point out out that that material material of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation being being possibly possibly suitable suitable for for the the manufacture manufacture of of common common brick brick and and tile, tile, 10 10 to to 15 15 feet feet of of the the Borden Borden Formation Formation have have also also been been indicated indicated as as from from the the upper upper portion portion of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation and and the the lower lower porous porous soils soils or or slow slow seepage seepage through through bedrock bedrock is is a a problem. problem. Clays Clays useful useful as as lining lining material material for for farm farm ponds ponds where where leakage leakage through through geological geological reports reports for for the the area area indicate indicate that that such such clays clays may may be be References References to to clays clays of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation in in recent recent and and often often on on the the alluvium alluvium plains plains of of Bethel Bethel Creek Creek and and Little Little Branch. Branch. increased. increased. The The old old location location of of the the highway highway is is lower lower in in the the valleys valleys are are much much steeper steeper and and therefore therefore the the likelihood likelihood of of landslides landslides is is is is much much higher higher upon upon the the slopes slopes where where the the outcorps outcorps of of the the Estill Estill Shale Shale one one mile. mile. is is noted noted It It that that the the new new location location of of KY KY 10 10 in in this this area area occurred occurred three three small small landslides landslides within within a a length length somewhat somewhat less less than than where where the the new new location location of of KY KY 10 10 crosses crosses Herron Herron Rill, Rill, there there have have again again are are relatively relatively flat. flat. is is interesting interesting It It to to note, note, hmvever, hmvever, that that on on the the very very lowest lowest ontcroppings ontcroppings of of the the Estill Estill Shales Shales where where the the slopes slopes the the satisfactory satisfactory performance performance may may be be due due to to the the location location of of the the highway highway satisfactory satisfactory even even though though the the relief relief is is somewhat somewhat greater. greater. However, However, The The performance performance of of KY KY 10 10 from from Cabin Cabin Creek Creek to to Clarksburg Clarksburg is is relatively relatively 31) 31) and and occasionally occasionally by by the the Berea Berea Sandstone Sandstone (see (see Figures Figures 32 32 and and 33). 33). Limestone; Limestone; the the higher higher Knobs Knobs are are capped capped by by the the Ohio Ohio Shale Shale (see (see Figure Figure greater. greater. Many Many of of the the hilltops hilltops (Knobs) (Knobs) are are capped capped by by the the Bisher Bisher develop. develop. Eastward Eastward from from Cabin Cabin Creek, Creek, the the relief relief becomes becomes significantly significantly is is flat flat and and there there is is therefore therefore no no opportunity opportunity for for landslides landslides to to little little difficulty difficulty in in the the area area with with slides slides simply simply because because the the area area Estill Estill Shale Shale of of the the Crab Crab Orchard, Orchard, there there appears appears to to have have been been very very Even Even though though the the roadway roadway of of KY KY 10 10 is is founded founded almost almost entirely entirely upon upon the the explains explains the the relative relative success success of of highway highway construction construction in in this this area. area. the the area area being being relatively relatively flat flat (see (see Figure Figure 30), 30), This This probably probably the the upper upper portion, portion, occurs occurs in in a a topographic topographic region region of of very very little little relief, relief, valleys. valleys. The The outcrop outcrop of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation, Formation, particularly, particularly, outcrops outcrops except except in in the the lo1ver lo1ver reaches reaches of of some some of of the the small small stream stream portion portion of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation is is the the only only material material which which a a radius radius of of approximately approximately two two miles miles around around Tollesboro, Tollesboro, the the upper upper in in the the upper upper portion portion of of the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation. Formation. In In an an area area with with from from the the vicinity vicinity of of Tollesboro Tollesboro to to Clarksburg, Clarksburg, lies lies almost almost entirely entirely which which the the Crab Crab Orchard Orchard Formation Formation outcrops outcrops extensively. extensively. KY KY 10, 10, KY KY 10 10 in in Lewis Lewis County County traverses traverses another another area area of of the the state state in in KY KY 10, 10, Lewis Lewis County County 32 32 Valley. Valley. Creek Creek 31. 