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Voices of the First Women Leaders in the Federal Bureau of Investigation Ellen Glasser University of North Florida

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Voices of the First Women Leaders in the Federal Bureau of Investigation Ellen Glasser University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2016 Voices of the First Women Leaders in the Federal Bureau of Investigation Ellen Glasser University of North Florida Suggested Citation Glasser, Ellen, "Voices of the First Women Leaders in the Federal Bureau of Investigation" (2016). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 635. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/635 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2016 All Rights Reserved Voices of the First Women Leaders in the Federal Bureau of Investigation by Ellen Glasser A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Leadership, School Counseling & Sport Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Educational Leadership UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND HUMAN SERVICES August, 2016 Unpublished work © Ellen Glasser ii Signature Deleted Signature Deleted Signature Deleted Signature Deleted Signature Deleted Signature Deleted iii DEDICATION For Carley, Daisy, Nelle, and Harry iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the last eight years, I have often felt alone. Despite being a woman committed to serving others, I have never been the type to ask for help for myself. This journey of writing a dissertation started in my default mode of working quietly and alone, but, along the way, I realized that completion of the task would require me to work with others and to ask for help. Like the participants of my study, I learned that relationships can be empowering and enriching. Many relationships have helped me translate my commitment toward this scholarly endeavor into meaningful action. I am deeply grateful to many people for their love and support as I have grown and evolved. Words really do fall short when I try to thank the two women who have served as my truest mentors in this journey. First, I must thank Dr. Katherine M. Kasten for serving as my initial dissertation chair. Not only did I feel her unconditional support, she guided me toward an area of research that matched my interests and was relevant to educational leadership. She made sure that my proposal was complete before she retired and that I would be in good hands to conduct my qualitative study. Those caring hands belonged to Dr. Elinor A. Scheirer who has served as my dissertation chair and closest confidante for the last several years. Her wisdom, guidance, and patience have kept me on course. Dr. S. is known for being deeply devoted to all of her students, and I was no exception. I could always count on having her undivided attention for as long as necessary. She and I spent countless hours discussing the direction of my study, but we have also spent many hours talking through other personal and professional matters. She has literally been my lifeline. I could not have crossed the finish line without her. I must thank the rest of my dissertation committee: Dr. Georgette E. Dumont for her frequent, kind encouragement and her advice related to the government institutions; Dr. Hope E. v Wilson for her interest in my research topic and her keen attention to detail; and Dr. Anne K. Swanson for her willingness to join my committee late in the process and her meaningful feedback on themes within my data. I did not plan for my committee to be entirely comprised of women, but, given the nature of my research, it benefitted me greatly to have a remarkable group of women scholars as committee members. I must thank other colleagues in the UNF community who have supported, facilitated, and inspired me. Key among them have been Dr. Afesa Adams, Ms. Judy Chacinski, Dr. David Fenner, Dr. Cheryl Fountain, Dr. Sandra Gupton, Dr. Michael Hallett, Dr. Warren Hodge, Dr. Chris Janson, Dr. Joyce Jones, Dr. Chris Rasche, Dr. Pritchy Smith, Ms. Michele Verkerk, and finally, my department chair in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, Dr. David Forde. I have gained and learned something of value from each of these fine people. Their interest in my research topic, along with their gifts of time and wisdom, have been deeply appreciated. I would also like to offer a robust “Honk, Honk” as a small thanks to the wonderful flock of Cohort 18 geese who have shared this adventure with me. