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LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, and COBALT ARSENIDE and SULFIDE ORE FORMATION Nicholas Allin
Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Graduate Theses & Non-Theses Student Scholarship Spring 2019 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF ARSENITE AND SULFATE: LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, AND COBALT ARSENIDE AND SULFIDE ORE FORMATION Nicholas Allin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF ARSENITE AND SULFATE: LOW TEMPERATURE HYDROTHERMAL COPPER, NICKEL, AND COBALT ARSENIDE AND SULFIDE ORE FORMATION by Nicholas C. Allin A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Geoscience: Geology Option Montana Technological University 2019 ii Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the relative rates of reduction of aqueous sulfate and aqueous arsenite (As(OH)3,aq) using foils of copper, nickel, or cobalt as the reductant, at temperatures of 150ºC to 300ºC. At the highest temperature of 300°C, very limited sulfate reduction was observed with cobalt foil, but sulfate was reduced to sulfide by copper foil (precipitation of Cu2S (chalcocite)) and partly reduced by nickel foil (precipitation of NiS2 (vaesite) + NiSO4·xH2O). In the 300ºC arsenite reduction experiments, Cu3As (domeykite), Ni5As2, or CoAs (langisite) formed. In experiments where both sulfate and arsenite were present, some produced minerals were sulfarsenides, which contained both sulfide and arsenide, i.e. cobaltite (CoAsS). These experiments also produced large (~10 µm along longest axis) euhedral crystals of metal-sulfide that were either imbedded or grown upon a matrix of fine-grained metal-arsenides, or, in the case of cobalt, metal-sulfarsenide. Some experimental results did not show clear mineral formation, but instead demonstrated metal-arsenic alloying at the foil edges. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections
STATE OF MICHIGAN MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION A mineral is a rock substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and KEY TO ROCKS & MINERALS COLLECTIONS other distinct physical properties. A few of the minerals, such as gold and silver, occur as "free" elements, but by most minerals are chemical combinations of two or Harry O. Sorensen several elements just as plants and animals are Reprinted 1968 chemical combinations. Nearly all of the 90 or more Lansing, Michigan known elements are found in the earth's crust, but only 8 are present in proportions greater than one percent. In order of abundance the 8 most important elements Contents are: INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Percent composition Element Symbol MINERALS........................................................................ 1 of the earth’s crust ROCKS ............................................................................. 1 Oxygen O 46.46 IGNEOUS ROCKS ........................................................ 2 Silicon Si 27.61 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS............................................... 2 Aluminum Al 8.07 METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................................. 2 Iron Fe 5.06 IDENTIFICATION ............................................................. 2 Calcium Ca 3.64 COLOR AND STREAK.................................................. 2 Sodium Na 2.75 LUSTER......................................................................... 2 Potassium -
Gomposition and Occurrence of Electrum Atthe
L37 The Canadian M inerala g i st Vol.33,pp. 137-151(1995) GOMPOSITIONAND OCCURRENCEOF ELECTRUM ATTHE MORNINGSTAR DEPOSIT, SAN BERNARDINOCOUNTY, GALIFORNIA: EVIDENCEFOR REMOBILIZATION OF GOLD AND SILVER RONALD WYNN SIIEETS*, JAMES R. CRAIG em ROBERT J. BODNAR Depanmen of Geolngical Sciences, Virginin Polytechnic h stitate and Stale (Jniversity, 4A44 Dening Hall, Blacl<sburg, Virginin 24060, U.S-A,. Arsrnacr Elecfum, acanthiteand uytenbogaardtite have been examined from six depthswithin the tabular quartzt calcite sockwork and breccia-filled veins in the fault-zone-hostedMorning Star depositof the northeasternMojave Desert, Califomia. Six distinct types of electrum have been identified on the basis of minerat association,grain moryhology and composition. Two types, (1) p1'rite-hostedand (2) quartz-hostedelectrum, occur with acanthite after argentite and base-metalsulfide minerals in unoxidized portions of the orebody; the remaining forr types, (3) goethite-hostedelectrum, (4) electnrm cores, (5) electrumrims and (6) wire electrum,are associatedwith assemblagesof supergeneminerals in its oxidizedportions. Pyrite- hosted quartz-hostedand goethite-hostedelectrum range in compositionfrom 6l ta 75 utt.7oAu and have uniform textures