31. Bethel' Bethel' of of Figure Figure View View Background. Background. in in Knobs Knobs Shale Shale Black Black Ohio Ohio Note Note Tollesboro. Tollesboro. 30. 30. Figure Figure of of Crab Crab of of Vicinity Vicinity View View in in Outcropping Outcropping Orchard Orchard ££ 34 34 u.s. u.s. Geological Geological Survey, Survey, 1967). 1967). Lewis Lewis and and Fleming Fleming Counties, Counties, Kentucky,"J.H. Kentucky,"J.H. Peck, Peck, (from (from "Geologic "Geologic Map Map of of the the Tollesboro Tollesboro Quadrangle, Quadrangle, Figure Figure 33. 33. Columnar Columnar Section Section for for Lewis Lewis County, County, Kentucky Kentucky lv•nR lv•nR unit; unit; lower lower contact contact placed placed at at top top of of highest highest fossiliferous fossiliferous limestone. limestone. gullied gullied slopes; slopes; slumps slumps readil)( readil)( in in roadcuts roadcuts and and stream stream banks. banks. Gradational Gradational with with soma soma brachiopod brachiopod and and bryozoan bryozoan fragments fragments in in dolomite dolomite and and Hmastone. Hmastone. Forms Forms Formation Formation siltstone siltstone In In lenses lenses and and beds beds as as much much as as 6 6 Inches Inches thick. thick. Rare Rare megafossils; megafossils; Drakes Drakes dolomitic dolomitic limestone. limestone. Locally Locally contains contains some some light"gray light"gray to to greenish-gray greenish-gray dolomitic dolomitic 20-35 20-35 Meml:ler Meml:ler of of of of gray gray to to yellowish-brown yellowish-brown line- to to coarse-grained coarse-grained 'argillaceous 'argillaceous dolomite dolomite and and to to dolomitic, dolomitic, locally locally silty; silty; Preachersville Preachersville lhln lhln bedded. bedded. Contains Contains a a few few very very thin thin beds beds and and lenses lenses Shale, Shale, grayish-green, grayish-green, locally locally reddish-purple reddish-purple near near top, top, fissile fissile to to chunky, chunky, calcareous calcareous Upper Upper Formation Formation Brassfield Brassfield ood ood Ia, Ia, greenish-gray greenish-gray to to gray gray with with local local red red streaks, streaks, thin-bedded, thin-bedded, 40-55 40-55 and and trilobite trilobite fragments; fragments; "cogwheel" "cogwheel" crinoid crinoid zone zone present present 5 5 to to 15 15 feet feet below below top top Formation Formation include include spars• spars• to to abundant abundant brachiopods, brachiopods, bryozoans, bryozoans, corals, corals, crinoid crinoid columnals, columnals, Crab Crab Orchard Orchard arsas. arsas. Petroleum Petroleum residue residue occurs occurs locally. locally. foSSils, foSSils, generally generally poorly poorly preserved, preserved, Lower Lower part part of of One One or or two two beds beds of of pelletal pelletal hematitic hematitic limestone limestone present present In In upper upper part part In In soma soma beds beds a a few few feet feet above above base. base. Locally Locally vuggy vuggy with with some some secondary secondary mineralization. mineralization. ripple ripple marked. marked. Contain Contain very very light light gray gray chert chert as as nodulos nodulos and and in in thin thin Irregular Irregular beds; beds; thin thin to to medium medium bedded, bedded, Irregular Irregular to to evan evan bedded, bedded, locally locally crossbedded crossbedded and and crystalline, crystalline, some some coarse coarse grained, grained, bioclastic; bioclastic; locally locally glauconitic glauconitic especially especially in in basal basal are are medium medium gray gray to to ll@ht ll@ht blUish blUish gray; gray; weather weather reddish reddish brown' brown' finely finely to to medium medium lte, lte, dolomitic dolomitic limestone, limestone, and and clay clay shale: shale: Dolomite Dolomite and and dolomitic dolomitic limestone limestone w w and and Irregular Irregular hummocky hummocky surfaces. surfaces. Subject Subject 3 3 to to slumPing slumPing and and landslidins landslidins Formation Formation yields yields sulfate sulfate wator wator to to small small seeps. seeps. Forms Forms low low to to steep steep slopes slopes With With daep daep gullies gullies oc oc locally. locally. Locally Locally contains contains small small Orchard Orchard aggregates aggregates of of selenite selenite crystals, crystals, and and commonly commonly foSSilS: foSSilS: ostracods, ostracods, < < brachiopod brachiopod impressions, impressions, and and trilobite trilobite fragmen\5 fragmen\5 present present of of Crab Crab z z and and in in the the upper upper 50 50 feet. feet. Glauconite Glauconite locally locally abundant abundant near near base. base. Few Few mega Upper Upper part part of of yellowish-brown yellowish-brown fine-grained fine-grained silty silty dolomite, dolomite, especially especially just just above above the the base base becomes becomes vary vary plastic