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Home , Benedict Arnold, John Paulding, Peggy Shippen

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No. 43 THE CLEMENTS LIBRARY ASSOCIATES Spring-Summer 2015

ARNOLD AND ANDRÉ

very country has an indi- lessness and treachery. Even Aaron vidual whose name springs Burr, perhaps Arnold’s closest con- to mind in response to the temporary counterpart in terms of word “traitor.” In Greece, a stature and accomplishments preced- degree in ancient history is unneces- ing an unsuccessful plot against his Esary to recall Ephialtes of Trachis country’s interests, has lacked and his betrayal of Leonidas and the Arnold’s staying power on the dark 300 Spartans at Thermopylae. Any side of the national consciousness. Internet search for “Doña Marina” While few Americans today can turns up countless references to La identify , Francis Malinche’s role in Spain’s sixteenth- Marion, , , century conquest of the Aztec empire. , or most military lead- Guy Fawkes Day has become a light- ers other than George hearted English commemoration of from the , the failed 1605 Gunpowder Plot, but ’s reputation remains Mir Jafar, “The Wretched Traitor,” “a hiss and a byword” more than 230 is reviled in India and Pakistan as years after his attempt to sell West a willing puppet of the British East Point to the British. India Company in the 1760s. Closer This issue of The Quarto looks to our own time, the notorious collab- at the world of Benedict Arnold and orators of World War II—Vidkun John André. Rather than rehash the Quisling in Norway, Marshal Pétain details of their well-documented con- in France, Wang Jingwei in China— spiracy, we’ve chosen to explore are national and international symbols other aspects of the story. Earhart of perfidy. When Dante Alighieri Foundation Fellowship recipient reserved the ninth and lowest level Arthur B. Cohn, the ranking expert of Hell for traitors and placed Judas on the underwater archaeology of the Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus and Champlain Valley, details Arnold’s Cassius Longinus in the three mouths extraordinary 1776 efforts to build of Satan, he reflected a timeless an American fleet on human condemnation of those who as the first line of defense against betray their own. a British invasion from Canada, a For Americans, the name remarkable act of leadership that con- Benedict Arnold immediately follows tributed a good deal to his emergence any word-association mention of as a national hero. Jayne Ptolemy “.” For more than two centu- writes about Arnold, ries, popular opinion has viewed whose role in her husband’s negotia- Arnold as the worst turncoat in the tions with the enemy merits consider- history of the . Despite ably more attention than it has fierce competition from presidential received thus far. In “Images of This issue of The Quarto explores aspects of the assassins (John Wilkes Booth, Treason,” Clayton Lewis delves into lives of the primary players in America’s most the Library’s holdings of pictures of Charles Guiteau, Lee Harvey notorious act of treason. The conspiracy of the Oswald) and double agents (Aldrich gifted but flawed Benedict Arnold (1741–1801), the Arnold-André plot and its partici- Ames, John Walker Jr., Robert shown here in British uniform, and the refined pants. Arnold’s checkered post-Rev- Hansson) whose espionage did far and popular John André (1751–80) would have olution career, in which he failed to more harm to our country than surrendered the strategic post of West Point to realize the promise and potential of Arnold’s scheming with John André, the British. The print of André is based on one his pre-1780 exploits, attracts the Arnold remains our epitome of faith- of his self-portraits. attention of Cheney Schopieray. And in a dual effort Brian Dunnigan highlights a John André sketch in “André the Artist” and plumbs the depths of our extensive Revolutionary War map collection in “Mapping Arnold and André” to present the cartographic context of what the two young officers tried to make happen on the Hudson in the autumn of 1780. Readers who are familiar with the Clements Library may not need this issue’s reminder of the range and depth of our Revolutionary War holdings, but those who are new to The Quarto or whose historical inter- ests do not revolve around 1763–1783 North America may welcome this introduction to the subject. For those of us who work with the collections every day, the primary sources that William L. Clements assembled on the Revolution evoke pro- found respect and delight. In each of our four collecting divi- sions—Books, Manuscripts, Graphics, Maps—the Library owns materials that no collector today, no matter how many bil- lions he or she brought to the challenge, could hope to dupli- cate. From the papers of Sir Henry Clinton, General , Nathanael Greene, George Germain, and Lord Shelburne, to an exhaustive collection of rele- vant British and American pam- phlets, to hundreds of cartoons and prints on the events and par- ticipants in the war, to manu- script and printed maps of every battle, fort, city, town, and cam- paign, the Clements is a prime destination for research on the American Revolution. If this issue’s small-lens look at the Arnold-André affair piques your interest in the larger panorama against which that dark drama played out, make plans to come to the Library to see what else we have on the conflict that resulted in the independence of the United States. — J. Kevin Graffagnino An undated and unsigned sketch map, drawn in the hurried style of a spy or deserter, illustrates Director the primary defenses of West Point, including the great chain across the Hudson. Randolph G. Adams attributed the handwriting on Clinton map 174 to John André.

Page 2 The Quarto COMMODORE ARNOLD AND THE DEFENSE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN

enedict Arnold is a his- Ticonderoga to secure its cannon for the Enemy at present, as we are Masters of torian’s gift. A person coming struggle. In the early hours of the Lake.” with such a complex record of , Arnold, in a hastily negotiated The strategic advantage of a clear life experiences provides endless shared command with ’s Ethan path to Canada, coupled with a belief Bopportunities to explore the texture of Allen (1738-89) and his Green Mountain that the French habitants would be the human character. Good and evil, Boys, surprised and took the fort. The inclined to join the rebellion, encour- courage and cowardice, passion, aged an invasion of Canada. The love, hate, greed, self-doubt, and plan called for General Philip ambition all come together in this Schuyler (soon replaced, due to infamous Revolutionary War gen- illness, by General Richard eral. I have studied the archaeo- Montgomery) to lead an army down logical record of the bottom of Lake Champlain to Québec. Arnold, Lake Champlain for the past thirty having left Lake Champlain in a years to glean clues to Benedict huff, was then in Boston lobbying Arnold’s character and times. The new Commander-in-Chief George naval role Arnold played on the Washington for the opportunity to lake in 1776 is a little-remembered lead a second force through the chapter of his story but one that has and Canadian wilderness. left us profound choices as we try The plan called for the two armies to determine the fate of the gunboat to fight their way to Québec City. Spitfire; a warship from Benedict General Montgomery’s successful Arnold’s fleet. sieges of St. Jean, Chambly, and On October 11, 1776, Montréal gave cause for quiet opti- General Benedict Arnold with mism. The siege of St. Jean resulted fifteen American fighting vessels in an ironic connection to the wider engaged a British squadron in Arnold story; the beloved John perhaps the most important naval André was one of the British officers contest of the American made prisoner by its fall. Revolution. Arnold was already Arnold and his men marched a veteran of eighteen months of to Québec, and the profound hard- fighting. His exploits at Boston, ships they endured raised Arnold’s Lake Champlain, and Québec had reputation to almost mythic propor- demonstrated his military leader- tions. By early December 1775 ship, courage, and the flaw in his both pincers of the American inva- character that would ultimately sion force united before the strong lead him to treason. But in the An undated and unsigned sketch map, drawn in the walls of Québec City. But, with summer of 1776, Arnold, who had hurried style of a spy or deserter, illustrates the prima- winter approaching and most of the learned maritime skills as a mer- ry defenses of West Point, including the great chain soldiers’ enlistments coming to an chant sailor aboard ships hailing across the Hudson. Randolph G. Adams attributed the end, the promising start to the inva- from the ports of handwriting on Clinton map 174 to John André. sion of Canada was about to take Norwich and New Haven, was pre- thinly glued alliance between Arnold a tragic turn. paring to defend the fledgling United and Allen began to dissolve almost Concerned that the New Year States of America from an imminent immediately thereafter. Fortunately for would leave them before Québec with- British invasion. Arnold, some of his men arrived in the out an army, Montgomery and Arnold The fighting at Concord and nick of time with a captured schooner, attacked the fortress during a blinding Lexington, in April 1775, had put the re-christened Liberty. Arming Liberty snowstorm. In this bold but disastrous American Rebellion into motion. In its and several bateaux, Arnold sailed for assault Montgomery was killed, Arnold aftermath, Benedict Arnold marched St. Jean at the northern end of Lake badly wounded, and hundreds made with his unit from New Haven Champlain to capture “the King’s prisoner. Then, as a series of mediocre to Boston. There, he persuaded the sloop,” the only other large vessel on the commanders rotated to the frontline, the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to lake. Surprising the small British force, desperate, under-supplied, and confused commission him a colonel and allow Arnold took this warship, renamed her American army sickened with smallpox. him to raise a company of troops and Enterprise, and, triumphantly reported, When a British relief convoy arrived in attack the Lake Champlain post of “I am under no Apprehension From the the St. Lawrence River in the spring of

