DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Computer in Nepal the First Computer Introduced in Nepal Was IBM 1401

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Computer in Nepal the First Computer Introduced in Nepal Was IBM 1401 GRADE: VII SUBJECT: Computer Science READING SECTION-I: Chapter-1: History of Computer Computer is a programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations. The history of computer started with the development of a calculating device called abacus about3000 years ago. In 1937 AD, Howard Aiken with IBM engineers successfully developed the first electromechanical computer called Mark-I. Abacus Abacus was the first calculating device invented by the Chinese people. It is generally made up of wooden frame having two parts i.e. upper deck and lower deck. It contains 11 rods and each rod contains 2 moveable beads in the upper deck and 5 moveable beads in the lower deck. The upper deck is called Heaven and the lower deck is called Earth and is separated by the bar in between. Napier’s Bone Napier’s bone was invented by the Scottish Mathematician, John Napier in 1617 AD. It has 11 sets of rods where ten rods are carved with multiplication of the numbers from 0 to 9 and one rod carved with the numbers from 1 to 9. It was generally used for multiplication and division. Slide Rule Slide Rule was invented by the English Mathematician William Oughtred in 1620 AD. It was the first analog device consists of two rulers; one is fixed and another is moveable. It was used for multiplication, division and some other types of calculations. Pascaline In 1642, a French mathematician, Blaise Pascal, invented the first mechanical calculator called Pascaline. It consists of toothed metal wheels and each wheel contains the dial having digits 0 to 9. It can perform addition and subtraction directly. Stepped Reckoner A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz developed Stepped Reckoner in 1694 AD. It was the modified version of Pascaline and could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Difference Engine and Analytic Engine Difference engine and Analytic engine was developed by the British mathematician, Charles Babbage. Difference engine was designed in as a fully automatic machine in 1822 AD but it was not completed. In 1833 AD Charles Babbage designed another machine called Analytic Engine. This machine used the concept of Input, processing, storage and output. It could perform the operations automatically based on the instructions. As Charles Babbage gave the concept of Input, Processing and Output, he is called the father of computer science. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace She was the first programmer. She first wrote program for the Analytic Engine developed by Charles Babbage and also suggest him to use binary numbers. Tabulating Machine It was developed by the American Statistician, Herman Hollerith in 1890 AD. This machine used for census in US in 1890. He also formed a Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 AD and in 1924 AD, the company was reformed and is known as IBM. Havard Mark-I Mark-I was invented by the professor of Havard University, Havard Aiken and IBM engineers in 1937 AD. It was completed in 1943 AD and was the first automatic electromechanical computer. It was named as IBM ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator). ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) ABC was developed by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in 1942 AD. It was the first electronic digital computer and uses binary number system. ENIAC ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was developed Dr. John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert in 1943 AD - 1946 AD. It was the first general purpose computer and was based on decimal number system. It used 18000 vacuum tubes and was faster and bigger than previous machines. EDVAC EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was developed by Dr. John William Mauchly, John Presper Eckert and John Von Neumann in 1946 AD- 1952 AD. It was the first stored program computer based on binary digits. It had stored program, central processor and memory for both data and program. EDSAC EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was developed by Prof. Maurice Wilkes in 1949 AD. It was the first practical stored program electronic computer. It used 3000 vacuum tubes. UNIVAC-I UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic Computer) was developed by John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert in 1951 AD. It was the first general purpose electronic digital computer used for commercial purpose. It can handle numbers and alphabets. Magnetic tapes were used for input and output. History of Computer in Nepal The first computer introduced in Nepal was IBM 1401. The first computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 which was brought by the Nepal government in lease (1 lakh 25 thousands per month) for the population census of 1972 AD (2028 BS). It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days to complete census of 1crore 12.5 lakhs population. Later in 1975 (2031 BS)Yantrik Sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Centre) was established which was later called as National Computer Centre ( NCC ). Then in 2039 BS, many private companies started selling micro computers like Apple, Vector and Sirus. Nowadays, there are many computer shops which sell latest computers in Nepal. ACTIVITY SECTION: 1. Write the full forms for the following. a. ASCC b. ENIAC c. EDVAC d. UNIVAC e. ABC 2. Fill in the blanks: a. ....................and …………….was developed by Charles Babbage. b. Tabulating machine was invented by ………………in ………..AD. c. ……………was the first electromechanical computer. d. ……………was the first electronic digital computer. e. ……………….was the first computer brought by Nepal government for the census in ………………BS. f. Yantrik Sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Centre) was established in …… Contact Person: 3. Answer the following questions: Name: Mr. Ranjeet Rai a. What is abacus? Phone No.: 9843660879 b. Who invented Pascaline and when? Email: c. What was the first analog device? Who invented it and when? [email protected] d. Who was Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace? e. Who is the father of computer science? Why is he considered as a father of computer science? f. Who developed Napier Bone and Stepped Reckoner? When? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biographies of Computer Scientists
