Originalveröffentlichung in: Les Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 27/28 , 1977/78, S. 115-140

THE LOWER HABUR

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A SURVEY CONDUCTED BY THE

TUBINGER ATLAS DES VORDEKEN ORIENTS

IN 1975

By WOLFGANG ROLLIG and HARTMUT KUHNE

I. Aims and Methods : Realization (W. information about Saggaratum and other Ri.llig) sites in the Habur.

The task of the staff of the Institute A few campaigns in the Habur have for the Ancient Near East in Tubingen been reported from the Middle Assyrian for the «Tiibinger Atlas des Vorderen period : in the third and fourth years of Orients» consists of working on maps his reign, Tiglathpilesar I carried out a dealing with the history of Mesopotamia, raid which extended from Suhi to the Syria, and Asia Minor from the Fourth to 3 city of Karkamis in the land of Hatte . the First Millennium B.C. All available In 1143 B.C., he apparently hunted bull published material concerning the histori­ clephantes in the land of Harran and in the cal geography of these countries is to be district of the Habur River 4. Later, Assur- collected; the textual evidence will be pub­ bel-kala (1074 - 1056), on his Broken lished in the «Repertoire Geographique Obelisk, described a campaign against des Textes Cuneiformes.» Preparation of the land of Arime; the well-know cities the maps dealing with settlements in Old of Dur-Katlimu ( Dur-JaSidlim ) and Sang- Babylonian times and during the Assyrian arte ( Saggaratum ) were mentioned5. expansion in the Middle Euphrates revealed that the Lower Habur region is well docu­ mented in the texts but almost unknown The activities of the kings Adad- to historians and archaeologists. Nerari II, Tukulti-Ninurta II' and Assur- nasirpal II against the Aramaeans in the

A great deal ot textual evidence from early centuries of the Neo-Assyrian Empire the Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian are already known. The Aramaeans had periods is available for sites located in the annexed this region and established their valley of the Habur. The texts recently own states, Bit-halupe in the Lower Habur excavated at Mari. which include the in particular. The reports of the expedi­ letters of Yaqqim-Adad, the governor of tions of Adad-Nerari II and Tukulti- Saggaratum, to Zimri-Lim, the king of Ninurta II are particularly interesting for Mari, have just been published.1 All they contain a complete itinerary of the events reported in these texts involved campaigns : the first6 came from the north

cities and villages in the Habur region and extended to the south as far as the between the Euphrates and the Habur Euphrates; the second 7, from the Euph­ triangle upstream. The recently published rates (Sirqu, i.e., Terqa or modern Tali tablets from the Old Babylonian Tall 'Asara) extended upstream and reached Rimah2 also provided new and useful at least as far as Nasibina (Nisibis). Since 116 Les annales arheolog'ques arades syriennes

sometimes the same sites are mentioned, time. At present, his book is still consi­ we have evidence for the daily marches dered to be the standard literature dealing of the Assyrian army. The intervals bet­ with the archaeological remains and the ween the ruined sites in the Lower Ha!»ur Islamic history of the Lower Habur. Valey correspond with the daily marched of the army. The sites themselves can be Three additional explorations should identified with the rest camps for the also be mentioned. In 1924, Alois Musil army. was able to provide some useful infor­ mation about the tails at the west bank 14 Seidmann and Horn were able to recons­ of the Lower Habur on the basis of truct such itineraries on the basis of the expedition to the Middle Euphrates. One information available from the then year later, Pere A. Poidebard took aerial known exploration of the Habur Valley3. photographs at certain points along the The archaeologicad evidence, however, has route15 and published the results in «La been scarce and incomplete, particularly trace de Rome dans le desert de Syrie.))1^ with regard to the F'.rst and Second Mille­ Poidebard's work concentrated basically nnium B.C. Much of the identification and on the early centuries of the Christian many of the suggestions cannot be veri­ Era. Sir Max Mallowan conducted the fied and , therefore, remain doubtful. last investigation of the talis in the

Lower Habur; he dealt particularly with Archaeological exploration of those Chalcoliihic and Bronze Age remains. regions we surveyed began as early Mallowan's survey, in 1934, included not as 1850 when A. Layard visited the only the west bank of the river but also Habur and did some excavating9. Although a part of the east bank, which had long his excavation were of short duration one been disregarded. Only a brief report of 17 was surprisingly successful. He found the this suvey has ben published ; the find­ remains of a provincial Assyrian style ings did not receive the attention they palace at Arban/'Agaga. Using the short deserved. inscriptions, G. Smith 10 was able to iden­ tify this large tal] as Sad'kanni, at present At this stage of research of the the only identified site in this region. Later, Lower Habur region, the following goals three travellers (Hausknecht, Blunt and have been set up for the preparation of Sachau)reached the Lower Habur, but they the historical maps : were unable to contribute any additional 1. All evidence dealing with the ancient information. In 1887, B. Moritz and R. settlements by the river, both literary Koldewey11 travelled from 'Arban to and archaeological is to be collected. Bsera, but the report of this trip was not published. Baron Max von Oppenheim, 2. The cultivated area beside the Habur however, did describe his quick crossing and, if possible, the adjacent regions 12 of the Lower Habur region in 1899. In from Bsera at the confluence with the order to suppplement Oppenheim's work, Euphrates as far as Haseke and the Ernst Herzfeld and Friedrich Sarre investi­ confluence with the Gaggag River gated many ruins and tails on the west River (Hirmas) are to be systemati­ side of the river between 7 and 15 Decem­ cally surveyed.The landscape is totally ber 1910!3. They were able to gather ad­ different north of this point, and as ditional and more detailed information. a result, another cultural and histori­ The site scriptions as well as Herzfeld's cal environment may be found here. sketches served as reliable guides for uur work. It is amazing how many details 3. The settlement periods for all inves­ Herzfeld was able to record in such a short tigated talis are to be established in The Lower Habur 117

so far as this is possible within the to beginning the survey. Fifteen, however, context of a surface survey; well- were still unknown. We recorded and mea­ documented suggestions w.'ll be made sured these talis, which are situated in