and no zoning. In lower portions ofthe oxidized ore zone, electrum seemsto replacegoethite and occursas small grains on surfacesof the goethite.Textural evidencefavors supergeneremobilization of Au and Ag, which were depositedas electrum on or replacinggoethite. This type of electrumis identical in appearanceand compositionto prinary electrum,In the upper portions of the oxidized zone,secondary electum occursas a gold-rich rim on a core of elechum and as wire-like grains,both with acanthiteand uytenbogaardtite.Such secondaryelectrum contains from 78 to 93 wt./o Au. Textural relations and asso- ciated minerals suggestthat the primary electrum was hydrothermally depositedand partially remobilized by supergene processes. -
Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Microbiology of Cobalt in Mining-Affected Environments
minerals Article Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Microbiology of Cobalt in Mining-Affected Environments Gabriel Ziwa 1,2,*, Rich Crane 1,2 and Karen A. Hudson-Edwards 1,2 1 Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK; [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (K.A.H.-E.) 2 Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Cobalt is recognised by the European Commission as a “Critical Raw Material” due to its irreplaceable functionality in many types of modern technology, combined with its current high-risk status associated with its supply. Despite such importance, there remain major knowledge gaps with regard to the geochemistry, mineralogy, and microbiology of cobalt-bearing environments, particu- larly those associated with ore deposits and subsequent mining operations. In such environments, high concentrations of Co (up to 34,400 mg/L in mine water, 14,165 mg/kg in tailings, 21,134 mg/kg in soils, and 18,434 mg/kg in stream sediments) have been documented. Co is contained in ore and mine waste in a wide variety of primary (e.g., cobaltite, carrolite, and erythrite) and secondary (e.g., erythrite, heterogenite) minerals. When exposed to low pH conditions, a number of such minerals are 2+ known to undergo dissolution, typically forming Co (aq). At circumneutral pH, such aqueous Co can then become immobilised by co-precipitation and/or sorption onto Fe and Mn(oxyhydr)oxides. This paper brings together contemporary knowledge on such Co cycling across different mining environments. -
Fourth International Kimberlite Conference: Extended Abstracts
ROLE OP SULPIDES IN THE EVOLUTION OP MANTLE ROCKS OP BASIC AND ULTRABASIC COLPOSITION AND IN THE EMERGENCE OP KBvlBERLITE BODIES V.K.Garanin, G«P.Kudryavtseva and A.N.Krot Department of Geology, Moscow State University, USSR In kimberlite bodies sulfides occur in diamonds, in xenocrysts of garnet, olivine, zircon, pyroxene, ilmenite, chromespinel, in xenoliths of abyssal rocks of basic and ultrabasic composition and in kimberlite rocks themselves. Such heterogeneity is associated with the different stages in the evolution of mantle rocks and kimberlite melts. Sulfides are represented by magmatic, metasomatic and superimposed hydrothermal minerals. Sulfide nodules are developed in xenocrysts, diamonds and abyssal rocks have a complicated zonal structure. Core of nodules is composed either of quenched sulfide melt based on Pe and Ni or pyrrho- tite and pentlandite in various combinations; internal part (outside the core) broken rim is composed of Go-containing pentlandite, external one - of chalcopyrite (Pig.I), sometimes with bornite or djerfisherite (Pig.2). The latter is encountered only in ilmenitic rocks. In accordance with paragenesis of these minerals, diamond included, a regular evolution of the initial sulfide melt entrapped by minerals is traced (Pig.3). Composition of the initial sulfide melt in minerals of eclogitic paragenesis is extremelv poor in Ni (less than 3 mass.%) and enriched with Pe (over 55 mass.%}; in minerals of ultrabasic magne¬ sian-ferriferous (ilmenite) series the amount of Ni is greater (from 2,5 to 10 mass.%), while that of Pe is less (from 51 to 56 rnass.^); in minerals of ultrabasic magnesian paragenesis the melt is substantially enriched with Ni (20-26 mass./S) and poor in Pe (34-40 mass.%). -
Sodium-Rich Phosphate and Silicate Inclusions in Troilite Nodule in Darinskoe Iron Meteorite (Iic) V