The Quarto Page 3 lakes and had sent prefabricated gun- boats with the relief convoy. These were now reassembled as the inventive Lieutenant John Schank supervised the construction of warships. This was a high-stakes race where naval superiority would determine whether the British could use the lake to invade the colonial heartland and end the rebellion. The British began work at the St. Jean shipyard reassembling vessels that had been disassembled at Chambly and their hulls hauled overland around twelve miles of rapids. The Americans also began building at Skenesboro, , to augment their captured vessels. Their squadron had been placed under the command of Jacobus Wynkoop, an inept officer very protective of his sta- tus. General (1728–1806) took command of the Northern Army and wrote to that he would “endeavor by every means in tOur Power, to maintain the Naval Superiority of Lake Champlain.” General Gates admired Benedict Arnold’s intense energy, and it wasn’t long before he was writing to John Hancock, “Benedict Arnold, who is per- fectly skilled in naval affairs, has most nobly undertaken to command our fleet upon the Lake. With infinitive satisfac- tion, I have commanded the whole of that department to his care.” Under Arnold’s leadership, the shipwrights at Skenesboro produced gunboats and row galleys to Arnold’s design. By mid-August the expanded American fleet embarked to patrol the lake. Arnold, unaware of Schank’s incredible accomplishments at St. Jean, did not believe the British could challenge him this season. In the later part of September, Arnold repositioned his fleet inside of The order of battle of the British Lake Champlain fleet was drawn up at Chambly, Québec, to escape the lake’s esca- on October 1, 1776. Ten days later these vessels, under Capt. Thomas Pringle, R.N., would fight a day-long action against Arnold’s squadron of gunboats and row galleys. lating fall winds. The men drilled at the guns every day as Arnold tried to trans- 1776, the Americans had no choice es at Ticonderoga and build a new fort form his “rabble” into an effective fight- but to withdraw to Lake Champlain. on the eastern (Vermont) shore, later ing force. They doubted the British Reportedly, Arnold was the last man christened Mount Independence. But, would come south to contest the lake in to leave the shore. The advance of the the real frontline force defending the 1776. On the morning of October 11, enemy was then in sight. He stripped American colonies was the Lake however, American sailors and marines his horse of his accouterments, shot him Champlain navy, which for the moment arose to the terrifying reality that the through the head, and pushed the last had forced 10,000 fresh British and combined British and Hessian forces boat off with his own hands. Hessian troops to halt at St. Jean until were rounding Cumberland Head and It was a sick and desperately they could gather a fleet capable of were nearly within striking distance. demoralized army that returned to defeating the Americans. The campaign The adrenalin of pending battle helped Crown Point in mid-June 1776, support- of 1776 would be a struggle for naval each man prepare for what was to come, ed only by the few warships captured control of Lake Champlain. as the larger vessels, the Royal Savage the previous year. The council of offi- The British, to their credit, had and the row galleys, got underway to cers chose to strengthen the land defens- anticipated the need for vessels on the meet the enemy.

Page 4 The Quarto An intensive five-hour engagement retreated to fight again. Back at Fort any force, large or small, lived to better with heavy casualties on both sides ended Ticonderoga and Mount Independence purpose or died more gloriously. That only when darkness intervened. With they strengthened their fortifications the Americans were strong enough to some sixty men killed and wounded and and awaited the British attack. Shock impose a capitulation of the British three-quarters of their ammunition gone, and joy ran through the American troops Army at Saratoga was due to the invalu- Arnold and his officers executed a daring when a few days later it was confirmed able year of delay secured by their little nighttime escape past the British squad- that the British had withdrawn to Navy on Lake Champlain.” ron. The American gunboat Philadelphia Canada for the winter. ­— Art Cohn, Earhart Foundation had already come to rest on the lake bot- Benedict Arnold had proven an Fellow tom at Valcour Island when the remaining effective naval commander. “The Little vessels began their stealthy escape. As Navy on Lake Champlain was wiped Co-founder & Director Emeritus, the survivors worked their muffled oars out,” wrote naval historian and theorist Lake Champlain Maritime and concentrated on following the Alfred Thayer Mahan, ”but never had Museum shrouded stern light in the boat ahead, single file they passed the British force undetected. The glow of the fire from the burning American schooner Royal Savage helped divert British attention. Remarkably, when the first light of morn- ing appeared, the Americans had, as if by magic, disappeared, and the British were “mortified” that their enemy had left the nest. But this was not the end of the . As Arnold and his battle-damaged fleet withdrew south to the protection of Ticonderoga, it became clear that two damaged gunboats could not remain afloat. So, they were consigned by their crews to the deep waters of Lake Champlain. One of them, the Jersey, did not sink and was discov- ered awash by the British the next day and added to their fleet. The other gun- boat, now known to be Spitfire, was suc- cessfully sent to the deep lake-bottom. There, she spent the next 220 years in quiet anonymity until June of 1997, when the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum “Whole Lake Survey” team discovered the wreck. Spitfire was found to be rest- ing upright on her bottom, with her mast standing full height and her bow cannon still in place. The mud-encapsulated inte- rior protects an extraordinary collection of material culture frozen in place since the early morning hours of October 12, 1776. On October 13, the escaping Americans were caught by the British in the vicinity of Split Rock Mountain and forced into a two-and-one-half-hour sec- ond engagement while running south. Arnold realized he could not prevail against the more powerful and profession- al British force and ordered his flagship Congress and four gunboats run aground This detail of William Faden’s 1776 map of the Battle of Valcour Island shows the defen- in a small bay on the Vermont shore and, sive anchorage of Arnold’s fleet. The British had sailed past the island before realizing with flags flying in defiance, blown up to that the American warships were behind them. Pringle then had to turn about and deny them to the enemy. With his sur- approach the American line from the south and against the wind. At left is the track viving crews and area settlers, Arnold of Arnold’s masterful escape during the night following the battle.