with regard to their identification. the region from Bsera to Saddada. The section of the Lower Habu region in the 4. The relationship between the ancient r desert below the Gabal 'Abd al 'Aziz and settlements and the present environm­ around the Kokab Mountain could not be ent are to be noted(i.e, ancient and mo­ systematically surveyed due to lack of dern river beds, irrigat:on works, time. In 1977 we shall carry out another fords and bridges, roads, etc.). survey; particular attention will be de­ 5. The development and decline of the voted to those areas we have not yet

region through the ages are to be re­ had the opportunity to investigate. constructed as far as is possible. The participants in the survey were The methodological considerations Dr. Brigitte Gregoire-Groneberg, Mr. Karl- required to implement these goals will be heinz Kessler, Dr. Hartmut Kiihne, and described in the final report. The daily Professor Dr. Wolfgang Rdllig The Direc­ schedule then consisted of recording every tion Generale des Antiqutes et des Musees identifiable tall on both sides of the Habur in Damascus generously provided the River. It is possible that we failed to notice necessary support, for our work, granted extremely small tails, particularly in the us permission to undertake the survey, south. S.'nce the ground is often covered and provided much useful information. by river sediment and may have been We would particularly like to express cultivated for coton, such sites cannot be our thanks to the Director General Dr. easily discerned. A. Bahnassi, the Director of Excavat on Dr. A. Bounni, and Dr. K. Touer for their For each tall we undertook the fol­ assistance and personal interest in our lowing procedure : project. Grateful appreciation must also be expressed to Mr. Heretani, Director 1. We described the site as it is presen­ of the Aleppo Museum, and to both our tly found, in terms of its location, representatives, Messrs, M. Nenni anu modern settlement, etc. Assad Mahmoud for their help and assis­ 2. We surveyed the site with a theo­ tance. dolite and determined the height in relation to the natural soils as accu­ II. Description of Sites and Surface Finds rately as possible. (H. Kiihne).

3. We collected sherds and other surface We visited altogether 56 talis, num­ finds. The finds were classified bering each place as we surveyed it. We according to particular areas of started out with a visit to Tall Krah at the tall. These carefully selected she­ the left bank of the Euphrates ( see map rds were then used to date the site. Fig. 1), which we did not include in our 4. We photographed all sides of the tall, official record, so that they are only 55 the surface, the environment, the in­ places listed below. On several occasions dividual finds, etc., for documentation we found more than one tali belonging purposes. to the same place name. At the beginning we labelled them with Latin numbers, Between 16 August and 26 September and counted only one place number. Latter 1975, 51 tails were investigated. Most of on, though, we gave this up in need for these talis were more or less known prior better distinction and gave each of the 11 Les annales arheologiques arades syriennes

«sub» talis a separate place number, adding 25 Tall Raya-Nord to the place name «north» or «south» or 26 Tall Kibar the like. Of these 55 tails we triangulated 27 Tall Fadgami 44, thus being able to work out the topo­ 28 Tail Galal graphical plans as shown in Fig. 5. Seven 29 Tall Madina tails were not surveyed systematically.18 30 Tall Gayyir On five occasions we found it either dif­ 31 Tall Haburiya ficult (mostly because of modern settle­ 32 Tall Manah ments) or unnecessary to triangulate the 33 Tall Brik places; but we sketched and described 34 Tall Knedig them (see list below). After discarding 35 Tall Saddada some duplicates, we collected altogether 36 Tall Agaga-West nearly 3500 sherds. By the generosity of 37 Tall Ta'ban the Syrian Antiquities Department we 38 Tall Tnenir

were allowed to take these sherds with 39 Tall Ahmar - Siid us to Germany Tubingen. We also fount! 40 Tall Ahmar - Mitte 31 coins dating from the Roman, Byzan­ 41 Tall Ahmar - Nord tine and Islanrc (mainly Umayyad and 42 al-Batah Abbasid) times. 43 Tall 'Adla (no triangulation) 44 Tall Umm Zirr List of Place Names and Numbers : 45 Tall Rasidiya - West (no systematic survey) (The transcript'on system of the 46 Tall Garmiz (no systematic « Tiibinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients » is survey) based mainly on the rules of the Deutsche 47 Tall Bahza Morgenland-she Gesellschaft.) 48 Hirbat al-Bahza 01 Tall Gubn 49 Hirbat al-Fadgami 02 Tall Hariza (no triangulation) 50 Tall Abu Hamda 03 Tall Han. 51 Tall Agaga - Ost ( Maqbara 'Agaga: 04 Tall Bsera (no triangulation) no systematic survey) 05 Tall Sabha (no triangulation) 52 Tall Barud (no systematic survey) 06 Tall TaMs 53 Tall Mu'azzar ( no systematic 07 Tall Fiden survey 08 Tall Hegnn 54 Tall Matiyaha ( no systematic 09 TallAbu Ha'it survey 10 Seger (no trianggulation) 55 Tail Murtiya (no systematic 11 Tali Handal survey 12 Tall Masih 13 Tall Suwwar General Geographical Observations : 14 Tall Katluma 15 Tall Husen As is well known, the Habur is the 16 Tall Seh Hamad largest tributary to the Middle Euph­ 17 Hirbat al-Humra rates19, carrying water through the whole 18 Tall Katari year. The steadily growing population and 19 Tall Marqada -West rural comities use the water for irrigating 20 Tali Asamsani the fields by pumping it up to channels 21 Tall Namliya which sometimes lead far inland. A rather 22 Tall Marqada-Ost wide area, is irrigated in the later spring 23 Tall Aswad for growing crops while in the summer 24 Tall Raya -Siid the water is needed for the cotton fields The Lower Habur 119

which cover the lowland of the Habur settlement close by or to the fluorishing only. of a nearby settlement already in exist­ ence. But it is too early to present any A surprising experience for us was results on this question in this report.

the fact that the Habur water is salty and is only used as drinking water if As described above, our systematic nothing else is avaiable. Drinking water collection of pottery allows us to fix every is supplied by tank trucks coming from locus of a collection on our topographical the Euphrates River. Ground water, arj plans. The exploitation of these data will well, cannot be used for drinking pur­ permit us, we hope, to draw some conclu­ poses since it is too bitter. The salt, of sions on the limitations of the settlements course, also affects the fields. A rather various periods.