    1 Charles Babbage 26 December 1791 (London, UK) – 18 October 1871 (London, UK) Life and Times Charles Babbage was born into a wealthy family, and started his mathematics education very early. By . 1811, when he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, he found that he knew more mathematics then his professors. He moved to Peterhouse, Cambridge from where he graduated in 1814. However, rather than come second to his friend Herschel in the final examinations, Babbage decided not to compete for an honors degree. In 1815 he co-founded the Analytical Society dedicated to studying continental reforms of Newton's formulation of “The Calculus”. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society in 1820. In 1821 Babbage started work on his Difference Engine designed to accurately compile tables. Babbage received government funding to construct an actual machine, but they stopped the funding in 1832 when it became clear that its construction was running well over-budget George Schuetz completed a machine based on the design of the Difference Engine in 1854. On completing the design of the Difference Engine, Babbage started work on the Analytical Engine capable of more general symbolic manipulations. The design of the Analytical Engine was complete in 1856, but a complete machine would not be constructed for over a century. Babbage's interests were wide. It is claimed that he invented cow-catchers for railway engines, the uniform postal rate, a means of recognizing lighthouses. He was also interested in locks and ciphers. He was politically active and wrote many treatises. One of the more famous proposed the banning of street musicians.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G
    Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, 1838 ALLAN G. BROMLEY Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of the Analytical Engine in 1834 following the collapse of the project to build the Difference Engine. His ideas evolved rapidly, and by 1838 most of the important concepts used in his later designs were established. This paper introduces the design of the Analytical Engine as it stood in early 1838, concentrating on the overall functional organization of the mill (or central processing portion) and the methods generally used for the basic arithmetic operations of multiplication, division, and signed addition. The paper describes the working of the mechanisms that Babbage devised for storing, transferring, and adding numbers and how they were organized together by the “microprogrammed” control system; the paper also introduces the facilities provided for user- level programming. The intention of the paper is to show that an automatic computing machine could be built using mechanical devices, and that Babbage’s designs provide both an effective set of basic mechanisms and a workable organization of a complete machine. Categories and Subject Descriptors: K.2 [History of Computing]- C. Babbage, hardware, software General Terms: Design Additional Key Words and Phrases: Analytical Engine 1. Introduction 1838. During this period Babbage appears to have made no attempt to construct the Analytical Engine, Charles Babbage commenced work on the design of but preferred the unfettered intellectual exploration of the Analytical Engine shortly after the collapse in 1833 the concepts he was evolving. of the lo-year project to build the Difference Engine. After 1849 Babbage ceased designing calculating He was at the time 42 years o1d.l devices.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Charles Babbage
    A Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Charles Babbage Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 08 March 2021 Version 1.24 Abstract -analogs [And99b, And99a]. This bibliography records publications of 0 [Bar96, CK01b]. 0-201-50814-1 [Ano91c]. Charles Babbage. 0-262-01121-2 [Ano91c]. 0-262-12146-8 [Ano91c, Twe91]. 0-262-13278-8 [Twe93]. 0-262-14046-2 [Twe92]. 0-262-16123-0 [Ano91c]. 0-316-64847-7 [Cro04b, CK01b]. Title word cross-reference 0-571-17242-3 [Bar96]. 1 [Bab97, BRG+87, Mar25, Mar86, Rob87a, #3 [Her99]. Rob87b, Tur91]. 1-85196-005-8 [Twe89b]. 100th [Sen71]. 108-bit [Bar00]. 1784 0 [Tee94]. 1 [Bab27d, Bab31c, Bab15]. [MB89]. 1792/1871 [Ynt77]. 17th [Hun96]. 108 000 [Bab31c, Bab15]. 108000 [Bab27d]. 1800s [Mar08]. 1800s-Style [Mar08]. 1828 1791 + 200 = 1991 [Sti91]. $19.95 [Dis91]. [Bab29a]. 1835 [Van83]. 1851 $ $ $21.50 [Mad86]. 25 [O’H82]. 26.50 [Bab51a, CK89d, CK89i, She54, She60]. $ [Enr80a, Enr80b]. $27.95 [L.90]. 28 1852 [Bab69]. 1853 [She54, She60]. 1871 $ [Hun96]. $35.00 [Ano91c]. 37.50 [Ano91c]. [Ano71b, Ano91a]. 1873 [Dod00]. 18th $45.00 [Ano91c]. q [And99a, And99b]. 1 2 [Bab29a]. 1947 [Ano48]. 1961 Adam [O’B93]. Added [Bab16b, Byr38]. [Pan63, Wil64]. 1990 [CW91]. 1991 Addison [Ano91c]. Addison-Wesley [Ano90, GG92a]. 19th [Ano91c]. Addition [Bab43a]. Additions [Gre06, Gre01, GST01].