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the women of the FBI who participated in this study. In 2012, when I began work on a project to celebrate the 40th anniversary of female agents in the FBI, the direction of my research became clear for the first time. I knew that the early women leaders in the FBI had powerful experiences and that I was in a unique position to tell their stories. They did not disappoint. I feel privileged that these women trailblazers allowed me to share their voices. Finally, I must thank the many members of my family who have loved me and shared me with UNF’s Educational Leadership program for the last several years. Thanks to Don and our children Beth, Nate, Carley, Daisy, Nelle, and Harry; they have all cheered me on despite feeling vi my absence and the strain of this effort. Thanks to my twin brother—and hero—Robert, who has always inspired me to be the best version of myself. Thanks to my sisters Cynthia, Alane, Pamela, and Janet; they have been the best role models and female leaders I could have possibly known. Thanks to my dear, deceased parents, Irma Lee and Harry, who raised me to believe that I could actually be Miss America, or an FBI Special Agent, or whatever else I wanted to be in life. To my entire family: your unconditional love and support has been deeply felt throughout my life. To my family, friends, colleagues, supporters, and students: I am very fortunate to have all of you in my life. I know I have never been alone. Thank you all very much. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication………………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………......iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….……..xii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………xiii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...xiv Chapter One: Introduction to Study………………………………..………………….....1 Context for Social Change………………………………………………….........3 Statement of Problem……………………………………………………...……..5 Women in Dangerous Careers………………………………………………...…6 Military Women…………………………………………………….....…7 Policewomen……………………………………………………………..8 G-Women……………………………………………………………...…8 Research Question…………………………………………………………....…..9 Study Design Overview……………………………………………………....…10 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………....….11 Significance of Study………………………………………………………........14 Chapter Summaries……………………………………………………………...15 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….…..17 Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature………………………………………….....19 The Feminist Perspective………………………………………………….….…20 viii A Modern Vision……………………………………………………..….21 Historical Feminist Frameworks…………………………………………24 Overview of Feminist Theory……………………………………………26 Feminist Standpoint Theory……………………………………………...35 Section Summary……………….………..………………….………...… 38 Nontraditional Women……………….........................………………………......39 Female Leadership……………….…………………………………..…..39 Nontraditional Occupations……………………………………………....43 Women Trailblazers…………………………………………………..….45 Choosing a Career………………………………………………………..59 Career Self-Efficacy Theory……………………………...……………...62 Grit…………………………………………………………………….…65 Section Summary………………………………………………………...66 Bureaucracy……………………………………………………………………...67 Gendered Nature of Organizations………………………………………70 Tipping Points……………………………………………………………73 Understanding Gender and Leadership in Organizations………………...74 Organizational Culture……………………………………………….…..77 Equilibrium…………………………………………………………….…79 Section Summary………………………………………………………....80 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………….……..81 Summary of Chapter 2……………………………………………………………82 Chapter Three: Research Methodology .............................................................................84 ix Qualitative Approach……………………………………………………………..85 Researcher as Tool…………………………………………………………..........85 Self-Audit…………………………………………………………………………87 Interviews…………………………………………………………………………92 Participants and Access…………………………………………………………...96 Methodology…………………………………………………………………...…98 Summary of Chapter 3…………………………………………………...………103 Chapter Four: Data Analysis………………………………………………………...…..105 Approach to Analysis…………………………………………………………....106 Educational Criticism………………………………………………...….108 Use of Memoranda…………………………………………………...….110 Coding and Data Retrieval…………………………………………...….112 Description Dimension and Typological Analysis…………….……………......113 Typology 1: Women in Nontraditional Careers……………………...…114 Typology 2: Women Achieving Career Self-Efficacy……………...…..126 Typology 3: Women as Leaders……………………………………..….142 Typology 4: Women Negotiating Bureaucracy………………………....163 Interpretation Dimension and Interpretive Analysis………………………..……184 Metaphors as Heuristic Tools………………………………………...…..186 Supergirl Metaphor and Feminist Standpoint Theory………………..…..188 Target Metaphor and Career Self-Efficacy Theory………………..……..199 Clubhouse Metaphor and Organizational Tenets………………………...209 Introduction to Evaluation and Thematics………………………………………..216 x Evaluation Dimension…………………………………………..………………...217 Moral Obligation as Female Leaders……………………………………..217 Need for Organizational Diversity………………………………………..219
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