The Quarto Page 5 ANDRE THE ARTIST

ajor John André was an two women (presumably Canadians) and Vermillion, blue black, & ca.” The accomplished and multi- one small child. The rowdiness of the dancing must have taken place indoors talented young man. He was event has usually resulted in the drawing as early March was not yet the end of by all accounts the epitome of being described as a tavern scene— the Canadian winter and there was “Still Mthe eighteenth-century officer and gen- despite the absence of any drinking ves- 5 feet of Snow on the ground.” tleman. Among his social graces was a sels, bottles, or architectural details Other details of the sketch remain creative personality that allowed him to beyond a single piece of furniture in the a mystery. Why is the expression of the conceive and carry through a complex left foreground. The absence of warm individual with the open candle (another theatrical pageant—the Meschianza— outer garments on the figures suggests suggestion that the merriment took place staged in occupied Philadelphia to honor that the activity was taking place indoors) so concerned? What is the General William Howe upon the occa- indoors. relationship (if any) of the woman in the sion of his departure for in the The André sketch came to the center to the man to her left, who spring of 1778. Little wonder then that Clements in 1978 as a purchase at the appears to have a large medical syringe André was also accomplished at draw- Sang collection sale of that year. A tucked into his belt? Is he a physician ing. And not just topographical views small group of other André-related items or simply another reveler? Who is the such as were within the training and was also a part of the sale, among them small child at right—and where are his experience of many military and naval a letter addressed by Lieutenant André or her parents? Is it the child whom the officers. He also produced informal to his sister, Mary, in Southampton, person with the candle is looking for? portraits and more complex scenes pop- England. Written on March 5, 1775, the John’s letter to Mary does not ulated with human figures. André is letter suggests some possibilities about answer any of these questions or identify also well known for his self-portraits, the event depicted in the sketch. John the time or place of the sketch, but it including one drawn the evening before reports that he was finding “time for does suggest a possible location and his execution. drawing,” and that he was “very busy activity. The Indian dancers are all as The Clements Library holds what collecting figures of Canadians & “lightly clad” as decency would allow, might well be the most ambitious com- Indians in their dresses.” These were and none of the participants are dressed position rendered by John André. It is to illustrate “the Journal of notorious for the Canadian out-of-doors. The also the most puzzling regarding the Memory,” with which he hoped one dancers and revelers are probably in a event it depicts. The scene, executed in day to amuse his sister. large room of a council house or similar pencil while the artist was a lieutenant To do this, André had to become building (possibly a tavern), most likely in the 7th (Royal Fusilier) Regiment of better acquainted with the appearance in Lorette though possibly in Québec Foot stationed at Québec in 1775, shows and culture of the local Indians. He told itself. John André hoped to one day a diverse and tightly packed group of Mary that he had already been to an share this drawing and the rest of his people who have all the appearance of Indian village (Lorette) about nine miles “Journal of notorious Memory” with participating in a raucous social gather- (actually thirteen) from the city, where his sister. The unfortunate result of ing. Within the sketch one can identify he had seen them “dance & perform his involvement with Benedict Arnold two soldiers (in the short uniform coat there [sic] Ceremony before the ensured that the story behind his sketch and cap of a light infantry company, Governor [Guy Carleton (1724-1808)] is likely to remain a mystery. probably of the 7th), an officer with the Gentlemen almost as lightly clad as — Brian Leigh Dunnigan sword and cocked hat, ten Native our grandpapa Adam.” The dancers Associate Director & Curator of American men, two civilian men and were, he noted, “smear’d all over with Maps

Page 6 The Quarto ACCESSORY TO TREASON

“ ou must Not trust the Peggy Shippen (1760-1804) was to have The extent of Peggy’s involvement in Ladies any News,” an been one of the Ladies of the Burning introducing her husband to André and anonymous source warned Mountain, whom their knights pro- subsequently facilitating their communi- the British in early January claimed were “not excelled in beauty, cation is disputed. Peggy Arnold’s qual- 1781, “for they often Come and tell virtue, or accomplishments, by any in ities certainly extended far beyond her YBad News in the Country.” While this the universe.” While Peggy’s father beauty. She proved to be an astute and Loyalist distrusted women in general, may have prevented her from attending capable woman, maneuvering deftly female informants acted on behalf of the festivities, André nonetheless had within the social norms expected of both the Americans and the ladies in order to advance British during the American her husband’s interests Revolution. Working-class and to protect herself. women took advantage of The task of delivering the position their gendered and receiving letters labor placed them in, provid- across enemy lines was ing military details gleaned not an easy one, requiring as they attended to the a certain level of ingenu- domestic needs of the army, ity, and Peggy’s coopera- while women of the upper tion could provide a classes maneuvered within shielded avenue for infor- their social settings to gather mation to circulate. and distribute information. Surviving docu- Distrust was a necessary ments implicate Peggy precaution. in the passage of intelli- John André, who gence between Arnold would become chief intelli- and André as the plot to gence officer for Sir Henry surrender West Point to Clinton, proved aware of the the British evolved. On role females could play in May 10, 1779, John his network and took advan- André wrote to Joseph tage of the information a Stansbury, Arnold’s inter- well-placed woman could mediary, and made a gather. While in British- revealing slip while using occupied Philadelphia in Arnold’s alias. “On our 1777 and 1778, André part we meet Arn Gen developed relationships with Monk’s ouvertures with the city’s prominent ladies full reliance on his hon- as he circulated amongst ourable Intentions and Philadelphia’s elite families, disclose to him with the not the least of which was strongest assurances of that of , a A ticket to the “Meschianza” (1778) suggests the pomp and ceremony of our Sincerity, that no noted jurist. Edward’s eco- the lavish event in which John André intended Peggy Shippen to play a thought is entertained of central role. nomic, social, and political abandoning the point we position brought him in touch with the singled her out as one of Philadelphia’s have in view.” Crossing out identifying leading military figures in the city, but shining beauties. The British evacuated information, André continued by it was his four beautiful daughters who Philadelphia shortly after the describing methods of furtive correspon- made his home a particularly desirable Meschianza, opening the city to dence, including passing letters between stop in the social circuit. His youngest American General Benedict Arnold’s women. “The Lady might write to me daughter, Margaret, known affectionate- command and putting him on a path at the same time with one of her inti- ly as Peggy, possessed youth, beauty, to meet, court, and marry the stunning mates She will guess who I mean, the and a sparkling wit, which attracted Peggy Shippen. André’s relationship latter remaining ignorant of interlining John André’s attention. As a principal with Peggy, however, would play a con- & sending the letter.” André’s crossed- organizer of the Meschianza, a grand sequential role in the years following. out admission that he knew “Mr. gala staged to celebrate General William Peggy and Benedict Arnold mar- Monk,” who was in fact Benedict Howe in May 1778, André orchestrated ried on April 8, 1779, and shortly there- Arnold, implies that he may have had a theatrical display of knights defending after he began his treasonous Peggy Arnold in view as one of the sug- their ladies as the loveliest in the land. correspondence with John André. gested female “intimates.” A draft of

