DOCSLIB.ORG

Hjeffrey Thesis.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hjeffrey Thesis.Pdf Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Jeffrey, Heather (2017) A discursive analysis of women’s femininities within the context of Tunisian tourism. PhD thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22864/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy A Discursive Analysis of Women’s Femininities within the Context of Tunisian Tourism A thesis submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heather Jeffrey Middlesex University Business School February 2017 Abstract Tourism has been hailed as a vehicle for gender equality and women’s empowerment and yet the relationship between these is far from simple. As tourism is created in already gendered societies, the ability of the industry to empower is shaped by existing gender norms and discourses. Therefore utilising a postcolonial feminist frame, the primary focus of this thesis is to critically explore both the discursive role of tourism and its influence in (re)constructing feminine identities in Tunisia. Informed by the works of Michel Foucault, and postcolonial feminism a critical discourse analysis is performed to identify discourses on femininity within the (re)presentations of Tunisian women in the Tunisian National Tourism Office’s brochures and website. Critical discourse analysis often risks disempowering the communities it seeks to analyse and as such fifteen semi-structured, in-depth interviews were carried out with Tunisian women involved in the Tunisian tourism industry. The interviews were shaped by a terrorist attack targeting tourists that had happened just two weeks before. Interestingly both the promotional materials and the interviews display two particular discourses on femininity, the modern and uncovered daughter of Bourguiba, and the southern covered Other. Of these discourses, it is the daughter of Bourguiba who is privileged and the southern veiled Other who is excluded. These discourses have been fomented since independence from France in 1956 and the rule of President Habib Bourguiba, but they still have a very material impact on the lives of Tunisian women today as evidenced in the interviews. This thesis contributes to both tourism and postcolonial studies in its problematisation of the connotation of Othering as essentially negative. When discourses of the Other shaping (re)presentations refrain from the construction of a monolithic categorisation, they can be more inclusive than discourses of similarity, which exclude all Others. This is linked to host self (re)presentation being intimately entwined within a system of both local and global politics, when cross-cultural (re)presentations are removed from at least some of these. The use of photo elicitation is developed to gain an understanding of how those (re)presented view those (re)presentations, but also to overcome linguistic and cultural barriers. i Acknowledgements I will forever be in the debt of Middlesex University, not only for awarding me the studentship which has enabled me to undertake this project but also for providing me with the opportunity and environment to grow. I would also like to thank Prof. Nick Rumens – you taught me without teaching, showed me the way but never imposed – thank you. Sue Bleasdale, it is because of you that we are here, you introduced to me to Tunisia, have always supported me, and you are more than a supervisor. Hyung yu, you made me think, you encouraged your students to engage in academic exploration, but with warmth and kindness that has always meant you will be far more than just a lecturer – and I cannot remember how many pints I owe you now. Erin Sanders-McDonagh, you have been more important to me than you will ever know, thank you for mentoring me, for introducing me to the RGS, for helping me with the proposal and all your feedback, I am sure you will see the influence you have had in the pages of the thesis. I am also grateful to many of the academic networks that have supported me over the last three and a bit years: the GLTRG and GFRG at the Royal Geographical Society, WAiT, and CTS, among all of the academics that have influenced not just my research but my ‘self’. I want to show my gratitude to my dad, thank you for never telling me to behave ‘like a girl’, for always believing in me and for pushing me, for always being there whenever things went wrong - in Lanzarote, Tunisia, London, Brazil… Thank you for showing me there is so much more to the world than I will ever be able to see, and for supporting me in trying to achieve the impossible. I still remember the day a 16-year-old me told you I wanted to study tourism and you were not convinced, ‘it wasn’t academic enough’, but you quickly gave in and since then we have come a long way. Martin, rather than a thank you, I think I should say a sorry, sorry for