thick crust may be observed in almost all irrigation channels. The sherds we collec­ Description of Sites : ted still retained their salt crust in sp te of cleaning and washing. The Habur Valley In the following we shall describe is cut into plateau; its edges sometimes some s'tes to which tentative results of fall off steeply but at other points slope the pottery analysis are available. The 20 down gently. . The width of the lowland sites are listed in the order in which they of the Habur differs betv/een 50 and about were surveyed^ that is, form the mouth of 350 m.; and within this area the river the Habur up to Hassaka. changes its course frequently and mean­ ders strongly. It may not be surprising, The rather large site of Bsera21 (04) therefore, to find some places listed on itself has yielded, among the numerous the other bank of the river on older maps sherds of Hellenistic to Islamic age, one or records in comparison with our obser­ interesting fragment which definitely be­

vations. This situation bears some mean­ longs to the Early Bronze Age II period

ing when one considers the question of and can be compared with the so-called localization and identification of places Abydos ware 22 recorded in the cuneiform documents of the Second and First Millennium B.C. In The most remarkable and so far rather some instances we were able to trace an unknown site on the left bank of the Habur old river bed or a former branch of the is Tali Abu Ha'it23 (09). It is ca. 20 km. river on the ground; in comparison with north the mouth of the river and consists the sketches Herzfeld had drawn almost of four tulul situated mainly in an east- 70 years ago, some major changes of the west direction, covering a d'stance of near­ river bed are noteworthy (see below). ly 700 meters. The largest of them is Tali Unfortunately, we are not in possession No. II, measuring about 200 by 250 meters. of air photographs so that we cannot The pottery indicates a settlement sequence compare our observations on the ground beginning with Tall No. I in the Second with them. M llennniun and ending with Tall No. Ill in the medieval Islamic times. Tall No

The change of the course of the riw is an extension of Tall No. II. The whole nrght also had an influence on the econo­ site is situated in the lowland of the mical development of an ancient settle­ Habur and rises gently to a maximum ment. In some instances our material may height of a little more than 10 m The be interpreted in that direction, showing course of the river is close to the northern that the absence of pottery of a certain edges of Talis No. II and III. Tall No. I is period is due to the decline of that parti­ farther away from the river, indicating cular place and the founding of a new an older age for this settlement as well 120 Les annales arheologiques arades syriennes

as a gentle change of the river-bed to The otherwise vast distance between the north. Tall No. I is also surprisingly Tall Abu Ha'it (09) and Tali Seh Hamad regular in form, being a square of 100 m2, (16) is now interrupted by Tall Namliya and thus reminding one of a castellum. In by Hirbat al-Humra (17) which was also this case, though, the tall must be dated first noticed by our expedition. In spite to the Second and First Millennium B.C. of intensive work in the area, no otner since no later pottery was discovered. ancient settlements wer discovred.

Approximately three km. north of On the right bank of the river, there Tall Abu Ha'it (09) lies the modern village appears to have been five major settle­ of Sege (10). Our visit there has revealed r ments during the Hellenistic and Islamic no traces of ancient settlements, as was 2 periods. These five settlements are Tall already noticed by Dossin <, so that all Sabha (05), Tall Gubn (01), Tall Hariza speculation on the identity of this place (02), Tall Han (03) and th'e newly dis­ as Old Babylonian Saggaratum should covered Tall Katluma (14). com? to an end.25 The modern village of Soger. (10) lies on the upper terrace which, Tall Hegna2^ (08), identified with in this area, falls off rather steeply into Neo-Assyrian Rummunidu by Parpola27 the Habur. and others( is, as we found out, identical A rather interesting and so far unknown with several other place names : Bersem ancient settlement is situated further (which is the name of the modern village north on the left bank of the Habur. It is near by). Tall Bnegat (this name is the 28 called Tall Namliya (21) and lies about result of a local tragedy), and Tall Tale'e

nine km. south of Suwwar (13) in the low­ (which is the name of a natural hill). Tall land of the Habur and within modern-day Hegna (08) lies within the lowland of the fields. It rises to a height of ca. three Habur and is surounded by fields. It is meters and its extension was difficult to one place which has switched sides in determ'ne. The pottery, however, clearly reality as well as in the literature and on indicates that this is one of the few the maps at present it clearly lies on the places which was not re-settled in either right side of the river. A former river Hellenistic or Islamic times. In fact, this bed, or at least a branch of the river, is is probably the reason for the small size easily detectable to the west of the tall. of this tall. The pottery on the site dates So far, the pottery evidence has revealed from the Third M'llennium (! incised Ninive no Neo-Assyrian or Iron Age hints so 5 Ware !), the early Second and the early that an identification with Rummunidu First Milllennium B.C. Sites like Tall must remain very uncertain. Namliya (21) are hard to detect, and al­ though we found several, we are not sure At Tall Talfis29 (06) we found a rather that we discovered all of those which vague hint of Shalcol'.thic ware as well exist. Tall Namliya shows two things very as Hellenistic/Byzantinistic and Islamic clearly : that tails which appear ins'gni- material. ficant because of their size, may have ben important settlements in the Second Tall Fiden (07) (see Fig. 2 and Fig 7), and First Millennium B.C., and that these often identified with Old Babylonian may have formed the nucleus of larger Saggaratum30 and with Hellenistic/Roman settlements with intensive superstructures, Apatna31, had been sketched by Herzfeld32. in Hellenistic to Islamic rimes, which In this case we can, therefore, clearly show may have covered them so completely that the river has changed its course since that only a few sherds may be found on the river branch which Herzfeld noticed the surface. does not exist any more. The whole area The Lower Habur 121

which he sketched as an island is now excavation sites for any Islamic archaeo-

used as fertile ground for cotton fields. log'st. The pottery indicates a settlement The southern slope of the lower city during the Iron Age, that is Neo-Assy- («Unterstadt») is today covered with the rian times, but any evidence prior to that houses of the modern village; along the time is very scanty. Two late Roman corns western edge and on the northern part of (fourth to fifth century A.D.) were found the lower city, ruins of modern houses on the citadel surface. can also be noticed. On the surface of the citadel brickwork and mortar debris Approximately 16 to 17 km. north can be observed. In some instances the of Tall Suwwar lies the next large tall, sutructure of standing or broken down Tall Husen (15) (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 9) walls is clearly visible. The character of Around three km. south of it lies Tall the brickwork can be compared with By­ Raya39 (24-25) which consists of two zantine or Islamic wails as formerly done clearly separated talis, Tail Raya - South by Helrzfeld33 (Fig. 8); a remark made oy (24) and Tall Raya - North (25). Sedmann40 Dossin3led us to believe that older brick­ had located Neo-Assyrian As . . . urih at work was present but we were unable to Tall Raya; our material has produced only discover any traces of it. Despite a very very vag ue evidence of the Neo-Assyrian