plastic when when wet wet Contains Contains scattered scattered very very thin thin beds beds and and lenses lenses yellow yellow zot\es; zot\es; thin thin bedded, bedded, obscurely obscurely laminated, laminated, fissile fissile to to chunky; chunky; a•pands a•pands and and Clay Clay shale, shale, variegated, variegated, mostly mostly greenish-gray greenish-gray and and gray gray but but with with thin thin red, red, brown, brown, and and lense5 lense5 pinches pinches of of red red to to light-gray light-gray clay clay locally locally chert chert contalnln~ contalnln~ fragments. fragments. Unit Unit thins thins and and marked marked by by undulatory undulatory surface surface of of low low relief relief and and commonly commonly by;, by;, 1- to to 2-foot 2-foot layer layer numerous numerous springs springs at at base. base. Unit Unit forms forms karst karst topography. topography. Unconformity Unconformity at at top top present present locally locally in in springs springs at at base. base. lower lower part part thick thick bedded, bedded, forms forms cliffs cliffs with with columnols. columnols. Petroleum Petroleum residue residue common common in in more more porous porous beds beds and and oil oil sllcl< sllcl< and and gastropods gastropods as as casts casts and and molds, molds, and and I I pyrite pyrite beds beds Unconformity Unconformity at at base base commonly commonly marked marked by by thin thin punky punky ferrugi@US ferrugi@US zone zone moderate moderate to to steep steep slopes; slopes; top top usually usually forms forms prominent prominent bench bench on on hillsides. hillsides. " " springs springs are are common common at at or or nsar nsar base base in in southeastern southeastern Part Part of of quadrangle. quadrangle. Forms Forms 0 0 thick thick near near basa; basa; thinner thinner lenses lenses occur occur locally locally within within formation. formation. Mineralized Mineralized > > diameter. diameter. Contains Contains lenses lenses of of graylsh-grsen graylsh-grsen clayey clayey shale shale as as much much as as 5 5 feet feet 0 0 calcareous calcareous concretions concretions rangins rangins from from a a few few Inches Inches to to more more than than a a foot foot In In z z lenses lenses of of calcareous calcareous siltstone siltstone as as much much as as 3 3 feet feet \hick, \hick, Near Near base base contains contains < < locally locally fossiliferous fossiliferous with with thin-shelled thin-shelled llngulold llngulold brachiopods. brachiopods. Contain& Contain& sparse sparse z z grayish-yellow grayish-yellow coatings; coatings; thin thin bedded, bedded, fissile, fissile, highly highly carbonaceous, carbonaceous, locally locally pyritic: pyritic: Shale, Shale, dark-gray dark-gray lo lo black, black, some some brownish-black; brownish-black; weathers weathers medium medium gray gray with with local local thin thin soil soil mantle; mantle; soil soil contains contains abundant abundant siltstMe siltstMe ct11ps. ct11ps. Lower Lower contact contact sharp sharp thick thick generally generally present present near near base base of of unit. unit. Unit Unit forms forms moderate moderate slopes slopes with with tine tine grained grained locally locally calcareous calcareous sandstone sandstone a a few few Inches Inches to to as as much much as as 2 2 feet feet more more numerous numerous near near top top of of unit unit North North of of Fila Fila Hollow, Hollow, a a single single bed bed of of very very contains contains ~lsseminated ~lsseminated Pyrite Pyrite and and local local pyrite pyrite segregations. segregations. Siltstone Siltstone beds beds ~ ~ same same to to light light brown; brown; in in very very thin thin lenses lenses and and thin thin beds; beds; commonly commonly ripple ripple marked; marked; separated separated by by siltstone. siltstone. Siltstone, Siltstone, very very light light gray gray to to yellowish-gray; yellowish-gray; weathers weathers nodules; nodules; commonly commonly In In bedding bedding sets sets a a low low inches inches to to as as much much as as 3 3 feet feet thick thick grayish grayish orange; orange; silty, silty, fissile fissile to to chunky: chunky: locally locally contains contains pyrite pyrite concretions concretions and and slltstono: slltstono: Shale, Shale, ollve-@ray ollve-@ray to to greenish-gray; greenish-gray; weatherS weatherS light light ol1ve ol1ve gray gray I• I• " " of of shale shale and and siltstone siltstone Gradational Gradational with with underlylna underlylna unit. unit. Thins Thins southward; southward; not not common common on on bedding bedding surfaces; surfaces; uMos>iliferous. uMos>iliferous. Conta,ns Conta,ns thin thin beds beds and and partings partings moderately moderately well well cemented; cemented; thin thin and and even even With With bedde~ bedde~ oscillation oscillation ripple ripple marks marks well well sortod, sortod, angular angular to to subangular subangular Quartz Quartz with with minor minor pyrite pyrite and and mica, mica, poorly poorly to to orange; orange; ver~ ver~