The Quarto Page 7 a letter André intended to send to Peggy suspicion that Peggy and André’s corre- passing military news across enemy Chew, a fellow Philadelphian belle and spondence had a duplicitous meaning lines. One of the extracts seems to friend of Peggy Arnold, supports this lingers. Was André writing to Peggy name her directly, as the author pro- possibility. André bemoaned having to as a covert way to confirm his identity claimed that Arnold, “commands at “abandon the pleasing Study of what and his willingness to meet Benedict W[est] P[oint] but things are so poorly relates to the Ladies; I should however Arnold’s needs, using their social arranged that your last important be happy to resume it had I the same acquaintance and her gender to cloak his Dispatches are yet in her hands, no inducements as when I had the pleasure meaning? Either way, Peggy did not unquestionable Carrier being yet to be of frequenting yours and the Shippen reply for several months, finally sending met with.” The men who planned the Family… I trust I am yet in the memory a cordial letter in mid-October following surrender of West Point included Peggy of …the other peggy now Mrs. Arnold an alarming riot in Philadelphia that Arnold in their designs as they slipped who will I am sure accept of my best placed her family in danger. “Mrs letters to each other. If the correspon- dence was discovered in Peggy’s pos- session, it could be forgiven as a married couple’s indiscretion rather than the treasonous communication it was. Gender expectations, then, veiled the reality: Peggy Arnold may have played an integral role in their spy network. As we know, the plot collapsed when André was captured while carry- ing intelligence that linked directly to Arnold. Peggy’s role in the affair was once again shrouded under gendered beliefs about women’s behavior and capabilities. (1753- 1831), Arnold’s personal secretary, recounted the day Arnold learned of André’s capture. Arnold “went upstairs and took leave (I suppose) of his more than amiable wife,--left her in a swoon and rode off to the lands.” Varick This list of difficult-to-obtain fabrics, written in Benedict Arnold’s hand and sent to John described Peggy as “raving (sick), mad André in New York, suggests the continued relationship between André and the Arnolds. The reference to Peggy as “Mrs. Moore,” Arnold’s code name, raises questions about the to see him, with her hair dishevelled and extent of her complicity in the treasonous communications between her husband and John flowing about her neck.” Peggy had a André. history of emotional volatility, but Varick described a woman on the brink, respects and … peruse not disdainfully Arnold presents her best respects to hallucinating and experiencing “hyster- this page meant as an assurance of my Capt André, is much obliged to him for ics and utter frenzy.” Whether sincere unabated Esteem.” While it cannot be his very polite and friendly offer of or not, her response convinced proved that André sent the letter, that being serviceable to her,” she opened American military figures that she was Peggy Chew received it, or that she in before assuring him, “that her friendship completely bewildered by her husband’s fact showed it to Peggy Arnold, the fact and esteem for him is not impaired by betrayal. Not everyone was so persuad- remains that André hoped to be in touch time or accident.” When her husband ed. ’s posthumous memoirs with Peggy Arnold. failed to secure American guards for recount a story told to him by his future The message seems to have been their protection, Peggy may have found wife, Theodosia Prevost, who claimed received in some form, for on May 23, British offers of succor more agreeable. Peggy confided “that she was heartily 1779, Benedict Arnold sent a ciphered The ambiguity regarding Peggy’s sick of the theatrics she was exhibiting. letter to André, passing intelligence involvement in the ongoing Arnold- She stated that she corresponded with along with the “particular Compliments” André affair seems to clear when the British commander… and that, of his wife. Whether she knew the con- (1737–1818), an inter- through great persuasion and unceasing tent of her husband’s treasonous letter or mediary, wrote to André in late August perseverance, she had ultimately brought not, Peggy was certainly aware he was 1780, providing snippets of correspon- the general into an arrangement to sur- corresponding with André. She herself dence that Benedict had sent directly to render West Point to the British.” The compiled a list of items to be acquired Peggy. “You will observe,” Odell truth likely lies somewhere between by André in British-held New York later explained at the end of a letter, “that the these two poles—neither an innocent that summer. André seems to have writ- above extracts are from Letters written “Angel . . . incapable of doing wrong,” ten directly to Peggy in August of 1779, to Mrs. Moore, but with a view of com- as her husband proclaimed, nor an “art- offering his services in acquiring milli- municating information to you.” ful, and extravagant woman” putting on nery supplies. While possibly indicating Whether wittingly or not, Peggy found theatrics, but a self-contained, intelligent a sincere interest in material goods, the herself at the heart of the system for person working within the restricted

Page 8 The Quarto parameters her gender proscribed. husband caused her. But in this, as In Major John André’s final letter perhaps in her involvement with the to Sir Henry Clinton, he sought to pro- Arnold-André affair, Peggy proved up vide for his “Mother & Three Sisters,” to the task. “I have rescued your looking to the “value of [his] Father’s Memory from disrespect,” she Commission” to support them. While heralded to her stepsons, “by paying all Benedict Arnold escaped execution, he, his just debts.” The historical record has too, worried about providing for his failed to rescue Benedict’s memory family in his treason’s aftermath. quite as Peggy had hoped and has Arnold received some financial reward proved ambivalent at best to her own from the British government, but in the memory. Regardless, Peggy Shippen years to follow his business acumen Arnold showed herself to be a singular proved unequal to the task of supporting woman, skillfully negotiating the limita- both his family and his desire for luxu- tions the world placed on her, first as a ries. When Arnold died in 1801, he left young lady, then as the wife of a reviled his wife and their five children exiled traitor, and finally as a widow heavily in from America and deeply in debt. Two debt. A renowned beauty and suspected years following Arnold’s death, Peggy accomplice in one of the most famous wrote to her stepsons in Canada, betrayals in American history, Peggy “Although I had much to be thankful Arnold remains an alluring, if coy, his- for, during your Fathers life-time, I had torical subject. Peggy Shippen Arnold (1760-1804), shown here with one of her five children. Peggy held her family together much to struggle with,” and settling his — Jayne Ptolemy while they lived in exile and withstood Benedict’s failed debts was one of the many hardships her Curatorial Assistant business ventures and frequent absences