all the lost weekends and evenings, sorry for all my clothes on the floor, sorry for all my books and my notes on the table. You have been by my side since before the PhD began, I have learnt more from you than I have ever given you credit for! I must acknowledge the kindness my participants showed me throughout their interviews. Finally and most importantly, Chokri, Balsam, Belkis, Amal, Imed and all of your families, I will never be able to thank you for the kindness you have shown me. This thesis would never have happened if it was not for you, I can only hope that one day I will be able to repay you. Until we meet again Tunisia, may that day be sooner rather than later. ii Part of this thesis’ advances benefited from the research stay in La Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina in the context of INCASI Network coordinated by Dr Pedro López-Roldán, a European project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie GA No 691004 Parts of this thesis have been published in the following chapter: Jeffrey, H.L. and Bleasdale, S. (2017). Tunisia: Mass Tourism in Crisis? In D. Harrison and R. Sharpley (Eds.), Mass Tourism in a Small World. Wallingford: CABI And presented at the following conferences: Jeffrey, H. (2016). Daughters of Bourguiba. Paper presented at: the Royal Geographical Society (IBG) Annual International Conference, August 20-September 24, 2016, London. Jeffrey, H. (2016). Reflecting on insiders and outsiders in tourism and gender research. Paper presented at: the School of Hospitality and Tourism Management Conference 2016, th July 19 -22nd, 2016, Surrey University, Guildford. Jeffrey, H. (2016). Connecting insiders and outsiders in tourism and gender research. Paper presented at: the 2016 Research Student Summer Conference, June 29-30, 2016, Middlesex University, London. Jeffrey, H. and Sposato, M. (2016). Intermediaries, understanding and misunderstandings of class and gender in cross-cultural research. Paper presented at: 9th Biennial Gender Work and Organisation conference, 29th June-1st July, 2016 Keele University, UK. Jeffrey, H. (2015). Determined Netnography. Paper presented at: the Royal Geographical Society (IBG) Annual International Conference, September 1-4, 2015, Exeter, UK. Jeffrey, H. (2015). Exploring Gender in Tourism Discourse. Paper presented at: the 2015 Critical Tourism Studies Conference, June 26-30, 2015, Opatija, Croatia. Jeffrey, H. (2015). Tunisia, Gender, and Tourism Discourse. Paper presented at: the 2015 Research Student Summer Conference, June 17-18, 2015, Middlesex University, London. Jeffrey, H. (2014). Analysing Gendered Representations. Paper presented at: the 2014 International Antalya Hospitality Tourism and Travel Research Conference, December 9-12, 2014, Antalya, Turkey iii Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tourists' Walking Rhythms: 'Doing' the Tunis Medina, Tunisia
    Social & Cultural Geography ISSN: 1464-9365 (Print) 1470-1197 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rscg20 Tourists’ walking rhythms: ‘doing’ the Tunis Medina, Tunisia João Sarmento To cite this article: João Sarmento (2017) Tourists’ walking rhythms: ‘doing’ the Tunis Medina, Tunisia, Social & Cultural Geography, 18:3, 295-314, DOI: 10.1080/14649365.2016.1174283 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1174283 Published online: 26 Apr 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 350 View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rscg20 SOCIAL & CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY, 2017 VOL. 18, NO. 3, 295–314 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1174283 Tourists’ walking rhythms: ‘doing’ the Tunis Medina, Tunisia João Sarmentoa,b aGeography Department, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães, Portugal; bCentre for Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The contemporary medina of Tunis is intimately connected to the Received 29 July 2014 various urban development stages of the city at large. Despite its Accepted 4 March 2016 UNESCO status and undisputable attractions, the medina is peripheral KEYWORDS to Tunisian tourism development. Yet its maze of streets is walked on a Walking; rhythm; Lefebvre; daily basis by numerous tourists, who bring flair, choreographies and tourists; Tunisia; Tunis rhythms which also constitute the medina. While there are a growing Medina number of studies focusing on tourists’ movements, using technologies that allow for accurate mapping of timespace trajectories, I argue that MOTS CLÉS we have much to learn from the embodied ways in which tourists Marche; rythme; Lefebvre; move in an unknown terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Goletta: a Cosmopolitan Seaside Resort