intensive search for older pottery, there period on Tall Raya - North} while most is scanty evidence for any period prior of the sherds of both tails belong to the to the First Miilennhim B.C. while Helle­ late classical* and Islamic times. nistic, Roman, Byzantine and Islamic pottery was found in abundance. One Tall Husen (15) had also been sketched Rom in coin was also found. Our impres­ by Herzfeld''1, in this case we found his sion, therefore, is that the present topo­ sketch differing from the presently show­ graphy of the tall is mainly the result ing topography (see Fig. 3). The surface of settling during the Hellenistic, Roman, is covered by almost completely sunken Byzantine, and Islamic periods. Any hypo­ Islamic graves and a rather solid carpet thetical settlement prior to that age must of grass, therefore, very little pottery definitely have been much smaller. As a shows on the surface. Erosion has, how­

rcsult; it canot be confirmed by archao- ever, exposed the top layer which con­ logical evidence that a settlement contem­ sists of typical late brickwork at several porary to Old Babylonian Saggaratum ever points on the tall. Unlike both Tall Suw­ existed at this site. war and Tall Fiden, our collections at this tall showed a rather wide time range, Unfortunately, a similar result was starting perhaps as early as the late Uruk achieved in the case of Tall Suwwar (13' period, but definitely providing material which has been identified as Saggaratum35 of the Second and First Millennium B.C. was sketched by Herzfeld.37 Our main Therefore, theories associating this tall 42 objection to his sketch is that the area with Old Babylonian Lakusir (Goetze) west of his «natural ditch» is artificial and Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Dur-Kat- 43 ground surrounded by a large enclosure limu (Seidmann) will have to be con­ rampart3S. This tall is larger than Tall sidered seriously. Fiden covering an area of ca. 400 by 480 meters. It is also higher; Tall Fiden Almost opposite Tal] Husen, clearly is ca. 15 m. high and Tall Suwwar is al­ visible, only two km. to the northeast as most 20 m. high. Substantial wall debris the crow flies and on the left bank of of clearly late character is visible and we the river, lies the largest tall of the whole are inclined to think that both Tall Fiden lower Habur area. Tall Seh Hamad (16). and Tall Suwwar would prove productive It is known in literature 44 because of a 122 Les annales archeologiques arabes syriennes

stelae of Adad -Nirari III which was dis­ Building operations for an irrigation cha­ covered there in the last century45. As­ nnel have uncovered several intact or tonishingly little is known, however, in almost complete jars, a cylinder seal (Fig. the way of general archaeological inter­ 6) and a torso of a basalt statue which is pretation and only one very hypothetical possibly a lion. All of these finds, the proposal has been made as to its identity, pottery very clearly, seem to belong to the i.e. Neo-Assyrian Usala 4S. A visit to this first half of the First Millennium B.C. The site makes it absolutely clear that it must archaeological evidence, therefore, almost have played an important part in the certainly suggest that Tall Seh Hamad was history of the Habur Valley, and the arch­ a major urban center in Neo-Assyrian aeological evidence confirms this impres­ times; little know Usala does not seem to sion at once. to match the demands required for a place like this. Tall Seh Hamad should be inden- Tall Seh Hamad consists of a citadel tified instad with one of the larger centers

and two lower cities ((Unterstadt) lying known from Neo-Assyrian sources. Signi­ within the lowland of the Habur. The ficantly enough it lies on the left bank of river passes the western edge of the the river, and there is no indication to citadel, the first «Unterstadt» lies east- suggest that it ever has been situated southeast of the citadel and the second anywhere else. As mentioned above, it is «Unterstadt» extends far to the northeast one of the largest sites located in the whole covering by itself an area of almost 720 of the lower Habur; on the left bank Tall by 700 suare meters48. The tall itself rises Fadgami (27) and Tali Abu Ha'it (09) are to a height of almost 22 meters. In spite the next largest places within a distance of the rather solid surface there is plenty of ca. 30 km. to the north and a little of pottery to be found on the citadel. The more than 50 km. to the south. The percentage of Islamic ware is clearly low closest possiblity of crossing the river in although the citadel was used as a burial modern times is in the north at Marqaba ground not long ago; the present burial (19) and in the south at Suwwar -13). area is situated in the «Unterstadt» II. These rather far distances are interupted Erosion has cut deeply into the slopes in the north by Tall Asswad (23), Tali of the citadel uncovering levels of burnt Katari (18) and Tall Marqada - East (22). mud brick and also, in one case, a large and in the south only by Hirbat al-Humra slab of basalt. «Unterstadt» I has a rather (17) and Tall Namliya (21). Of these, only regular outline which suggests that it Tall Katari (18) and Tall Namliya (21) seem might have served as a castellum or the to have contained Neo-Assyrian settle­ like, perhaps during the Roman period. ments. Roman Sigillata ware has been found here The newly discovered small site of as well as on the citadel. A modern irri­ Hirbat al-Hufra (17). just southeast gation channel cut into the ground just of Tall Seh Hamad, has a square enclosure north and west of «Unterstadt» I revealed rampart with a side length of about 53 sections which showed very distinctly meters. The pottery indicates an Islamic: that there are several burnt levels indicat­ age for the main settlement. ing a rather long history of the «Unter- stadt» I. This is confirmed also by the On the right river bank we discovered surface finds in this area. The large «Un- another small site between Tali Husen and terstadt» II seems to belong mainly to Tall Marqada, called Tall Kibar (29). The one historical period, with only some pottery here seems to indicate a possible sporadic areas being covered by later settlement during the Iron Age, possibly settlements which date to the First Mille­ also in the Roman period and definitely nnium B.C. that is, to Neo-Assyrian times. during Islamic times. The Lower Habur 123