IMAGES OF TREASON

ertain events in American his- most interesting and compelling figures treason reveals André to have been a tory have become fixed in public on either side of the American brilliant manipulator. But he was far memory as images: Washington Revolution. He was a stellar soldier and from infallible. André’s confidence and crossing the Delaware, the death of administrator, an artist, musician, and dandyish leanings may have disguised CGeneral Wolfe at Québec, the raising of poet, known to be a charming womaniz- the fact that he wasn’t really cut out to the flag on Iwo Jima. The artists who er, who seemed to have entranced all be a spy in the field. created these images saw in the circum- those that he encountered. His “strok- Arnold and André met once face stances of these events an opportunity to ing” of American General Benedict to face, behind American lines near state the value of patriotism, nation- Arnold (1741–1810) towards a higher Haverstraw, New York, to plan the hood, and courage. details of Arnold’s defec- September 23, 1780, tion and forfeiture of the presented another American fort at West such opportunity Point—a plan that is pre- when a man calling sumed to have included himself John the capture of General Anderson, a mer- Washington, then at the chant from New post. André was given York City, was diagrams of American stopped by troop dispositions, plans American militia- of the fort, and a hand- men near written pass from Arnold Tarrytown, New to get by American sen- York, during the tries. These hidden in his American boots, André set out to Revolution. return to British head- John quarters in New York Anderson was the City. His planned ren- alias used by British dezvous on the Hudson Major John André River with the sloop (1750-1780), who Asher Durand’s interpretation of the capture of John André was produced as a HMS Vulture having remains one of the print by the American Art Union in 1845. failed (the vessel had

The Quarto Page 9 been driven off by American mortars), to be British, and found himself quickly get word of André’s arrest. A quick André changed out of his regimental dismounted and shaken down. When he word to his wife, and he ran for British uniform and slowly proceeded home on finally presented his pass, Van Wart lines. Washington, incensed, offered to horseback. exclaimed “damn the pass” and demand- trade André for Arnold, but British Exactly what happened at this ed money and André’s fine - General Henry Clinton declined, know- point depends on which account you made, white-topped leather boots. By ing that it would halt any other choose to believe. It likely went some- this point the hidden plans of West Point Americans from ever considering thing like this: American militiaman were revealed. In the American version switching sides. He also expected a stopped André on the of the story, André’s attempts to bribe later parole or exchange, as was often road near Tarrytown at gunpoint, with his way to freedom were rebuffed by the done with officers. André’s subsequent and David Williams for virtuous patriots who sniffed out a spy. execution astounded and shocked both backup. Uncertain of the affiliation of It is also possible that the patriot sentries British and Americans alike. No less a Paulding, André flubbed his opportunity stumbled onto the plans of West Point patriot than peti- to either impress an American sentry during a mugging, took André’s bribe, tioned General Washington to spare his with a pass from General Arnold or then decided to turn him in anyway. In life. allow himself to be arrested by a British any version, the jig was now up for John This saga contains all the ingredi- sentry and escorted to New York City André. ents for a human drama not to be topped where others could then vouch for him. Arnold, preparing for breakfast in the annals of the American André guessed wrong, revealed himself with Washington, was among the first to Revolution. It involves the contrasting personalities of urbane André, vain Arnold, volatile Margaret Shippen Arnold, and grave Washington. The tumultuous events of Arnold’s treason, and André’s capture, trial, and execu- tion, followed by the reappearance of Arnold in a red coat make the story even more complex. If this wasn’t enough, the still unresolved questions surround- ing a previous relationship between André and Mrs. Arnold add more spice to the soup. In the aftermath of the revolution, competing narratives were authored and published. As expected, American his- tories emphasized the noble cause of lib- erty and the veracity of the founding fathers. looms large. Arnold’s betrayal and André’s capture make for a convenient chapter in this patriotic narrative, as it led to ambi- tions unfulfilled and a lesson in human fallibility. The tale of André’s initial attempt to bribe his way to freedom, fol- lowed by his stoicism in the face of exe- cution, was spun to inspire and instruct the young American nation in the value of fidelity and the high cost of justice. American illustrators relished the chance to reinforce and expand these themes in pictures. Early appearances of the capture of Major André as a popular image include the simple engravings in the many editions of Mason Locke Weem’s Life of Washington, which was enor- mously popular for the first decades of the nineteenth century. Best known for The tragic fate of Maj. John André, an important subtext to the story of Benedict Arnold’s the young George and the cherry-tree treason, soon became part of American historical lore. The story was familiar enough to story, this moral fable dressed up as his- most citizens to require no elaboration when this image of the major’s capture was run on tory also includes the André-Arnold the front page of the Illustrated News in 1852.

Page 10 The Quarto the west. The trail leads back into the distance to a steeple, perhaps represent- ing safe-haven for André, tantalizingly close, but not to be obtained. The didactic qualities of Durand’s The Capture of Major André were a good fit for the American Art Union and its mission to promote visual litera- cy and contemporary American artists. A membership organization, the AAU had a partiality for distributing prints with nationalistic themes. The AAU didn’t last long, running from 1839 to 1851, but it had a significant impact on the developing tastes of middle-class Americans. A nearly identical painting by another established American history painter, John Blake White (1781–1859), exists in the Clements collection (The Quarto, No. 31, p. 7). It’s most likely a The bucolic village of Tarrytown on the Hudson River was known to most Americans copy of the popular Durand print. Like through ’s stories—and as the site of the apprehension of Maj. André. Durand, White also produced paintings for reproduction by the American Art affair, represented by a simple engraving Durand’s The Capture of Major André Union, but his best-known works are (woodcut?) of André’s arrest. was produced by a team of top-rank scenes from the revolution in the collec- Accomplished and sophisticated engravers. The main figures in the print tion of the United States Capitol. painters of the early nineteenth century were produced by Alfred Jones (1819- Among them is General Marion Inviting such as Jacob Eichholtz (1776–1842) 1900), a New York banknote engraver a British Officer to Share His Meal, and and Thomas Sully (1783–1872) also famous for his 1843 reproduction of The Siege of Fort Motte. In keeping with tackled the subject. Popular print pub- William Sidney Mount’s The Farmers’ themes of American virtue and self-sac- lishers like Nathaniel Currier found an Nooning, also for the AAU. The back- rifice, White depicts American General enduring market for prints of the capture ground of The Capture of Major André Marion offering to share his meager of André. Perhaps the best-known came from the hands of James Smillie sweet potato dinner with an enemy depiction is by American artist Asher (1807–1885), and Robert Hinshelwood officer, and patriot civilian Rebecca Brown Durand (1796–1886). (1812–?). Smillie, who also engraved Brewton Motte directing Generals As a young man, Durand was banknotes, was a landscape specialist Marion and Lee to burn her plantation apprenticed under engraver Peter responsible for the plate for Thomas home in order to expel its British occu- Maverick, best known for his accurate Cole’s Voyage of Life. Hinshelwood, piers. facsimile of the signed Declaration of another banknote guy, was Smillie’s Being a southerner, lawyer, play- Independence. Durand then produced brother-in-law. Jones and Smillie were wright, and portrait artist, who was elect- an impressive plate of John Trumbull’s both elected to the National Academy. ed to the South Carolina legislature, masterpiece oil painting of the No surprise that the Durand print came White had a particular interest in the Declaration’s signing, but his finest out handsomely and was widely distrib- southern campaigns of the Revolutionary achievements came after he abandoned uted through the Art Union. War. His vision of history was shaped the engraving tools for brushes and pal- Durand’s composition in The by four years in the London studio of ette. Durand painted at least two ver- Capture of Major André follows the pat- the top history painter of the era, sions of “The Capture of Major André” tern set by his predecessors by showing Benjamin West (1738–1820). in the 1830s before being commissioned the tense moment when André’s fate It could have all gone very differ- by the American Art Union to produce was teetering, his pleas being rebuffed ently. Had André slipped through to another to be reproduced as an engrav- by the incorruptible American militia- safety, West Point would have almost ing. This painting was included in the men. The standing figure of Paulding, certainly fallen to the British, isolating Art Union’s annual members’ lottery of holding the documents removed from the New England colonies from the rest. 1845, where it was won by Cornelius the captive’s boot, seems to have just The outcome of the Revolution could Van Horn of New York. It then disap- arrived at the moment of realization of have played out very differently, possi- peared, only recently surfacing in a pri- what the stakes really are. His hand is bly interrupting and canceling any vate collection. It is now at the up towards André, palm out, in a univer- need for lessons in American virtue Birmingham Museum of Art in sal gesture of refusal. Van Wart and and fidelity. Alabama. Williams await direction. The Hudson ­— Clayton Lewis The Art Union printing plate for River snakes through the background to Curator of Graphic Materials