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Computing
    History of Computing CSE P590A (UW) PP190/290-3 (UCB) CSE 290 291 (D00) Women in Computing Katherine Deibel University of Washington [email protected] 1 An Amazing Photo Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957 2 Diversity Crisis in Computer Science Percentage of CS/IS Bachelor Degrees Awarded to Women National Center for Education Statistics, 2001 3 Goals of this talk ! Highlight the many accomplishments made by women in the computing field ! Learn their stories, both good and bad 4 Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace ! Translated and extended Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine ! Predicted computers could be used for music and graphics ! Wrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbers ! Developed notions of looping and subroutines 5 Garbage In, Garbage Out The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths. — Ada Lovelace, Note G 6 On her genius and insight If you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it… All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal.
    [Show full text]
  • Object Summary Collections 11/19/2019 Collection·Contains Text·"Manuscripts"·Or Collection·Contains Text·"University"·And Status·Does Not Contain Text·"Deaccessioned"
    Object_Summary_Collections 11/19/2019 Collection·Contains text·"Manuscripts"·or Collection·Contains text·"University"·and Status·Does not contain text·"Deaccessioned" Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-002 Object Name Fan, Hand Description Fan with bamboo frame with paper fan picture of flowers and butterflies. With Chinese writing, bamboo stand is black with two legs. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.001 Object Name Plaque Description Metal plaque screwed on to wood. Plaque with screws in corner and engraved lettering. Inscription: Dr. F. K. Ramsey, Favorite professor, V. M. Class of 1952. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.002 Object Name Award Description Gold-colored, metal plaque, screwed on "walnut" wood; lettering on brown background. Inscription: Present with Christian love to Frank K. Ramsey in recognition of his leadership in the CUMC/WF resotration fund drive, June 17, 1984. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.003 Object Name Plaque Description Wood with metal plaque adhered to it; plque is silver and black, scroll with graphic design and lettering. Inscription: To Frank K. Ramsey, D. V. M. in appreciation for unerring dedication to teaching excellence and continuing support of the profession. Class of 1952. Page 1 Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.004 Object Name Award Description Metal plaque screwed into wood; plaque is in scroll shape on top and bottom. Inscription: 1974; Veterinary Service Award, F. K. Ramsey, Iowa Veterinary Medical Association. Collection University Archives Artifact Collection Image (picture) Object ID 1993-109.005 Object Name Award Description Metal plaque screwed onto wood; raised metal spray of leaves on lower corner; black lettering.