About 12 km, north of Tall Husen lies keep in mind that Tall Asamsani may have Tall Marqada (19) within the lowland of been situated on the left river bank in the Habur and at the point where the al- earlier times. Hamma Plateau extends closest to the river bank. Tall Marqada (Fig. 11) had also Tall Asamsani 53 consists of an elon­ 49 been sketched by Herfeld . It is a rather gated citadel which rises very steeply to large s te which rises to a medium height a height of about 30 m. in the northwest only; the surface is interrupted by some and of an «Unterstadt» in the southeastern lunar-like craters and elevations. It is part to which the citadel slopes down more evident that a settlement existed on the gently. By the shape of the tall one is tall until very recent times, but at present inclined to think, especially in comparison

there are only two small houses at the eas­ with smaler sites, that the river in ancient tern edge of the tall. The pottery proves times must have bordered the northwestern that settlements existed during the late edge of the tall because it is this side class'cal and Islamic periods but any evi­ where the very step upgrade is noticed. dence prior to that is rather scanty and Since the position of the tall is slightly uncertain. The only proof is of late Iron twisted northeast to southwest one could Age date. Tall Marqada has been identified indeed suppose that the tall originally lay with Middle-and Neo-Assyrian Dur-Katli on the left bank of the Habur. mu5° and also with Neo-Assyrian Usala51 while these assumptions cannot be easily Our surtace collections show a settle­ confirmed by our material the identifica­ ment sequence from the beginning of the 52 tion with Arabian Makisin seems to br Second Millennium B.C. down to Islamic certain. t'mes. It is surprising that there is not much Islamic glazed ware although there Within a distance of about 16 km. to is evidence of characteristic late brick­ the north fies the next largest tall on the work (which might, of course, be of right bank of the Habur, Tall Asamsani Byzantine age as well) and of burials (20). We did not find any ancient settle­ which covered the whele surface of the ments between Tall Marqada and Tall citadel. At the other end of the scale, there Asamsani. Tall Asamsani lies in the iow is slight evidence of an occupation in the land of the Habur with the river passing Third Millennium B.C. at its northeastern corner and running alo­ ng its eastern edge. Within this bend of the The only identification proposa] so far river the modern village is situated on thj has been made by Goetze who has located slopes of the «Unterstadt». It appears, Old Babylonian Iyatu here 54. With the however, that the actual life of this village possibility in mind that Tall Asamsani does not take place here but rather on may have been situated on the other bank the other side of the river which can easily of the river in the Second and First Millen­ be reached by crossing the river on foot nium, the question of identification must or by boat. The river bed itself made a ra be thought over; our material shows that ther «alluvial» impressin. This is important it was a larger center in the Second and

when one considers the observation we First Millennium; a fact which aparently made on the southwestern side of the has not been considered too seriously so tall; an old river-bed is cleary distinguish­ far. able here. It is possible, therefore, that at Opposite Tall Asamsani, on the present one time the river flowed around the left bank of the river, there is a small southwestern rather than the northeastern tall called Tall Aswad (23), as we were corner of the tall. This means that in con­ told. It is situated within the fields, on sidering historical implications one has to the alluvial lowland and at the southern 124 Les annales archeologiques arabes syriennes end of the village. We were told that at n'.te proof of how quickly and strongly the the northern end of the village, within river can change its course; when Sarre the beautiful gardens which have been /HerzfeldSS visited the tall almost 70 planted there, graves with many small years ago the river was passing by at finds has been discovered. The material the eastern foot of the tall where it would we were shown consisted of fragments have been expected in regard to the topo­ of Roman or perhaps Byzantine glass, graphy of the tall. It is possible though beads and other completely characteristic that at one time the river also passed along pieces and we were told that there had the western edge of the tall(!) because also been cylinder seals. there is a shallow ditch running along the western slopes on the tall and turning east Following the right bank, we did not in the south. The hills west of this ditch discover any talis until we reached Tall and another hill north of the tall are Garmiz (46), which is about 15 km. north natural formations. The tall itself consists of Tall Asamsani. Tall Garmiz is situated of a citadel, the top of which is approxi­ close to the present river bank within the mately square and there are two «Unter- rather wide lowland of the Habur. We staedte»' a northern one and a southern were not able to visit it because an iriga- one. The southern «Unterstadt» extend for tion channel had broken the day before such a great distance that the length of we came so that the fields were flooded. the entire tall is almost 600 meters. Traces of recent, settlements in this area are visi­ Following our way up to Saddada we ble but the old village of Saddada, situated passed the modren village of 'Adla (43). south of the tall, is almost completely Taking a closer look we noticed that tne uninhabited and in ruins. whole village covers an ancient settlement, the extension of which was impossible to The evidence we obtained from sur­ determine. To judge by the pottery the face collections is very important : there is ancient settlement appears to belong to proof of an occupation during the Chalco- only one period, which is the Neo-Assy- lithic and Early Bronze Age (Early Dynas­ rian. There may also have been some mi­ tic Period) ; there is also proof of the Iron nor settlement during the medieval Islamic Age, the late classical period and of Islamic period; but one may speak with fair cer­ times. On the other hand, there seems to tainty of 'Adla being founded during Neo- be almost a complete lack of material Assyrian times. which might be ascribed to the Second Millennium B.C. This seems to indicate a The next large tall on the right bank decline of the city in the Second Millenn­ of the river Tall Saddada (35). Its present ium ; can this perhaps be attributed to a situation is rather far away from the main major shift of the river-bed? Our archae­ road and the modern village which lies ological evidence is also contradictory to 56 to the north and mainly on the left bank the present localization schemes: Kupper of the Habur. The modern road to Hassaka equates it with Old Babylonian Qattunan turns somewhat westward to climb up which, in turn, could be identical to Middle the hilly slopes of the Gazira; here the Assyrian Qatni and perhaps Neo-Assyrian 57 road from Mosul, having passed the Qadine ; and Dussaud locates Dur- Kat- modern bridge across the Habur at the limu here.58 village of Saddada, mets the road to Hass­ aka. Tall Saddada is situated within the Continuing north up the right river lowland of the Habur the river touching bank we descovered two so far unknown the tall only at its southeastern corner sites, Tall Umm Zirr (44) and Tall Bahza at the present time. Here we have defi- (47). Tall Umm Zirr is very small and The Lower Habur 125

