GRADE: VII SUBJECT: Computer Science
READING SECTION-I:
Chapter-1: History of Computer
Computer is a programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed
mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations.
The history of computer started with the development of a calculating device called abacus
about3000 years ago.
In 1937 AD, Howard Aiken with IBM engineers successfully developed the first
electromechanical computer called Mark-I. Abacus Abacus was the first calculating device invented by the Chinese people. It is generally made up of wooden frame having two parts i.e. upper deck and lower deck. It contains 11 rods and each rod contains 2 moveable beads in the upper deck and 5 moveable beads in the lower deck. The upper deck is called Heaven and the lower deck is called Earth and is separated by the bar in between.
Napier’s Bone
Napier’s bone was invented by the Scottish Mathematician, John Napier in 1617 AD. It has 11 sets of rods where ten rods are carved with multiplication of the numbers from 0 to 9 and one rod carved with the numbers from 1 to 9. It was generally used for multiplication and division.
Slide Rule was invented by the English Mathematician William Oughtred in 1620 AD. It was the first analog device consists of two rulers; one is fixed and another is moveable. It was used for multiplication, division and some other types of calculations.
Pascaline In 1642, a French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, invented the first mechanical calculator called Pascaline. It consists of toothed metal wheels and each wheel contains the dial having digits 0 to 9. It can perform addition and subtraction directly.
Stepped Reckoner
A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm
Von Leibniz developed Stepped Reckoner in 1694 AD. It was the modified version of
Pascaline and could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Difference Engine and Analytic Engine Difference engine and Analytic engine was developed by the British mathematician, Charles Babbage. Difference engine was designed in as a fully automatic machine in 1822 AD but it was not completed. In 1833 AD Charles Babbage designed another machine called Analytic Engine. This machine used the concept of Input, processing, storage and output. It could perform the operations automatically based on the instructions. As Charles Babbage gave the concept of Input, Processing and Output, he is called the father of computer science.
Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace
She was the first programmer. She first wrote program for the Analytic Engine developed by Charles Babbage and also suggest him to use binary numbers. Tabulating Machine It was developed by the American Statistician, Herman Hollerith in 1890 AD. This machine used for census in US in 1890. He also formed a Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 AD and in 1924 AD, the company was reformed and is known as IBM.
Havard Mark-I Mark-I was invented by the professor of Havard University, Havard Aiken and IBM engineers in 1937 AD. It was completed in 1943 AD and was the first automatic electromechanical computer. It was named as IBM ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator).
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) ABC was developed by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942 AD. It was the first electronic digital computer and uses binary number system.
ENIAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed Dr. John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert in 1943 AD - 1946 AD. It was the first general purpose computer and was based on decimal number system. It used 18000 vacuum tubes and was faster and bigger than previous machines. EDVAC EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was developed by Dr. John William Mauchly, John Presper Eckert and John Von Neumann in 1946 AD- 1952 AD. It was the first stored program computer based on binary digits. It had stored program, central processor and memory for both data and program.
EDSAC EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was developed by Prof. Maurice Wilkes in 1949 AD. It was the first practical stored program electronic computer. It used 3000 vacuum tubes.
UNIVAC-I UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic Computer) was developed by John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert in 1951 AD. It was the first general purpose electronic digital computer used for commercial purpose. It can handle numbers and alphabets. Magnetic tapes were used for input and output. History of Computer in Nepal The first computer introduced in Nepal was IBM 1401. The first computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 which was brought by the Nepal government in lease (1 lakh 25 thousands per month) for the population census of 1972 AD (2028 BS). It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days to complete census of 1crore 12.5 lakhs population. Later in 1975 (2031 BS)Yantrik Sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Centre) was established which was later called as National Computer Centre ( NCC ). Then in 2039 BS, many private companies started selling micro computers like Apple, Vector and Sirus. Nowadays, there are many computer shops which sell latest computers in Nepal.
ACTIVITY SECTION:
1. Write the full forms for the following. a. ASCC b. ENIAC c. EDVAC d. UNIVAC e. ABC 2. Fill in the blanks: a...... and …………….was developed by Charles Babbage. b. Tabulating machine was invented by ………………in ………..AD. c. ……………was the first electromechanical computer. d. ……………was the first electronic digital computer. e. ……………….was the first computer brought by Nepal government for the census in ………………BS. f. Yantrik Sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Centre) was established in ……
Contact Person: 3. Answer the following questions: Name: Mr. Ranjeet Rai a. What is abacus? Phone No.: 9843660879 b. Who invented Pascaline and when? Email: c. What was the first analog device? Who invented it and when? [email protected] d. Who was Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace? e. Who is the father of computer science? Why is he considered as a father of computer science? f. Who developed Napier Bone and Stepped Reckoner? When?