    [Show full text]
  • Ada Lovelace the first Computer Programmer 1815 - 1852
    Ada Lovelace The first computer programmer 1815 - 1852 Biography Ada Lovelace Day I Born on December 10th, 1815 in London as Augusta Ada Byron Each second Tuesday in October is Ada Lovelace Day. A day to raise the I Parents separated when she was a baby profile of women in science, technology, engineering, and maths to create new role models for girls and women in these fields. During this day the I Father Lord Byron was a poet and died when she was 8 years old accomplishments of those women are celebrated. I Mother Lady Wentworth was a social reformer I Descended from a wealthy family I Early interest in mathematics and science, encouraged by her mother Portrait I Obtained private classes and got in touch with intellectuals, e.g. Mary Sommerville who tutored her and later introduced Lovelace to Charles Babbage at the age of 17 I Married in 1835 William King at the age of 19, shortly after becoming the Countess of Lovelace I By 1839, she had given birth to 3 children I Continued studying maths, supported among others by Augustus De Morgan, a math professor in London who taught her via correspondence I In 1843, she published a translation of an Italian academic paper about Babbage's Analytical Engine and added her famous note section (see Contributions) I Died on November 27th, 1852 at the age of 36 Contributions I First computer programmer, roughly a century before the electronic computer I A two decade lasting correspondence with Babbage about his idea of an Analytical Engine I Developed an algorithm that would enable the Analytical Engine to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, unfortunately, the machine was never built I First person to realize the power of computer programs: Not only used for calculations with numbers I Combined arts and logic, calling it poetical science Figure 3:Ada Lovelace I First reflections about artificial intelligence, but she rejected the idea Bernoulli Numbers Quotes I Play an important role in several domains of mathematics, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'Notes'
    Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 ‘Notes’ John Fuegi and Jo Francis Flare/MITH Augusta Ada Lovelace worked with Charles Babbage to create a description of Babbage’s unbuilt invention, the Analytical Engine, a highly advanced mechanical calculator often considered a forerunner of the electronic calculating computers of the 20th century. Ada Lovelace’s “Notes,” describing the Analytical Engine, published in Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs in 1843, contained a ground-breaking description of the possibilities of programming the machine to go beyond number-crunching to “computing” in the wider sense in which we understand the term today. This article expands on research first presented by the authors in their documentary film, To Dream Tomorrow. What shall we do to get rid of Mr. Babbage and known to have crossed the intellectual thresh- his calculating Machine? Surely if completed it old between conceptualizing computing as would be worthless as far as science is con- only for calculation on the one hand, and on cerned? the other hand, computing as we know it —British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 18421 today: with wider applications made possible by symbolic substitution. The Analytical Engine does not occupy common In an early background interview at the ground with mere ‘calculating machines.’ … In Science Museum (London) for the historical enabling mechanism to combine together gen- documentary film about collaboration between eral symbols, in successions of unlimited variety Lovelace and Babbage, To Dream Tomorrow,3 and extent, a uniting link is established between Babbage authority Doron Swade mentioned the operations of matter and the abstract mental that he thought Babbage and Lovelace had processes of the most abstract branch of mathe- “very different qualities of mind.” Swade’s matical science.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Computers
    History of Computers http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html A Brief History of Computers Where did these beasties come from? Ancient Times Early Man relied on counting on his fingers and toes (which by the way, is the basis for our base 10 numbering system). He also used sticks and stones as markers. Later notched sticks and knotted cords were used for counting. Finally came symbols written on hides, parchment, and later paper. Man invents the concept of number, then invents devices to help keep up with the numbers of his possessions. Roman Empire The ancient Romans developed an Abacus, the first "machine" for calculating. While it predates the Chinese abacus we do not know if it was the ancestor of that Abacus. Counters in the lower groove are 1 x 10 n, those in the upper groove are 5 x 10 n Industrial Age - 1600 John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician devoted much of his leisure time to the study of mathematics. He was especially interested in devising ways to aid computations. His greatest contribution was the invention of logarithms. He inscribed logarithmic measurements on a set of 10 wooden rods and thus was able to do multiplication and division by matching up numbers on the rods. These became known as Napier’s Bones. 1621 - The Sliderule Napier invented logarithms, Edmund Gunter invented the logarithmic scales (lines etched on metal or wood), but it was William Oughtred, in England who invented the sliderule. Using the concept of Napier’s bones, he inscribed logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating "machine" which was used up until the mid-1970s when the first hand-held calculators and microcomputers appeared.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Engine: the Orig- Inal Computer