appears to contain a late Roman occupa­ outweigh some Neo-Assyrian and later tion. evidence. On Tail Ahmar - North and Middle the situation is reserved any evide­ Tall Bahza (47) is. like Tall 'Adla (43), nce older than the middle of the Second completely covered by the modern village Millenninm B.C. is very scanty. Numer­ of Bahza and situated at the edge of the ous flints are scattered on the terrace river terrace. Like Tall 'Adla it was proba­ somewhat southwest of Tall Ahmar-South bly founded and occupied principally in which indicates a workshop situation like Neo-Assyrian times. Later on the settle­ that at Batah. Other flints and obsidian ment seems to have shifted to Hirbat al blades were found on Tall Ahmar-South Bahza (48), again possibly due to a change proper and indicate an occupation level of the river course. Hirbat ai Bahza lies during the ceramical Neolithic age. within the fields of the lowland and close to the modern river bank. It consists ot About five km. north of Tall Ahmar three «summits» and its surface finds show l'es Tall 'Agaga-West, also called Tall ample evidence of an occupation during Arban (36). This large, flat and rather late classical and Islamic times. regularly shaped tall had already attracted the attention ot Sir Austin Henry We were not able to visit the small Layard who dug three tunnels into site of Tall Rasidiya - West (45). the steep eastern riverbound edge of the tall. These tunnels are still accessible The site of al-Batah (42) is located on today.60 Other scholars have also visited a natural hill. We collected a few flints the tall.61 the winged bulls which were which indicate that there may have been found by Layard and other indicat'ons a flint workshop in the area. point very strongly to an indentification of Tall 'Agaga with Neo-Assyrian Sadika- Further north and at a distance of nni.62 The Arabian name Arban is prob­ about 14 km. from Saddada lies Tall ably a derivation of Greek and Roman Ahmar(39-41), a peace which reallly con­ Horoba or Oraba.63 Our surface collection

sists of three tallsj Tall Ahmar-South(39), shows ample evidence of both periods, the Tall Ahmar - Midle (40), and Tall Ahmar - Iron Age and the Greek/Roman up to North (41 )• This very important site is Islamic times. But there are also some armost unknown so far in literature and indicators of older periods up to the Early has never before been systematically Bronze Age. surveyed.59 With Tall 'Agaga-West our systematic Tall Ahmar-South are lying at the edge survey on the right river bank ended. Our but still on the terrace which slopes down original plans to cover the fertle plain whi­ to the lowland of the river, while Tall ch extends towards the west onto the seop- Ahmar - Middle is situated in a valley es of the Gabal 'Abd al-Aziz were postpon­ between the other two and in the lowland. ed to the year because we were running out Tall Ahmar-South (Fig. 12) consists of a of time. We did make a tour though to take citadel, the top of which is rather square, just a brief looke at the overall situation and small «Unterstadt». Tall Ahmar-North and visited Tall Barud (52). Tall Mu'azzar is smaller and irregular in shape and Tall (53), Tall Matiyaha (54), and Tall Murtiya Ahmar - Middle is the smallest and rather (55). circular. The only tall which was surveryed On Tall Ahmar - South the Early systematically north of Tall 'Agaga was Bronze Age, Uruk and Chalcolithic wares Tall Knedig (34). This tall is vertually 126 Les annales archeologiques arabes syriennes unknown in literature but is probably to a height of 22 m. and an «Unterstadt» indentical with Tall Seh Sulaib on an old on which the village of Fadgami was map.64 It is situated about halfway betw­ located not long ago. The present village

een Tall 'Agaga and Hassaka, a little off lies rather far from the tall on the edge of the modern road and not easy to reach. the river terrace, while the tall lies within The tall consists of a citadel and an the lowland. «Unterstadt». The surface collections show an occupation during the Early and Middle The geographical position of Tall Bronze Age while the late Bronze Age is Fadgami provides a reason for the impor­ not well represented. There is evidence of tance of this place throughout history. It the Iron Age and Roman period while is situated at the end of an old caravan Islamic glazed ware is rare. Although the route which still exists today from Mosul tall surface is covered with modern graves to the Habur, passing the Gabal Singar at there is no modern settlement in the neig­ its southern edge.67 hbourhood. In spite of the graves, Early Bronze Age ware was found on top of the Approximately two km. north of Tall tall. A certain type of flint blade point bel­ Fadgami and close to the northern end of onging to the ceramical Neolithic was also the modern village of Fadgami we found presont. The impression is that the citadel another small tall lying within the lowland was founded much earlier than the «Unter- which the people told us called Hirbat al stad». Fadgami (49). The pottery is difficult to classify but seems to point to late Hell­ On the left bank of the river and ca. enistic to Islamic times. five km., north of Tall Asamsani / 'fall Aswad lies Tall Fadgami (27) (Fig. 4 and North of this small site we discovered Fig. 10). Al-though known in literature65 of the Wadi Hamda. Tall Abu Hamda (50). it seems that few scholars have visited the The surface material definitely indicates place; Sarre/Herzfeld and von Oppenheim an Iron Age settlement; it is possible that both passed by while Layard apparently this settlement was founded at the beginn­ stopped and Inspected it. Even today it's ing of the Iron Age since any definite older not easy to reach the tall because the road evidence is missing. Thus it would fall in along the left rever bank consists of a I:ne with the sites of Tall Bahza and Tall dusty track which starts at Saddada. the 'Adla. closest place where one can cross the rever. About three km. north of Tall Abu Hamda lies Tall Galal (28), so far mention­ Similar to Tall Seh Hamad, no one ed only by Musil.68 This place, situated at seems to have taken much interest in this the edge of the river terrace but on it, was large site. There are only two identifica­ occupied throughout the Chalcolithic per­ tion proposals, one suggesting Qatni iod and during the Bronze Age. There is (Forrer), and the other Dur-KatI mu evidence for even older material (flints) (Musil).66 The site itself makes it absolu­ but anything later than the beginning of tely clear though, that it must have been the Second Millennium is very uncertain. another major center in the Second and Nothing has been found to allow conclus­ First Millennium B.C. There is sufficient ions for a settlement during the Iron Age evidence of the Islanrc and Roman Age, or later. Therefore, the identification material of the Third Millennium B.C. and proposal of Musil with Neo-Assyrian Qatni some very nice examples of the so-called becomes very improbable. «Glockenbecher» of the late Uruk times. The tali itself consists of a citadel rising A local guide drew our attention to a Tho Lower Habur 127

few tulul on the eastern plateau which is al-Batah, we may have found al-together very close to the Iroqlan border. They are three stations of this kind. all situated along the route to Mosul.