    Athens Journal of Tourism - Volume 5, Issue 1 – Pages 21-35 The Goletta: A Cosmopolitan Seaside Resort By Adel Manai Though the history of seaside resorts has been on the agenda of socio-cultural historians for some time now, Tunisia has not had afair share of this history, despite its incorporation in French colonial tourist circles and later into the European and international tourist networks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as its development into a popular tourist destination and a holiday market after its independence in the late 1950s. This paper is an attempt to unearth part of this history by focusing on one of the pioneering seaside resorts of Tunisia, the port town of the Goletta, more popularly known as “La Goulette” as the French put it in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It traces the early development of this watering place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and analyses the factors thatcontributed to its growth into a popular seaside resort. Keywords: Tunisia, Goletta, Seaside Tourism, Seaside Resort, Globalization Introduction & Literature Review Tourism is one of the leading industries in Tunisia today.However, and even though Tunisia was among the first locations where such tourism expanded outside Europe, there is no clear and comprehensivehistorical account of how this tourism developed. General histories of tourism remain Eurocentric, still mainly dominated by the British pioneering experience, and mostly concerned with the nineteenth century (Zuelow 2015). Studies of North African tourism, including Tunisia, despite the ongoing development of this region as a major tourist destination, are scant.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid Waste Management in Tourism Destinations in Tunisia: Diagnostic and Improvement Approaches
    Department of Waste and Resource Management Rostock University SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN TUNISIA: DIAGNOSTIC AND IMPROVEMENT APPROACHES DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Academic Board of Rostock University Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences For the Degree of DOCTOR of Engineering (Dr. Eng.) WASSIM CHAABANE Born in Sfax 1988, Republic of Tunisia Rostock, Germany 2020 I https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002705 Gutachter: 1. Gutachter: PD. Dr.-Ing. Habil. Abdallah Nassour Universität Rostock Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany. 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Christina Dornack Institute of Waste Management and Circular Economy - Technische Universität Dresden Pratzschwitzer Str. 15, 01796 Pirna, Germany 3. Gutachter: Dr. Mehrez Chakchouk University of Tunis - Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Tunis (IPEIT) 2, Rue Jawaher Lel Nehru - 1089 Montfleury - Tunisie Datum der Einreichung: 06.11.2019 Datum der Verteidigung: 17.04.2020 II DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCY I hereby declare that the present work is prepared and submitted by me independently without any assistance other than from those cited and acknowledged in the thesis. Rostock, 06. 11. 2019 Wassim Chaabane III SUMMARY Tunisia has established, since 1993, a national solid waste management (SWM) programme to implement an integrated waste management strategy. The National Waste Management Agency (ANGED) has started with the rehabilitation of open dumpsites, the creation of sanitary landfills and with the treatment of emitted gas and leachate. Laws have also established the conditions and arrangements for the recovery and management of used packaging systems (ECO-Lef), used batteries and accumulators (Eco-batteries), and the arrangements for waste generated from medical activities, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia: Stability Through Tourism
    Europe | Policy | Destinations | News TUNISIA: STABILITY THROUGH TOURISM At the end of April the German government published the core elements of its tourism strategy. One of its three key objectives is for tourism to contribute to international stability. Tourism is a growth sector which makes an important contribution to economic and social stability in developing countries – particu- larly in Tunisia. The unemployment rate in Tunisia is excep- tionally high at 15 percent. Although the Tourism’s signifcance is omnipresent country’s economy is growing, that growth »Tourism is like no other industry. It’s all about culture, encounters and tol- only amounted to a modest 2 percent in erance. This intercultural exchange and reciprocal learning are exceptionally the challenging year of 2018. Tourism is all important to my fellow countrymen. Tourism is naturally also important to the more important in an economy that is the economy, and as a source of jobs and careers – not just in the hotels and beginning to recover. Visitor fgures are back restaurants, but also in agriculture and traditional craft industries. This value up to over eight million again for the frst chain plays an important role in Tunisia. As a child I noticed in my hometown of time since the revolution of 2010/11. Kairouan that the carpet makers were able to live in modest prosperity through Last year alone revenue from tourism rose selling their wares to tourists. by 50 percent. Economic fgures underline how important this development is for My country has enjoyed a close partnership Tunisia. Tourism accounts for 16 percent over the decades with TUI.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Medical Tourism? 3