The Quarto Page 11 AFTER THE TREASON

hen six trunks gain favor in his new environment. recruits as possible. In the process, the filled with the He also pressed General Clinton for general hoped to divert resources from papers of British General Sir an opportunity to command in the field. General Nathanael Greene’s campaign in Henry Clinton arrived at William L. In December 1780, Benedict the South. Clinton also gave Arnold per- Clements’s home in Bay City, Arnold received orders from Clinton to mission to raid inland rebel properties, WMichigan, in January 1927, he was not lead a military contingent to to provided that the security of Portsmouth aware that their contents would unravel establish a base of operations at would not be compromised in the pro- the details of Benedict Arnold’s treason- Portsmouth and obtain as many loyalist cess. Revealing his wariness of the ous interactions with British Headquarters. Nor did he anticipate the evidence suggesting Peggy Arnold’s involvement in her husband’s exploits. From the first announcements of the existence of the Arnold correspon- dence—in newspapers and pamphlets of the late 1920s and 1930s—interpreta- tions, explanations, descriptions, and re- interpretations of the dramatic story of Benedict Arnold, Peggy Shippen Arnold, and John André have command- ed public attention. The Henry Clinton Papers, however, are voluminous and are not limited to this one component of Arnold’s career. In conjunction with other holdings, the Clements Library cares for significant documentation of Arnold’s post-treason stint in the . As an active former officer of the , partly responsible for the defeat of Burgoyne’s forces at Saratoga; as a potentially untrustworthy soldier, capable of treason; and as a man instrumental, however circumstantially, in the death of the beloved adjutant- general John André, Arnold found his acceptance into the British Army less welcoming than perhaps he would have hoped. Nevertheless, from his new resi- dence in occupied New York he set to work drafting public letters and procla- mations, which announced his allegiance to the British Army, attempted to recruit Continental soldiers and officers to a corps of cavalry and infantry under his command, and explained the motives for his change in allegiance (stressing his desire for peace, the tyranny of the Congress, and the “insidious” offers of French support). Nowhere did he men- tion the profits or personal benefits he had hoped to gain from his actions. During the last months of 1780, Arnold also sought an increase in rank, offered intelligence to Secretary of State George John André’s mortal connection with Benedict Arnold came to its end on October 2, 1780. Germain, and otherwise attempted to Arnold had escaped to British lines, while André was apprehended and executed as a spy.

Page 12 The Quarto ambitious Brigadier General, Clinton stipulated that Arnold must not perform any independent operations without the express approval of his seconds-in-com- mand. Arnold sailed from New Jersey to the mouth of the James River with approximately 1,600 troops of the 80th Regiment of Foot, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas; the Queen’s Rangers under Lieutenant Colonel John Graves Simcoe; multiple loyalist detachments; and a unit of Hessian jägers (riflemen), commanded by Johann von Ewald. Arnold’s ships reached the mouth of the James River on December 30th. Over the next several days, the com- mander ordered an attack on unarmed, tobacco-laden vessels off Newport News; sent several hundred men ashore to assess the strength of the militia forc- es in the region and scout for prizes; and sent five boats up the Nansemond tribu- tary on reconnaissance. The Hessians dispersed the largest opposing force, which was located along the north bank of the James, northeast of Newport Arnold’s second (and last) major operation with the British was a destructive raid on New News. Arnold continued up the river on London, Connecticut, on September 6, 1781. Capt. Daniel Lyman carefully recorded the January 2, 1781, encountering one body movements and positions of British troops during the action. Atrocities committed against of Virginia militia. He bypassed them the American garrison of following its capture further blackened Arnold’s and moved toward Richmond, which name. had become the capital of Virginia less than a year previously. For the sake of Peggy Shippen Arnold’s cousin, Mary the post. Arnold’s men remained in intelligence-gathering in the Virginia Byrd. Arnold utilized Westover as a Portsmouth for two months while capital, Simcoe and Dundas concurred temporary base of operations for plun- General Washington’s efforts to with Arnold’s decision to proceed dering nearby plantations. apprehend the traitor were thwarted inland. Simcoe convinced Arnold to by successful counter-actions by Virginia Governor Thomas attack Richmond before receiving rein- General Clinton. Jefferson attempted to amass the state forcements or sending out scouts, and Major General William Phillips militia as soon as news arrived that the party began its one-day march to (1731–81) arrived on March 26, 1781, British forces were en route to the capi- the capital on January 4th. Governor with reinforcements and assumed com- tal. He relied on the highest-ranking took flight in his car- mand of the troops at Portsmouth. officer in Virginia at the time, General riage, and other white citizens fled by Arnold and Phillips continued to imple- Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben to the time the British entered the city in ment successful raids into East Virginia. appoint a commander and help prepare the morning light of the 5th. A small On April 18th, Arnold marched to the widely scattered state militia. The number of remaining militiamen south- Osborne (on the James River about 15 Governor, with his lack of military east of the town fled from an advance by miles south of Richmond) with a force experience, did not anticipate the length Ewald, and, after a skirmish at Shockoe of regulars from the 76th and 80th of time required to organize and equip Hill, the Virginians left Richmond in Regiments of Foot, and troops from the these locally-commanded units and Arnold’s hands. When the Brigadier Jäger Corps, the Queen’s Rangers, and resistance to the British advance suf- General’s ransom offer was refused, he the American Legion. There, Arnold fered as a result. The most important gave his soldiers leave to plunder valu- offered to spare half the cargo of a small defensive position on the way to ables and supplies, burn buildings and rebel flotilla in exchange for a peaceful Richmond was Hood’s Bluff, but though military stores, and destroy other proper- surrender. Receiving a negative two artillery pieces and a small group of ty. They left the capital largely in ruins. response, Arnold’s detachment attacked militiamen were present there, the bat- Benedict Arnold next turned his and took a dozen ships carrying tobacco, tery had no protective fort and its garri- attention to the primary objective of corn, flour, and other goods as prizes. son dispersed on the enemy’s approach. Portsmouth. Despite resistance by The financial summary of the expedition No other obstacles remained, and the around two hundred Virginia militia- is located in the papers of William Petty, 800-man detachment disembarked at men, Arnold’s raiding party arrived at 2nd Earl of Shelburne. When Loyalist Westover plantation, the property of its destination and set to work fortifying and New York attorney general John