82nd Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2157) 6301.pdf SODIUM-RICH PHOSPHATE AND SILICATE INCLUSIONS IN TROILITE NODULE IN DARINSKOE IRON METEORITE (IIC) V. V. Sharygin1,2,3, 1V.S.Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; 2Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; 3ExtraTerra Consortium, Institute of Physics and Tech- nology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia; E-mail: [email protected]. Introduction: Meteorite Darinskoe (1 sample, 11.2 kg) was found in 1984 in Ural’sk district of Kazakhstan. It is plessitic octachedrite (IIC group) [1], which contains two troilite nodules (up to 3 cm). In addition to large troilite nodules and plessite aggregate the Darinskoe iron consists of small troilite isolations (up to 1 mm), kamacite, chro- mite, schreibersite (rhabdite), pentlandite and cobaltpentlandite. The terrestrial alteration phases are represented by goethite, Cl-bearing Fe-hydroxides (akaganeite, droninoite) and siderite. According to LA-ICP-MS data [2] the bulk composition of the Darinskoe meteorite is: Ni – 11.4 wt.%; Co – 0.59 wt.%; Cu - 147; Ga – 44; Ge – 90; As - 5.6; Mo - 18.3; Ru – 25.1; Rh – 1.6; Pd – 2.9; Ir – 12.8; Pt – 13.5; Au – 0.6, Re – 1; W – 3.3 ppm. Experimental: Polished samples of the Darinskoe meteorite were examined using optical microscope Olympus BX51, scanning microscope TESCAN MIRA 3MLU SEM with EDS/WDS system and LabRAM HR 800 mm spec- trometer. Results and Discussion: The studied troilite nodule (2.5 cm) contains rounded chromite grains (50-100 µm), euhedral schreibersite (10-100 µm), phosphate and silicate inclusions (10-30 µm) (Fig. -
Cosalite Pb2bi2s5 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic
Cosalite Pb2Bi2S5 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Prismatic crystals elongated k [001], to 8 cm; flexible capillary fibers; commonly massive in aggregates of radiating prismatic, fibrous, or feathery forms. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Very rare. Fracture: Uneven. Tenacity: Fibers are flexible. Hardness = 2.5–3 VHN = n.d. D(meas.) = 6.86–6.99 D(calc.) = 7.12 Optical Properties: Opaque. Color: Lead-gray to steel-gray to silver-white; in polished section, white, with only a trace of cream. Streak: Black. Luster: Metallic. Pleochroism: Weak. Anisotropism: Weak, but distinct in oil. R1–R2: (400) 48.2–51.4, (420) 47.0–50.3, (440) 45.9–49.5, (460) 44.9–48.7, (480) 43.9–47.9, (500) 43.0–47.1, (520) 42.2–46.4, (540) 41.6–45.9, (560) 41.1–45.5, (580) 40.8–45.3, (600) 40.5–45.2, (620) 40.4–45.2, (640) 40.2–45.2, (660) 40.1–45.2, (680) 40.1–45.2, (700) 40.0–45.1 Cell Data: Space Group: P bnm. a = 19.09 b = 23.87 c = 4.055 Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Hagidaira mine, Gumma Prefecture, Japan. 3.44 (100), 2.81 (30), 3.37 (23), 2.96 (22), 1.911 (17), 2.13 (15), 3.72 (14) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Pb 38.68 39.55 41.75 Cu 2.02 2.71 Fe 0.25 Bi 42.38 40.21 42.10 S 16.59 17.20 16.15 rem. -
Oxidation of Sulfide Minerals. V. Galena, Sphalerite and Chalcogite
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 18,pp. 365-372(1980) OXIDATIONOF SULFIDEMINERALS. V. GALENA,SPHALERITE AND CHALCOGITE H.F. STEGBR eup L.E. DESJARDINS Mineral SciencesLaboratories, Canada Centre lor Mineral and Energy Technology, Department ol Energy, Mines and Resources,Ottawa, Ontaio KIA OGI AssrRecr long-term stability of sulfide-bearing ores and concentrates.Part of this study was concerned Samples of galena, sphalerite and cbalcocite were with the nature of the products and kinetics of oxidized at 52oC and, 68Vo of relative humidity the oxidation of the commonly encountered periods to five weeks, and the prqd- in air for up sulfide minerals. The oxidation of pyrite, chal- for metal and sulfur-bearing ucts were analyzed pyrrhotite at 52oC and, 687o of. species. Galena is. oxidized to PbSOa, sphalerite copyrite and (RH) has already been in- to ZnSO. * FezO, if iron-bearing, and chalcocite relative humidity to CuO and CuS. The oxidation of galena and vestigated (Steger & Desjardins 1978). This re- sphalerite proceeds according to a linear rate potr summarizes the results of the study 9f tle law: that of chalcocite leads to the formation of a bxidation of galena, sphalerite and chalcocite coherent product layer impenetrable to Oz and HrO under the same conditions. vapor. The air oxidation of galena at relatively low without Keywords: air oxidation, oxidation products, sul- temperatures has been investigated fide minerals, galena, sphalerite, chalcocite. reaching a consensuson the nature of the oxida- tion product. Hagihara (1952), using a re- Sourvrlrnp flection electron-diffraction technique, and Kirkwood & Nutting (1965), using a trans- Nous avons 6tudi6 I'oxydation dans I'air d'6chan- mission electron-diffraction technique, found tillons de galdne, de sphal6rite et de chalcocite i this product to be PbSOo,whereas Leia et al. -
Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks
Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 907-C COVER PHOTOGRAPHS 1 . Asbestos ore 8. Aluminum ore, bauxite, Georgia 1 2 3 4 2. Lead ore. Balmat mine, N . Y. 9. Native copper ore, Keweenawan 5 6 3. Chromite-chromium ore, Washington Peninsula, Mich. 4. Zinc ore, Friedensville, Pa. 10. Porphyry molybdenum ore, Colorado 7 8 5. Banded iron-formation, Palmer, 11. Zinc ore, Edwards, N.Y. Mich. 12. Manganese nodules, ocean floor 9 10 6. Ribbon asbestos ore, Quebec, Canada 13. Botryoidal fluorite ore, 11 12 13 14 7. Manganese ore, banded Poncha Springs, Colo. rhodochrosite 14. Tungsten ore, North Carolina Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks By ELIZABETH B. TOURTELOT and JAMES D. VINE GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF COPPER DEPOSITS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 907-C A geologic appraisal of low-temperature copper deposits formed by syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic processes UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1976 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tourtelot, Elizabeth B. Copper deposits in sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks. (Geology and resources of copper) (Geological Survey Professional Paper 907-C) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:907-C 1. Copper ores. 2. Rocks, Sedimentary. 3. Rocks, Igneous. I. Vine, James David, 1921- joint author. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 907-C. TN440.T68 553'.43 76-608039 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. -
Sulfides in Enstate Chondrites
Sulfides in Enstatite Chondrites: Indicators of Impact History Kristyn Hill1,2, Emma Bullock2, Cari Corrigan2, and Timothy McCoy2 1Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania, Lock Haven, PA 17745, USA 2National Museum of Natural History, Department of Mineral Sciences, Washington D.C. 20013, USA Introductton Results Discussion Enstatite chondrites are a class of meteorites. They are Determining the history of the parent body of a referred to as chondrites because of the spherical Impact Melt, Slowly Cooled chondritic meteorite often includes distinguishing whether chondrules found in the matrix of the meteorites. Enstatite aa bb cc d d or not the meteorite was impact melted, and the cooling chondrites are the most highly reduced meteorites and rate. contain iron-nickel metal and sulfide bearing minerals. The Impact melts are distinguishable by the texture of the matrix is made up of silicates, enstatite in particular. There metal and sulfide assemblages. A meteorite that was are usually no oxides found, which supports the idea that impact melted will contain a texture of euhedral to these formed in very oxygen poor environments. The subhedral silicates, like enstatite, protruding into the metal enstatite chondrites in this study are type 3, meaning they or sulfides (figure 2). Some textures will look shattered are unmetamorphosed and not affected by fluids. (figure 2b). Meteorites that contain the mineral keilite are Studying enstatite chondrites will help us determine the PCA 91125 ALHA 77156 PCA 91444 PCA 91085 also an indicator of impact melts (figure 3). Keilite only evolution of their parent bodies which formed at the occurs in enstatite chondrite impact-melt rocks that cooled beginning of our solar system. -
Porphyry Deposits
PORPHYRY DEPOSITS W.D. SINCLAIR Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8 E-mail: [email protected] Definition Au (±Ag, Cu, Mo) Mo (±W, Sn) Porphyry deposits are large, low- to medium-grade W-Mo (±Bi, Sn) deposits in which primary (hypogene) ore minerals are dom- Sn (±W, Mo, Ag, Bi, Cu, Zn, In) inantly structurally controlled and which are spatially and Sn-Ag (±W, Cu, Zn, Mo, Bi) genetically related to felsic to intermediate porphyritic intru- Ag (±Au, Zn, Pb) sions (Kirkham, 1972). The large size and structural control (e.g., veins, vein sets, stockworks, fractures, 'crackled zones' For deposits with currently subeconomic grades and and breccia pipes) serve to distinguish porphyry deposits tonnages, subtypes are based on probable coproduct and from a variety of deposits that may be peripherally associat- byproduct metals, assuming that the deposits were econom- ed, including skarns, high-temperature mantos, breccia ic. pipes, peripheral mesothermal veins, and epithermal pre- Geographical Distribution cious-metal deposits. Secondary minerals may be developed in supergene-enriched zones in porphyry Cu deposits by weathering of primary sulphides. Such zones typically have Porphyry deposits occur throughout the world in a series significantly higher Cu grades, thereby enhancing the poten- of extensive, relatively narrow, linear metallogenic tial for economic exploitation. provinces (Fig. 1). They are predominantly associated with The following subtypes of porphyry deposits are Mesozoic to Cenozoic orogenic belts in western North and defined according to the metals that are essential to the eco- South America and around the western margin of the Pacific nomics of the deposit (metals that are byproducts or poten- Basin, particularly within the South East Asian Archipelago.