    Medical tourism in North Africa Internationalization & medical tourism 2020 edition Report by Together for a healthier world Contents What is medical tourism? 3 Global industry outlook 4 Egypt 5 Tunisia 7 Morocco 9 Algeria 11 Libya 13 northafricahealthexpo.com What is medical tourism? Traditionally, healthcare delivery has been bounded by the nation-state, however, in recent “Medical tourism is when consumers elect to decades, significant economic, social and travel across international borders with the political changes have encouraged a more trans- intention of receiving some form of medical national and international role for health policy treatment. This treatment may span the full development. These national interconnections range of medical services, but most commonly have offered new opportunities for healthcare includes dental care, cosmetic surgery, elective delivery across borders, and have led to the rise of surgery, and fertility treatment.” medical tourism as a global phenomenon. (OECD, 2010) Several developments support this growth in global medical travel: • Growing patient mobility (low-cost airlines, • Regulatory regimes such as the General Agreement advancements in information-communication on Trade in Services (and other World Trade Organi- technology, and shifting cultural attitudes among sation agreements) the public about overseas destinations) • Recognition of transnational disease patterns • Industry development northafricahealthexpo.com Global industry outlook Grandview Research has indicated that the global In a recent article published in Arab Health medical tourism market size is expected to reach US$ Magazine, Patients Beyond Borders CEO Josef 179.6 billion by 2026, registering a 21.9% CAGR Woodman outlined eight drivers for global during the forecast period. Nearly 100 million medical tourism in 2019: patients have crossed international borders for 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia-Mass Tourism in Crisis? Heather Jeffrey, Sue Bleasdale
    This is an Author's Original Manuscript of an article whose final and definitive form, the Version of Record, has been published in the book Mass Tourism in a Small World (2017) [copyright CABI], Jeffrey, H. and Bleasdale, S., 2017. 17 Tunisia: Mass Tourism in Crisis?. Mass Tourism in a Small World, p.191. Tunis ia-Mass Tourism in Crisis? Heather Jeffrey, Sue Bleasdale, Successive governments in post-colonial Tunisia have sought to develop mass tourism as an avenue for social and economic development. Political instability and increasing media coverage have more recently led to a dramatic reduction in foreign tourist arrivals. Tunis ia provides insights into the intersections of modernity, mass tourism, authoritarianism and terrorism, and in a world marred by terrorist attacks it becomes increasingly important to analyse the specific contexts from which these emerge. This chapter aims to address some of these issues by evaluating mass tourism development in Tunisia, highlighting the social and economic advances Tunisia has achieved, before analysing the situation since the Jasmine revolution of 2011. In order to fully analyse mass tourism in Tunisia, we draw on our own experience, which includes over 30 years of research in Tunisia, and fieldwork carried out shortly after the March 2015 Bardo Museum attack in the capital city Tunis. Finally, the chapter looks towards the future of mass tourism in Tunisia, arguing that while mass tourism has delivered positive advances, if it is to continue to do so the industry must be diversified and adapted to meet new needs. The Development of Touris m in Tunis ia Since independence from France in 1956, tourism has become an integral part of Tunisia’s development strategy, with the initial impetus coming from Habib Bourguiba, the first President.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisie Tunisia