The Quarto Page 13 to New York on the first available trans- port, thus ending his destructive and relatively productive time in Virginia. Brigadier Arnold would have one more opportunity to serve the army in the American War when Henry Clinton ordered him to lead around 1,700 men in an attack on New London, Connecticut, in an effort to divert George Washington’s attentions from Cornwallis’s army in the South. The September 6, 1781, action proved to be another black mark on Arnold’s record, with high British casualties, a merciless destruction of the town, and an apparent continuation of the attack after the A list of vessels and cargo captured on the James River of Virginia by troops of Benedict American surrender. Arnold’s raiding force in the spring of 1781. Such “prizes” were usually sold and the pro- The American and British military ceeds distributed according to a formula among the participating officers, soldiers, and careers of Benedict Arnold are at times sailors. This document was found in the Shelburne Papers. overshadowed by the almost theatrical drama of his “treason of the blackest Tabor Kempe attempted to follow the Richmond, they waited for reinforce- dye” and by his reputation as the very distribution of the prizes taken in the ments. Benedict Arnold had another personification of the traitor. The expedition he found an abundance of opportunity to serve as the primary offi- Clements Library is home to the most missing captured goods and proceeds cer of the Virginia contingent when important evidence of his treason and from sales of cargo. William Phillips, who had been suffer- also the caretaker of primary source Phillips and Arnold conducted ing from a “teazing indisposition,” died materials relevant to the entirety of another successful raid in April, captur- at Petersburg on May 13th. Around a his life as a soldier. ing the important communications hub week later, Charles Cornwallis arrived — Cheney Schopieray of Petersburg on the 25th. There, after a and assumed command of the army. A Curator of Manuscripts tentative effort to again assault case of gout prompted Arnold to return

DEVELOPMENTS

he Clements Library has collection items to enable their purchase process and catalog the Henry Burbeck lost a number of good or conservation. We are grateful to Papers. We are happy to welcome friends over the last few those friends who “adopted” new acqui- Louie Miller, a second year student in months. April saw the passing of yet sitions: Elizabeth Bishop, James and the U-M School of Information, who Ianother, A. Alfred Taubman, a supporter Joanna Davis, Joanie Knoertzer, Jack will spend his summer greatly enhanc- of the Library for decades. He most and Carmen Miller, and Richard and ing the accessibility of the voluminous recently contributed to the acquisition of Susan Sobota. Conservation adopters Henry Burbeck collection. Audubon’s Viviparous Quadrupeds of were Doug Aikenhead and Tracy Finally, on a bittersweet note, we North America, the last gift of so many Gallup, John and Cheryl MacKrell, that he made to the University of Friedrich and Evelyn Port, and Ellen Michigan. Ramsburg. Many thanks to these good Avid ephemera collector Jerry friends and to so many others who were Maxson passed away in February. He unable to attend. If you would like to and his wife, Charlotte, were dedicated learn more about our “Adopt a Piece of friends of the Library and regularly History” program please contact me at drove to Ann Arbor from Midland to [email protected]. attend CLA programs and field trips. A gift from The Gladys Kriebel Last fall Library staff hosted Delmas Foundation has enabled the “Adopt a Piece of History” at our tem- Clements to hire a project archivist to porary quarters on East Ellsworth Road. Guests had the opportunity to examine This nineteenth-century steel engraving newly acquired material, enjoy a tour of depicts Arnold making the fatal suggestion our conservation facility led by Julie that André hide incriminating documents Fremuth, talk with staff, and “adopt” in his boot.

Page 14 The Quarto say goodbye to our director of develop- computer specialist for University mine its rich collection of primary ment, Ann Rock, who has resigned from Hospitals. sources. We thank our supporters for the Clements to take a position at the making the fellowship program possible. Grosse Pointe War Memorial, an institu- James M. Klancnik tion much closer to her home. Ann was We regret to announce the loss of yet Dr. Trenton Cole, an American the Clements Library’s first-ever devel- another member of the CLA Board of Antiquarian Society Post-dissertation opment officer, and during her six years Governors. Jim Klancnik was our lon- Fellow, is the recipient of the Howard with us was instrumental in raising over gest-serving active governor when he H. Peckham Fellowship on $13,000,000. The staff will miss Ann passed away on March 24. He began Revolutionary America for his topic, and wish her great success in her new his service to the Library in 1972, and, “Captives of Liberty: Prisoners of War endeavor. though practicing law in Chicago and and the Radicalization of the American — Anne Bennington Helber Dallas, he faithfully attended nearly Revolution.” Development Generalist every board meeting. Jim had a deep and abiding love for the Clements, and Dr. Arthur Bruce Cohn, director emer- his family has suggested that memorial itus of the Lake Champlain Maritime THE GORMAGUNT contributions be directed to the Library. Museum, has been selected for an REVEALED Earhart Foundation Fellowship on Dr. Kevin Hurley of New York City Jacob M. Price American History for his topic, was the winner in our drawing from The Spring-Summer issue of The “Connected by History: Sir Henry correct answers to the riddle of the Quarto traditionally includes a list of Clinton and Benedict Arnold During Gormagunt (The Quarto, no. 42). successful applicants for the Jacob M. the Revolutionary War.” Francis Grose’s Dictionary of the Price Visiting Research Fellowship, so Vulgar Tongue (numerous editions) it seems an appropriate place to record Dr. Mary Stockwell, an independent provides a contemporary definition, the passing of its namesake. Jacob scholar, has been granted an Earhart though under the spelling Myron Price was a distinguished histori- Foundation Fellowship on American “Gormagon.” The answer is “a man an of the early modern Atlantic econo- History for her topic, “Unlikely General: on horseback, with a woman behind my who joined the University of ‘Mad’ and the Battle him.” The riddle sometimes speci- Michigan’s history faculty in 1956 and for America.” fies five legs on one side and so, of served until retiring in 1991. During course, would have the woman rid- that time he won numerous honors and Prof. Wil Verhoeven of the University ing side saddle. One wonders how awards. He was a member of the of Groningen (Netherlands) has been many colonial rubes were gulled by Clements Library Board of Governors granted an Earhart Foundation this one at Curler’s Hook, New from 1990 to 2015 and a generous sup- Fellowship on American History for York, in the winter of 1761. porter of the fellowship that bears his his topic, “The Revolution of America: By a happy coincidence, a name. A significant part of Jack’s lega- The Ideological Origins of the American sculpture of the European gorma- cy is the opportunity his fellowships Exceptionalism.” gunt (equally as rare as its North have provided to bright young historians American cousin) was discovered (nearly 175 since 1995) to utilize the Dr. Justin duRivage of Stanford and photographed last March in a primary source material available only University will receive an Upton square in Nuremberg, Germany. at the Clements Library. Foundation Fellowship on American Mr. Audubon, eat your heart out. History for his topic, “Revolution Price Fellow Wins Pulitzer Against Empire: Taxes, Politics, and It is a particular pleasure to announce the Origins of American Independence.” that Elizabeth Fenn has won the 2015 ANNOUNCEMENTS Pulitzer in history for her book Dr. Julie Flavell, an independent Thomas M. Dziuszko Encounters at the Heart of the World: A scholar, is the recipient of an Upton On March 30 the Library lost its one- History of the Mandan People. She is Foundation Fellowship on American man booster club and expert ambassador professor of history at the University of History for her topic, “Breed of Heroes: of the Avenir Great Room. Thomas Colorado, Boulder, and, proud to say, Inside the Howe Dynasty.” (aka “Tom” or “Tommie”) Dziuszko was a 1997 Price Fellow at the Clements was devoted to the Clements and gave Library. Congratulations “Lil.” Dr. Christopher Minty, a New-York countless hours of his time as a docent Historical Society Post-doctoral Fellow, and as a member (since 2002) of the 2015 POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS has been granted an Upton Foundation CLA Board of Governors. A native of The generous support of the Earhart Fellowship on American History for his Danvers, Massachusetts, Tommie never Foundation, the Upton Foundation, and topic, “United by Association: abandoned his allegiance to the Patriots, several anonymous donors has allowed Partisanship and the American Celtics, Red Sox, and Bruins—and all the Clements Library to offer a fourth Revolution.” the Wolverine teams. Tom came to year of post-doctoral research fellow- Ann Arbor as a freshman in 1967 and ships. Eight fellows from institutions in Prof. Ben Wright of Abraham Baldwin never left, enjoying a full career as a three countries will visit the Clements to Agricultural College has been awarded