The first tall we visited was Tall North of Tall Galal, and halfway Manha (32) which is completely unknown between it and Saddada, we discovered in literature so far. It is a fairly large place another tall situated within the lowland (about 300 by 150 m.) within the Gazira of the Habur. Tall Brik (33). This is a and without any modern settlement rather low regularly shaped tall with its around it al though two houses occupy the northern edge looking much like a rampart. tall today. The surface collections show The center and the southern part covered that a major occupation existed during the by a modern village. The pottry is uncha­ Chalcollthic and Early Bronze Age while racteristic but seems to indicate an occup- the evidence for the Middle Bronze Age tion during the Iron Age and late classical times; surprisingly little Islamic glazed and Iron Age is scanty. The presece of some flints points to a late Neolithic and ware was found. Tall Brik appears to be Chalcolitic period occupation. similar to other talis in the area which were founded during the Iron Age.

The next place we were shown was Tall Madina (29), far off the Mosul route In the area between Tali Brik and and at the edge of the steppe. The small Saddada no other taal was discovered. modern village lis grouped around a square With the investigation of this area round rampart of 20 m. length on the side. The Saddada, our systematic survey of the left pottery is Islamic but a few pieces also bank of the river ended. Aside from a pre­ seem to indicate an Iron Age level. The liminary visit to the left bank between coins we were given belong to the time of Saddada and Hassaka, including a brief the Singar Sangids.69 survey of Tall 'Agaga-East, we picked out only the sites of Tall Ta'ban (57) and Tall Tnemr (38) for systematic investigation. We were then led to Tall Gayyir (30) This is a surprisingly circular site with a diameter of 152 m. Two houses which Tall Ta'bain is clearly situated on the belong to the modern tall. The shapes of edge of the river terrace with a former the pottery are rather unusual and can river-bed lying at its western foot; the hardly be ciassif ed at the moment; the river now passes far off to the west leaving general impression is an early to be dated a 200 to 300 m. strip of land available for ware (perhaps Uruk period). Some flints the cultivation of cotton. Tall Knedig (34) 1 are firmly to be dated to the late Neolithic canclearly be seen in the northeast. The ta ! period. consists of a citadel and a large «Unters- tadt». On top of the citable the ruins of a 70 We were finally pointed to a tall or Seh, mentioned by von Oppenheim , are rather an accumulation of several tulul still visible. Our surface collections show which flint debris( a fact that suggests that a clear occupation sequence from the Cha- these may have been flint workshop sites. lcolithic (?) period down to Islamic times. This place was situated near the Wadi The Middle and Late Bronze Age as v/ell Haburiya and therefore it was called Tall as the Iron Age are well represented. It is Haburiya (31). There was no modern sett­ therefore perfectly possible that Tall Ta'bai; lement in the neighbourhood. We discov­ should be identified with Middle, and Neo- ered only two completely atypical sherds. Assyrian Tabite as was suggested by 71 A s'milar place was discovered near Tall Horn and possibly also with Old Babyl­ 'Adla on the right river bank, and with onian Tabatum. 128 Les annales arheologiques arabes syriennes

Tall Tnenir (38) lies only about 14 km. be discerned. 72. South of the «Understudt>-' south of Hassaka within the lowland of the there is another «suburb» reaching as far river (Fig. 5) A steeply rising citadel is west as the present river bank. The inte­ surrounded in the east and south by a large rs tadt» is surrounded by a rampart which «Unteestadt». At the present time, the is divided by several rectangular towers river passes by in the west leaving a strip indicating a gate.73 Our surface collections of about 60 m. of ground which is used for give sufficient evidenc of Byzantine, cotton fields. Close to the western slope Hellenistic and Roman times as well as of the citadel lies a well which contains the Iron Age. There are also some sherds salty water. East of the «Unterstadt» lies that appear to date Early and Middle an old river-bed, on the east bank of which Bronze Age. A Byzantine coin of Romanos further ruins can be traced on the plain IV. Diogenes74 would confirm the supposi­ Several tumuli show up far inland and can tion that the uppermost settlement is that be recognized from the road- The river of the Byzantine era. branch was possibly crossed by a bridge of which the supports are still existent. Tall Tnenir (35) has been identified as The surface of the citadel and of the Thannuris by Herzfeld75, a theory which «Unterstadt» is covered with pieces of has been confirmed Poidebard and Dillo mortar and limestone, and a network of man.76 There is no suggestion so far for a streets and the ground plans of houses can localization of an Assyrian site. The Lower Habur 129

NOTES

I. M. Birot, Lettres de Yaqqim-Addu, gouverneur de Sagaratum. ARM 14 (1974). 2. Stephanie Dalley, C.B.F. Walker. J.D. Hawkins, The Old Babylonian Tablets from Tell al Rimah (London 1976). 3. Annals V 33 ff., s. L.W. King AKA 72 ff. 4. Ibid. VI 70 ff., s. AKA 85.f. 5. L. W. King, AKA 136 f., cf. also A.R. Millard, Iraq 32 (1970) PI. XXXIII f. 6. Annals of Adad-Nerari II, see J. Seidmann, Die Inschriften Adadniraris II, MAOG 9/3 (1935) p. 30, 105 ff. see also W. Schramm, EAK 2, 3-6 . 7. Annals of Tukulti-Ninurti II, see W Schramm, Bior 27 (1970) 147-160 Rev. line 13 sq. 8. J. Seidmann (cf. note 6), S. Horn ZA 34 (1922) 144 ff 9. A.H. Layard, Discoveries in the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1953) 272 ff. 10. G. Smith. Ancient History from the Monuments : Assyria (1875) 37 II. M. von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf Vol. 2, (1900) 14. 12. M. von Oppenheim (cf. note 11) 6-26. 13. E. Herzfeld, F. Sarre, Reise in Euphrat-und Tigrisgebiet Vol ] (1911) 171 196. 14. A. Musil, The Middle Euphrates (1927; 82 ff. 15. A. Poidebard, Les routes anciennes en Haute-Djezireh, in : Syria 8 (1927) 55 - 65. 16. A. Poidebard, La trace de Rome dans le desert de Syne. 2 vols. Biblioth que