    TUNISIETUNISIA ROUTEUMAYYAD DES OMEYYADES ROUTE Umayyad Route TUNISIA UMAYYAD ROUTE Umayyad Route Tunisia. Umayyad Route 1st Edition, 2016 Copyright …… Index Edition Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí Introduction Texts Mohamed Lamine Chaabani (secrétaire général de l’Association Liaisons Méditerranéennes); Mustapha Ben Soyah; Office National du Tourisme Tunisien (ONTT) Umayyad Project (ENPI) 5 Photographs Office National du Tourisme Tunisien; Fundación Pública Andaluza El legado andalusí; Tunisia. History and heritage 7 Association Environnement et Patrimoine d’El Jem; Inmaculada Cortés; Carmen Pozuelo; Shutterstock Umayyad and Modern Arab Food. Graphic Design, layout and maps José Manuel Vargas Diosayuda. Diseño Editorial Gastronomy in Tunis 25 Printing XXXXXX Itinerary Free distribution ISBN Kairouan 34 978-84-96395-84-8 El Jem 50 Legal Deposit Number XXXXX-2016 Monastir 60 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, nor transmitted or recorded by any information Sousse 74 retrieval system in any form or by any means, either mechanical, photochemical, electronic, photocopying or otherwise without written permission of the editors. Zaghouan 88 © of the edition: Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí. Tunis 102 © of texts: their authors © of pictures: their authors Bibliography 138 The Umayyad Route is a project funded by the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and led by the Andalusian Public Foundation El legado andalusí. It gathers a network of partners in seven countries
    [Show full text]
  • The Jasmine Revolution and the Tourism Industry in Tunisia
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones Fall 2011 The Jasmine Revolution and the Tourism Industry in Tunisia Mohamed Becheur University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the International Business Commons, Recreation Business Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Repository Citation Becheur, Mohamed, "The Jasmine Revolution and the Tourism Industry in Tunisia" (2011). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/2523139 This Professional Paper is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Professional Paper in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Professional Paper has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running head: THE JASMINE REVOLUTION 1 THE JASMINE REVOLUTION AND THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN TUNISIA by Mohamed Becheur Bachelor of Finance University Paris Dauphine, France 2009 A professional paper submitted in partial
    [Show full text]
  • The Tunisian Tourism Business
    The Journal of Applied Business Research – November/December 2015 Volume 31, Number 6 The Tunisian Tourism Business: What We Learn About The European Demand? Jlassi Kamel, Tunisian Central Bank, Tunisia Zied Ftiti, EDC Paris Business School, France Hasna Chaibi, University of Tunis and University of El Manar, Tunisia ABSTRACT People from European countries are traditionally the most important sources of tourism for Tunisia. The aim of this paper is to analysis the European tourism demand for Tunisia. we propose a vector autoregression error correction model. The following methodology allows us to analysis the dynamic of Tunisian tourism in both short-term and long-term. Our main results show that the real exchange rate is an important factor explaining long-term overnight stays. A currency depreciation of 10% will increase the number of nights spent by visitors by 12% in the long term, but will have the opposite effect in the short term. However, we show that tourism demand is inelastic to income, indicating the low-cost nature of Tunisian tourism. Keywords: Cointegration; Error Correction Model; Tourism Demand; Exchange Rate; European Countries; Supply Factors; Classical Demand Factors INTRODUCTION ourism activity is a source of income for many countries, especially for developing economies such as in Africa. Consequently, tourism plays an important economic role, as investing in this industry helps T reduce the deficit of commercial balance and unemployment rates. Besides investigating the economic advantages of tourism, studies conducted by both tourism experts and academic researchers have analyzed tourism demand extensively. However, few of these studies have paid attention to tourism demand in African countries (Naudé and Saayman, 2005; Ouerfelli, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 35, Issue 1
    Volume 35, Issue 1 International tourism demand in Tunisia: Evidence from dynamic panel data model Amira Gasmi Seifallah Sassi Laboratoire d''''Economie et Finance Appliquées - IHEC Laboratoire d''''Economie et Finance Appliquées - IHEC Carthage, Tunisia Carthage, Tunisia Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify and study the main determinants of international tourism demand with special reference to Tunisia over the period 1994–2012. The empirical study is based on estimations of GMM dynamic panel data model. Using a sample of 47 generating countries, empirical results show that consumer loyalty is a key determinant for foreign tourism demand in Tunisia. Estimated prices elasticities suggest that Tunisian tourism is surprisingly considered by foreigners as a luxury service and provide evidence that Tunisia and Morocco are substitute destinations. According to the supply induced demand theory, our investigation reveals that Tunisia is able to boost international tourism flows by promoting the tourism supply especially the accommodation capacity and the air supply. Citation: Amira Gasmi and Seifallah Sassi, (2015) ''International tourism demand in Tunisia: Evidence from dynamic panel data model'', Economics Bulletin, Volume 35, Issue 1, pages 507-518 Contact: Amira Gasmi - [email protected], Seifallah Sassi - [email protected]. Submitted: May 06, 2014. Published: March 11, 2015. 