The Quarto Page 15 an Upton Foundation Fellowship on American History for his topic “Antislavery and American Salvation.”

2015 PRICE FELLOWS The junior scholars who are awarded a Jacob M. Price Visiting Clements Library Director J. Kevin Graffagnino Research Fellowship represent the next generation of American his- torians. Access to the Clements Library’s collections is crucial for Committee of Management many of them as they conduct research for their dissertations. We Mark Schlissel, Chairman; James L. Hilton; welcome ten Price Fellows in 2015. Robert N. Gordon; Martha S. Jones; David B. Walters; J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary Prof. Friederike Baer of Penn State University, Abington, for her topic, “The Hessians and Other German Auxiliary Troops in the War Clements Library Associates Board of Governors Peter N. Heydon, Chairman of American Independence.” John R. Axe, John L. Booth II, Judith K. Christie, Duane N. Diedrich, Candace Dufek, Thomas M. Dziuszko, Brooke Bauer, University of North Carolina, for her dissertation, William G. Earle, Paul Ganson, Robert N. Gordon, Helen C. Hall,Eliza “The Effects of Eighteenth-Century War on the Lives of Catawba Finkenstaedt Hillhouse, Keith B. Hook, Joseph L. Hudson IV, Sally Indian Women.” Kennedy, James M. Klancnik, Joan Knoertzer, Thomas C. Liebman, Janet Mueller, Dr. M. Haskell Newman, Drew Peslar, Richard Pohrt, Anne Marie Anna Brinkman, King’s College, London, for her dissertation, Schoonhoven, Martha R. Seger, Harold T. Shapiro, Arlene P. Shy, James P. “Agency of War: Prize Law and British Foreign Policy, 1756-1784.” Spica, Edward D. Surovell, Bradley L. Thompson II, Benjamin Upton, Leonard A. Walle, David B. Walters, Clarence Wolf, J. Kevin Graffagnino, Secretary Dr. Stephen Brumwell, an independent scholar, for his topic, “Honor and Treason: Benedict Arnold and the Crisis of American Clements Library Associates Honorary Board of Governors Liberty.” Thomas Kingsley, Philip P. Mason, Jacob M. Price, Joanna Schoff, Margaret W. Winkelman, Frank Cirillo, University Virginia, for his dissertation, “ ‘The Day of Sainthood Has Passed:’ American Abolitionists and the Golden Clements Library Associates share an interest in American history and a desire to ensure the continued growth of the Library’s collections. Moment of the Civil War.” Funds received from Associate memberships are used to purchase historical materials. Annual Membership Contributions: Emilie Connolly, New York University, for her dissertation, “The Student $5, Donor $50, Associate $75, Patron $100, Fellow $250, Kingdom of God and the Transformation of American Religious Benefactor $500, Contributor $1000 and above. Imagination, 1830–1877.” Contributions are tax deductible in accordance with current federal and state law and may be made by check or credit card. Mary T. Freeman, Columbia University, for her dissertation, “Letter Writing and Politics in the Campaign Against Slavery in the Published by the Clements Library • University of Michigan 1580 East Ellsworth Road • Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 United States, 1830-1870.” phone: (734) 764-2347 • fax: (734) 647-0716 Internet: http://www.clements.umich.edu Nancy O. Gallman, University of California, Davis, for her disser- Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Editor, [email protected] tation, “American Constitutions: Life, Liberty, and Property in Kathleen Horn, Designer, Blue Skies Studio Colonial .” Regents of the University Toni Pitock, University of Delaware, for her dissertation, “The Mark J. Bernstein, Ann Arbor; Julia Donovan Darlow, Ann Arbor; Laurence B. Deitch, Bloomfield Hills; Shauna Ryder Diggs, Grosse Pointe; Struggle for Cuba: Slavery, War, and Empire in the Eighteenth Denise Ilitch, Bingham Farms; Andrea Fischer Newman, Ann Arbor; Century.” Andrew C. Richner, Grosse Pointe Park; Katherine E. White, Ann Arbor; Mark Schlissel, ex officio Neal Polhemus, University of South Carolina, for his dissertation, “A Culture of Commodification: Hemispheric and Intercolonial Nondiscrimination Policy Statement Migrations in the Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807.” The University of Michigan, as an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, complies with all applicable federal and state laws regarding nondiscrimination and affirmative action. The University of Michigan is CALENDAR OF EVENTS committed to a policy of equal opportunity for all persons and does not dis- criminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, marital status, August 31, 2015: Final day of reading room operations at 1580 sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, disability, reli- East Ellsworth location. gion, height, weight, or veteran status in employment, educational programs and activities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to September 1, 2015 – December 23, 2015: Library closed for move the Senior Director for Institutional Equity, and Title IX/Section 504/ADA of staff and collections to 909 South University. Coordinator, Office of Institutional Equity, 2072 Administrative Services Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1432, 734-763-0235, TTY 734-647- October 6, 2015: Clements Library Associates Board of Governors 1388. For other University of Michigan information call 734-764-1817. meeting. January 4, 2016: Anticipated resumption of full reading room operations at 909 South University.

Page 16 The Quarto