    Chapter 2 Analytical Engine: The Orig- inal Computer As we learned in the fourth grade science course, back in 1801, a French man, Joseph Marie Jacquard, invented a power loom that could weave textiles, which had been done for a long time by hand. More interestingly, this machine can weave tex- tiles with patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse by controlling the operation with punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope. 1 How do these cards work? Each wooden card comes with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the design. In each position, if the needle needs to go through, there is a hole; other- wise, there is no hole. Multiple rows of holes are punched on each card and all the cards that compose the design of the textile are hooked together in order. 2 What do we get? With the control of such cards, needs go back and forth, moving from left to the right, row by row, and come up with something like the following: Although the punched card concept was based on some even earlier invention by Basile Bou- chon around 1725, “the Jacquard loom was the first machine to use punch cards to con- trol a sequence of operations”. Let’s check out a little demo as how Jacquard’s machine worked. 3 Why do we talk about a loom? With Jacquard loom, if you want to switch to a different pattern, you simply change the punched cards. By the same token, with a modern computer, if you want it to run a different application, you simply load it with a different program, which used to keep on a deck of paper based punched cards.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Our Future Atanasoff Today
    Atanasoff Today Developing Our Future Fall 2015/ Winter 2016 Message from the Chair Greetings Alumni and Friends of Iowa State University I am now in the middle of my second year as Chair of This past year saw many Computer Science, and I am happy to say that it just of our students bring keeps getting better. Currently, I am appreciating the full home top honors. A cycle of academic activities; from the rush to get ready team of our students to start a new academic year, to the welcoming of the competed in the ACM many new undergraduate and graduate students. I am International Collegiate also enjoying exploring new educational and curricular Programming Contest directions and celebrating the many accomplishments (ICPC) World Finals, in of our students and faculty. In fact, after moving to Marrakech, Morocco. Iowa State, I have even learned to appreciate the full cycle of seasons (the perennial warm weather of This is the most Southern California now just seems soooo boring...). prestigious programming competition in This past year, we have been very busy. In Fall 2014, the the world with Computer Science Chair: department hired two Assistant Professors: Wei Le, who thousands of schools Gianfranco Ciardo works in software testing and software reliability, and Jeremy hoping to reach the Sheaffer, who works in high-performance computing and finals, but only 128 actually doing so. This is the second hardware architectures for computer graphics. Both have a year in a row that our department has sent a team to the PhD in computer science from the University of Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneers of Computing
    Pioneers of Computing В 1980 IEEE Computer Society учредило Золотую медаль (бронзовую) «Вычислительный Пионер» Пионерами учредителями стали 32 члена IEEE Computer Society, связанных с работами по информатике и вычислительным наукам. 1 Pioneers of Computing 1.Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) 2.John V. Atanasoff 3.Charles Babbage (Analytical Engine) 4.John Backus 5.Gordon Bell (Digital) 6.Vannevar Bush 7.Edsger W. Dijkstra 8.John Presper Eckert 9.Douglas C. Engelbart 10.Andrei P. Ershov (theroretical programming) 11.Tommy Flowers (Colossus engineer) 12.Robert W. Floyd 13.Kurt Gödel 14.William R. Hewlett 15.Herman Hollerith 16.Grace M. Hopper 17.Tom Kilburn (Manchester) 2 Pioneers of Computing 1. Donald E. Knuth (TeX) 2. Sergei A. Lebedev 3. Augusta Ada Lovelace 4. Aleksey A.Lyapunov 5. Benoit Mandelbrot 6. John W. Mauchly 7. David Packard 8. Blaise Pascal 9. P. Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Difference Engine, Sweden) 10. C. E. Shannon (information theory) 11. George R. Stibitz 12. Alan M. Turing (Colossus and code-breaking) 13. John von Neumann 14. Maurice V. Wilkes (EDSAC) 15. J.H. Wilkinson (numerical analysis) 16. Freddie C. Williams 17. Niklaus Wirth 18. Stephen Wolfram (Mathematica) 19. Konrad Zuse 3 Pioneers of Computing - 2 Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) – США Создатель первой ЭВМ – 1943 г. Gene M. Amdahl (IBM360 computer architecture, including pipelining, instruction look-ahead, and cache memory) – США (1964 г.) Идеология майнфреймов – система массовой обработки данных John W. Backus (Fortran) – первый язык высокого уровня – 1956 г. 4 Pioneers of Computing - 3 Robert S. Barton For his outstanding contributions in basing the design of computing systems on the hierarchical nature of programs and their data.
    [Show full text]
  • Ada and the First Computer
    Ada and the First Computer The collaboration between Ada, countess of Lovelace, and computer pioneer Charles Babbage resulted in a landmark publication that described how to program the world’s first computer by Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole eople called Augusta Ada King’s father “mad and bad” for his wild ways, but he was better known as Lord Byron, the poet. Ada inherited her famous father’s P way with words and his zest for life. She was a beautiful, flirtatious woman who hobnobbed with England’s elite and who died at the youthful age of 36, the same age at which her father died. And like Byron, Ada is best known for something she wrote. In 1843 she published an influential set of notes that described Charles Babbage’s An- alytical Engine, the first automatic, general-purpose computing machine ever designed. Although the Analytical Engine was never built—largely because Babbage could not raise the funds for its construction—Ada’s notes included a program for using it to com- pute a series of figures called Bernoulli numbers [see box on page 78]. Ada’s notes established her importance in computer science, but her fascinating life and lineage—and her role as a female pioneer in a field in which women have always been notoriously underrepresented—have lately turned her into an icon. In addition to numerous biographies, she has inspired plays and novels written by the likes of such lu- minaries as Tom Stoppard and Arthur C. Clarke. Conceiving Ada, a movie loosely based on her life, was released by Fox Lorber in February.
    [Show full text]