1. Introduction Tunisia is one of the most popular tourist destinations in North-Africa and one of the most visited seaside destinations in the Mediterranean region. The tourism sector in Tunisia is an important component of economic activity. In fact, the tourism industry contributes to around 8% of GDP and to 12% of employment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wealth of Heritage and Cultural Tourism in Tunisia Through Two Different Cases: the Archipelago of Kerkena and the Mountains of Southeastern Tunisia”
    Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research (2020), vol, nº 3, nº 1 pp. 107-135. Kebaïli Tarchouna M.. & Kebaili, S. “The wealth of heritage and cultural tourism in Tunisia through two different cases: the archipelago of Kerkena and the mountains of southeastern Tunisia” THE WEALTH OF HERITAGE AND CULTURAL TOURISM IN TUNISIA THROUGH TWO DIFFERENT CASES: THE ARCHIPELAGO OF KERKENA AND THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHEASTERN TUNISIA Mounira Kebaïli Tarchouna, docteur en géographie, Faculté des Lettres des Arts et des Humanités de Manouba, Tunis Tunisie. [email protected] Samir Kebaili, docteur en géographie, Faculté des Lettres et sciences humaines de Sfax, Tunisie. [email protected] Summary : Tunisia is a country in North Africa located on the southern shore of the Mediterranean and bordering the Sahara Desert. This situation gave it a landscape diversity, although it covers only 163610 km², and it attracted several civilizations. The age of human occupation in Tunisia, its history, its passage through several civilizations and its geography, are at the origin of the wealth and diversity of its heritage. To show this heritage richness we have chosen two particular examples each having a different site from the other: The archipelago of Kerkena, located on the east coast of Tunisia in the east center, and the mountains of South East Tunisia. The particularity of Kerkena is manifested by the fixed fisheries owned by fishermen and that of the mountains of southeastern Tunisia by troglodyte houses and "Ksour". The adaptation of the inhabitants of Kerkena to their island environment has marked this archipelago by the importance of fishing activity, especially fixed fisheries that designate an original artisanal fishing technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia Systematic Country Diagnostic
    102298 Tunisia Systematic Country Diagnostic June 2015 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Tunisia Systematic Country Diagnostic (P151647) June 2015 Middle East and North Africa Cover and text pages designed by The Word Express, Inc. Cover photo by Stefano Gentile / GettyImages.com Contents Acknowledgements . ix Abbreviations . xi Executive Summary . xiii Context . xiii Tunisia Systematic Country Diagnostic . xvii Sustainability of a Long Term Development Trajectory . xxiii Conclusions . xxvii Introduction . .xxix 1. Context . .1 2. Framing the Issues . .5 Emerging Challenges . .11 3. Conceptual Framework . .15 4. Growth Development and Diagnostic . .19 5. Poverty and Shared Prosperity Diagnostic . .27 Profile of the Poor and the Bottom 40 Percent . 29. Employment and the Poor . .33 Unequal Opportunities . .34 6. Key Constraints to Growth and Inclusion . .37 Business Climate . .37 Weak Contestability and Competition . .37 Political Connection, Economic Performance, and Unequal Opportunity . .38 The egulatoryR Environment for Private Sector Investment . .39 Trade and Integration in the Global Economy Held Back by Weak Regulatory Framework and Business Environment . .39 iii iv TUNISIA: SYSTEMATIC COUNTRY DIAGNOSTIC Financing Growth . .43 The oleR of Employment and Social Policy . .45 The Challenge of obJ Creation . .46 Jobs Dynamics at Firms Level . .47 Access to Jobs . .47 Social Protection, Equity, and Resilience . .51 Governance and Institutions . .55 Human Capital . .62 Quality of Education and Skills Mismatch . .62 Health Services . .64 Infrastructure, Connectivity, and Trade Logistics . .67 7. Sustainability . .75 Political and Social Stability . .75 Macro and Fiscal Sustainability . .78 Fiscal Sustainability . .78 Macroeconomic Sustainability . .79 Environmental Sustainability . .80 Disaster Risk Management . .82 8. Criteria/Filters to Identify Reform Priorities . .85 Results of Prioritization .
    [Show full text]