archeologique et historique 18, Paris 1934. 17. M. Mallowan, Iraq 3 (1963) 1 ff. 18. In one case we were not able to reach the tall because the plain was flooded. The others were not surveyed systematically because of lack of time. This was bard TR 134; Dussaud, Top. 487; Par survey which is scheduled for 1977. 19. E. Wirth, Syrien 110. 421. 427. 429 Bild 6. 20. Musil 82. 21 Sachau, Reise 286-8, Sarre/Herzfeld Reise 1, 172 Abb. 78-9; Musil 82: Poide­ bard TR 134; Dussaud, Top. 487; Parpola NAT 296. 22. Amiran, Pottery, 59 ff. PI. 17 : 16. 23. Discovered by Mallowan, Iraq 3, 2 Fig. 1. 24. Dossin RA 64 (1970), 19 note 3 25. Goetze, JCS 7, 58 note 51; Kuper, BiOr 9, 168; id. Nomades 2 notes 1; Falkner AfO 18, 17. 26. Sachau, Reise 291; Sarre/Herzfeld. Reise I, 176. 27. Parpola NAT 296. 28. Musil 82 and map.

29. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I 176; Musil 82 Kupper, Nomades 2 note 1. 30. Dossin RA 64 19 notes 3; van LiereAAS 13, 120. 31. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reis 1, 176, Musif 82 note 46; Dussaud, Top. 483; Dilleman HMO 46. 225, 245 Fig. XI; Poidebard, TR 134. 32. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, Abb. 80. 33. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, 176. 34. RA 64, 19 note 3. 35. Dossin RA 35, 185 note 2; Kupper, RA 41, 161, Hrouda MDOG 90, 32. 36. Suru in Bit Halupe : Parpola NAT 319; Goetze JCS 7, 58 note 38; Musil 86, 204

ff.; Horn, ZA 34; 152; Dussaud Top. 487-8 Kupper, Nomades 2, 121. 130 Les annales archeologiques arabes syriennes

37. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, 177-9 Abb. 81. 38. von Oppenheim had the same impression, Mittelmeer Bd., 10-11. 39. Identical with Tall Umeilih on older maps since the modern village nearly is called Umaliye; the inhabitants called both talis by the same name. 40. Seidmann, MAOG 9 3, 69. 41. Sarre Herzfeld, Reise I, 178, Abb. 82; vgl. auch Sachau, Reise 296, von Oppen heim, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 14; Poidebard TR 135; Musil 85, 339. 42. JCS 7, 58. 43. Seidmann MAOG 9 3, 69; Parpola NAT 108. 44. von Oppenheim, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 14-15; Sarre/Herfeld, Reise I, 180; Sachau, Reise 292.297; Mallowan, Itaq 3, Fig. 1 Musil 83 f. 45. Rassani' Ashur and the land of N mrod 1897, 311 ff.; Millard/Tamdor, Iraq 35 (1973), 57 ff. 46. Horn, ZA 34( 153; Millard Tadmor, Iraq 35, 57 have not dealt with questions of historical geography. 47. The best aerial view is given by Poidebard TR 135, PI. 108; the area of the «Unterstadt» II is now partly covered by houses. 48. The modern village centers around the southern edge of the citadel and the «Unterstadt» L the «Unterstadt» II being covered only sporadiccally by houses. 49. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, 180 f., Abb 84, see also ; v0n Oppenheim, Mittelm er Bd. 2. 15-16; Sachau, Reise 236; Poidebard, TR 135, PI. 109; Musil 85.87. 50. Seidmann, MAOG 9 3, 19; Kraling, A ram and Israel 55. 51. Dussaud, Top 487. 52. Dussaud, Top. 487; von Oppenheim Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 15. 53. cf. Sachau, Reise 296; von Oppenhe'm, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 16; Sarre/Herzfeld- Reise I. 182; Poidebard TR 136; Musil 85. 54. Goetze- JCS 7, 58. 55. Serre/Herzfeld, Reise I 182 ff. Abb 87; Sachau, Reise 293-296; von Oppenhei n, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 17.21; Poidebard, TR 136. 56. Kupper, Nomades 2 note 2. 57. cf. Forrer, Provenzenteilung 15 HornZA 34, 153; Seidmann, MAOG 9/3, 69; Falkner, Afo 18,17 Anm. 19; Parpola. NAT 283.285. 58. Dussaud, Top. 487; Parpola, NAT 108. 59. For a good picture see Poidebard, TRP1. 112.1, p. 137; mentioned also by Sarre/ Herzfeld, Reise I, 184. 60. Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, London, 272. 61. Sachau, Reise 292; Sarre/Herzfeld-Reise I, 184-7, Abb. 88; von Oppenheim, Mittelmeer Bd. 2. 19-21. 62. G. Smith, History of Assyria 37;Horn ZA 34, 154; Olmstead in JAOS 38, 223 note 34; Kraeling, Aram and Israel 54 ote 5; of different opinion Dussaud, Top. 487. 63. Dilleman HMO 186. 64. Kgl. Preuss. Landesaufnahme, 1918- Blatt 3b; cf. von Oppenheim, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 22. 65. von Oppenheim, Mittelmeer Bd. 2, 16;Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, 182; for a good aerial view cf. Poidebard, TR 136, PI. 111. The Lower Habur 131

G6. Forrer, Provinzeinteilung 15 suggests locating Qatni «between Saddada and Tall Fadgami» ; MusU 199. 99. 205-6. 67. Musil 85 . 68. Mus i 210-11. 69. The determination is provided by H. Gaube. 70 von Oppenheim Mittelmeer Bd. 22-3; cf. also Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I, 188, Sachaii' Reise 296. 71. Horn, ZA 34, 155, Anm. 2. 72. Podebad, TR 140-2, PL 115-7. 73 We were not able to complete our survey because a sandstorm came up. 74. The determination is provided by K. Kessler. 75. Sarre/Herzfeld, Reise I. 194-5, Abb 93. 76. Dilleman, HMO 108.203. ?6,7

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